the birds of tarquinia salinas: regional and local determining factors
DESCRIPTION
The birds of Tarquinia Salinas: regional and local determining factors. E.Lanzuisi 1 , M.Biondi 2 , J.Cecere 3 , G.Nascetti 1 & G.Tallone 3 1 DECOS Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo 2 GAROL, Rome 3 LIPU, Parma Corresponding Author: Elisa Lanzuisi, [email protected]. Study goals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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(working hypotesis)
The birds of Tarquinia Salinas: regional and local determining factors
E.Lanzuisi1, M.Biondi2, J.Cecere3, G.Nascetti1 & G.Tallone3
1 DECOS Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo2 GAROL, Rome3 LIPU, Parma
Corresponding Author: Elisa Lanzuisi, [email protected]
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Study goals1. Description of the Salina’s bird fauna2. Analisis of temporal dynamics (year-
round cycle)3. Historical trends4. Local environmental factors -
possible correlations with species presence
5. Definition of management prescriptions for the site
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Tarquinia Salinas
•State Reserve from 1982•Salt production ended in 1997
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Description of the Salina’s bird fauna
Historical data analysis (bibliography and non-published data)Check-list of species recorded in the siteQuantitative description of the bird species during year-round cicle (migratory, overwintering and nesting species)
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MethodsField surveys and complete count of waterbirds only, counts every 10-15 days [December 2004-April 2006] for the year-round cycleFrequent winter counts (october-march), every 15 days [2006-07 and 2007-08 winters]Midwinter counts data (INFS-IWC) from 1982 to 2008 – mid January countsData for the winter 1975-6 published by Allavena (1977)
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Main determinants at regional scale
(working hypotesis)
Year round biological spatial dynamics (migration, overwintering) at continental scale (Europe, Mediterranean)Wheather (Temperature, rainfall, …) Sub-continental factors (“island effect”: wider site, larger numers)
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Main determinants at local scale (working hypotesis)
Hyperaline “extreme” environmentConspicuous gradient in salinity (from N to S)Oxigen, pHWater level Water inputs: salt water from the sea, rain, floodings during stormfallsTrophic availabilityDistrurbance (humans inside, planes, predation, fast water level modifications)
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(working hypotesis)
1.Description of the Salina’s bird fauna
(nesting species)
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Nesting species (shorebirds)Stilt – Cavaliere d’Italia (Himantopus himantopus): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Kentish plover - Fratino (Charadrius alexandrinus): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Little Ringed Plover - Corriere piccolo (Charadrius dubius): irregular breeding (not in the study period)Redshank - Pettegola (Tringa totanus): possible breeding in the pastAvoset – Avocetta (Recurvirostra avocetta): attempt to breed in 2007
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Nesting species (waterbirds)
Shelduck - Volpoca (Tadorna tadorna): one or two pairs, regular breedingEgret - Garzetta (Egretta garzetta): nesting in a site nearly the reserve with 20-30 pairsAirone Guardabouoi (Bubulcus ibis): first nesting in 2008;Bee-eater - Gruccione (Merops apiaster): nesting attempts in 2005 (aborted for disturbance), nesting of a colony in 2006-7-8
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Why so small success in nesting?
Small area, low idoneityDisturbance from water level fast variationDisturbance from predators (Gulls, dogs, rats, …)Direct disturbance (humans inside for management works, researchers, … example: Merops apiaster colony attempt to breed)
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(working hypotesis)
2. Analisis of temporal dynamics
(year-round cycle)
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Results: Year-round cycle
Strong stagionality, typical in Mediterranean wetlands, and especially in salinasLow number of breeding speciesMaximum numbers in winter (December-January)
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Species richness (S) – for count
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Species richness (S) – monthly average
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Abundance (N) – monthly average
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Abundance (N) – monthly average
•Different species•Terns•Gulls•Shorebirds•Gruiformes•Anseriformes•Greater Flamingo and Spoonbill•Herons, Egrets and Cormorants•Grebes
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(working hypotesis)
3.Historical trends
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Results: Historical trends(Overwintering birds)
Long historical series – IWC Counts (from 1982)Recent data during study (2004-2008)Species richness and abundanceGeneral trend: increasing in numbers
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Trend: increasing(For 1982-2008 seriesR=0,643; F=16,921; p=0,0004)
N. max=2.742
Abundance (N) – IWC Counts (January)
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•Different species•Terns•Gulls•Shorebirds•Gruiformes•Anseriformes•Greater Flamingo and Spoonbill•Herons, Egrets and Cormorants•Grebes
NB 1992 lack of data
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Why an increasing?
Local factors: area legal protection from 1980, fence around the site from the ’80, more patrolling since half of ’90Regional factors: increasing in numbers after new hunting regulation in 1992
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Carring capacity reached?
Site is quite smallSome other large site in the sorrounding Tyrrenian coastal area (Burano, Orbetello)
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A size-number effect?Tyrrenian wetland Area
Overwintering birds 2004
(IWC Counts, January)
Lago e Palude di Massaciuccoli 1907 1666
Diaccia Botrona, La Trappola e altre zone umide grossetane
2048 26381
Laguna di Orbetello e Lago di Burano4179 20871
Saline di Tarquinia 149 2742
Macchiatonda 25 571
Litorale Romano 103 5296
Laghi Pontini 2200 20962
Lago di Fondi 702 1066
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A size-number effect?
R=0,72752078; R²= ,52928648; F(1,6 DoF)=6,7466; p<0,04080
Tarquinia
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(working hypotesis)
4.Local environmental factors
(possible correlations with species presence)
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Greater Flamingo - Fenicottero (Phoenicopterus ruber)
-Filtratore iperspecialista hypersaline environments
-General trend to increasing (R= ,72104457; R²=0,51990527; F con 1 e 25 gdl=27,073; p<,00002)
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Common Teal - Alzavola (Anas crecca)
- Mostly herbivorous
- General trend to increasing R= 0,393; R²= 0,154; F con 1 e 25 DoF=4,5814; p<,04226)
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Wigeon – Fischione (Anas penelope)
- Mostly herbivorous
- A general trend for the whole period doesn’t exist, but since 1987 a decreasing statistically signifiant is present (R= 0,607; R²= 0,369; F (1,20 DoF)=11,701; p<,00271)
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Coot – Folaga(Fulica atra)
- Mostly herbivorous
- Constant, a peak in 2000, without any signifiant trend
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Dunlin - Piovanello pancianera (Calidris alpina)
- Feeding on invertebrates in mud
- Trend to increasing presence (R= 0,39353967; R²=0,15487347; F (1, 25 DoF)=4,5814; p<,04226)
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“Anatre” guild distribution
Concentred in ponds inthe north of the salinas,with sea-like salinity anddeep water column
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“Erbivori” guild distribution
Concentred in ponds inthe north of the salinas,with sea-like salinity anddeep water column
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“Filtratori” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column
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“Gabbiani” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column, but concentrated insouthern ponds
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“Limicoli” guild distribution
Distributed in near allponds, with differentsalinity anddeep water column, but concentrated incentral andsouthern ponds
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Possible local determinants
SalinityWater column deepOxigenpHBiomass (plancton, benthos)
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First evidences
Guild "Vasca" Var. "Water column deep" Var.
Anatre - Ducks F=14,86; p>0,00001 n.s.
Erbivori - Vegetarian F=25,88; p>0,00001 n.s.
Filtratori - Filter feeders F=13,542; p>0,00001 n.s.
Gabbiani - Gulls F=4,14; p>0,000067 n.s.
Limicoli - Shorebirds F=3,926; p>0,0001 F=2,6; p=0,0256
Piscivori - Fish eaters F=19,27; p>0,00001 F=4,39; p=0,0008
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Greater Flamingoes with markers
DATA CODICE COLORE ANELLO
VERSOLETTURA
TARSO NOTE
9.1.2005 IDJC Blu ?/Scritta bianca
28.7.2005 FLTP Bianco Dx Anello metallico su zampa sx
13.10.2005 FSHA Chiaro Dx Anello metallico piccolo su zampa sx
13.10.2005 MPDT Sx
18.11.2005 ITO Scuro/scritta chiara Sx Anello metallico su zampa dx
1.2.2006 FHXJ Bianco Dx
1.2.2006 FVAM Giallo Dx
1.2.2006 FSHA Giallo chiaro Dx
1.2.2006 FSBB Giallo chiaro
1.2.2006 MLHD Giallo
1.2.2006 1 | JTF Giallo Dx Barra dopo prima cifra
1.2.2006 IFLZ Verde/Scritta chiara Dx
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(working hypotesis)
5.Definition of management prescriptions
for the site
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Management prescriptions
Water level management for shorebirdsMantaining salinity gradientAvoiding disturbance (hides, access, …)Creating islands for bird nestingDeveloping birdwatchingMantaining patrolling