the biology of anatomy a review of science past…
TRANSCRIPT
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The Biology of Anatomy
A review of science past…
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The Light Microscope• Total Power
Magnification: Eyepiece power multiplied by the Objective power.
• Usually there are 3 objective powers:
• Low: 4x magnification• Medium: 10x
magnification • High: 40x magnification
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Plasma Membrane• The Plasma Membrane & Cell Membrane are
the same thing!• In an Animal Cell, it is the boundary between
the inside and outside of the cell.• It is crucial in maintaining the cell’s
homeostasis!!• It is selectively permeable, meaning it is
choosy about what enters and leaves the cell.• It keeps nutrients in, and harmful substances
out
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Structure of the Plasma Membrane• The plasma membrane is a
Phospholipid Bilayer (Phospholipid = Fat,
Bilayer = 2 layers) and has protein embedded in it.
• Remember, lipids do NOT dissolve in water, so that is why cells stay together in your body that is full of water!
The round structures with tails are the Lipids.The big blue structure is the Protein.
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More on the Phospholipids…• The “heads” are
hydrophilic (polar) and are attracted to the water inside and outside of the cell.
• The “tails” are hydrophobic (non polar) and do NOT like the water. The tails point to the middle of the plasma membrane.
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So how do things get in & out??• Small things are able to
squeeze through the phospholipid bilayer and do not cost the cell any energy.
• Large things must be pumped into the cell through one of the large proteins and this costs the cell energy!
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The General Animal Cell
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Organelles & Functions• Nucleus: Controls the cells activities and holds
DNA. (Mayor)
• Plasma Membrane: Flexible boundary that controls what enters and leaves a cell.
(Bouncer)
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• Mitochondria: Provide power/energy to the cell and is the site of cellular respiration.
(Power
Plant)
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Serves as the protein transport system of the cell.
Smooth E.R.: Has no ribosomes.Rough E.R.: Has ribosomes.
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• Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
(Factory)
Golgi Body: Modify, package, and sort cellular materials.
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• Centrioles: Helps animal cells divide.
• Cytoskeleton: Gives structure to cytoplasm. Made of microfilaments (solid) and microtubules (hollow).
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Cytoplasm: The clear fluid of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane.
(Swimming Pool)
Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste.
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Stem Cells
• All cells start out as a general, unspecialized cell that has the ability to become specialized according to it’s specific function.
• Here are some examples of specialized cells in the human body:
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Specialized Cells of the Human Body
Red Blood Cells
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Nerve Cell (Neuron)
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Female Egg
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Sperm Cell
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DNA• Stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid• Can’t leave the nucleus• Holds our genetic information (the way we look!)• Holds instructions for making
protein– Enzymes are a protein (remember
that?)– Enzymes are involved in all actions:
eating, thinking, running!
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The Structure of DNA• DNA is a polymer• A Nucleotide is the monomer
that makes up the polymer DNA.
• So, several nucleotides (monomer) joined together make up DNA (polymer).
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Base Pairing• Bases pair up and are held together
by a hydrogen bond.• Adenine always pairs with Thymine• Guanine always pairs with
Cytosine.• These make up the “steps” of the
“ladder”.• Everyone has errors or mutations
in their DNA, some are minor and have no impact while others can give rise to major disease and illness.
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RNA• RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid.• Main function is to make protein.• Found in the nucleus & cytoplasm• Made of nucleotides just like DNA but
with a few differences:– The sugar is Ribose, instead of
Deoxyribose.– It is single stranded– Uses the nitrogen base Uracil in place of
Thymine
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Transcription• Occurs in the nucleus• The process begins with the DNA unzipping.• Single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is
made by base pairing. The mRNA is a copy of the DNA (replacing T with U).
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• The mRNA then separates from the DNA and the DNA zips back up.
• The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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Translation• Occurs at the ribosome• mRNA is read by the ribosome 3 bases at a time.– These 3 bases are called a codon.– Each codon on the mRNA CODES for an amino acid.
• Translation begins when the ribosome finds the codon AUG (Start Codon)
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• Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome.
• Translation stops when the ribosome reads a STOP codon (there are 3 stop codons).
• Amino acids at the ribosome link together by a peptide bond to form a protein!
“Hey, tRNA! I gotta code for an amino
acid, here! Why don’t you go fetch it for me!”
GGCGlycine
“Terrell” tRNA
AminoAcid
“Ref”Ribosome
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Nucleus
mRNAtRNA
AminoAcid
Ribosome
mRNA Start codon
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Growing polypeptide chain A.K.A. PROTEIN!!!!
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA
tRNAAmino Acid
mRNARibosome Translation direction
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Cell Division• Cells divide to make MORE of themselves by
the process of MITOSIS if it’s a body (somatic) cell.
• Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth.
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Cell Division• Sex cells (gametes) do a process called
meiosis.• It looks similar to mitosis, except there is an
extra division and the end result are cells with HALF the number of chromosomes.