The Biological Underpinnings of Peer Victimization

Tracy Vaillancourt, Ph.D.Professor and Canada Research Chair, Children’s Mental Health and

Violence PreventionCounselling, Faculty of Education, uOttawa

School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, uOttawaDepartment of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster

University

Divergent Pathways

Exposure to Bullying

Good Physical and Mental

Health

Poor Physical and Mental

Health

M o d e r a t e d a n d / o r M e d i a t e d • N a t u r e o f a b u s e• S o c i a l s u p p o r t• Te m p e r a m e n t• Bio logy?

Genetic Evidence

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

l/ls/ls/s

Depression Risk

S = Short *Allele L = Long Allele; Allele= 1 of 2 or more forms of a gene

see also Iyer et al., 2013 ; Sugden et al., 2010; Banny et al., 2013

Neurophysiological Evidence

“I feel like, emotionally, they have been beating me with a stick for

42 years”

• Studies show that people can relive and re-experience social pain more easily than physical pain and the emotions they feel are more intense and painful.– Chen, Williams, Fitness, Newton, 2008

• Physical pain is often short lived whereas social pain can last a life time.

Neuroimaging studies shown that parts of cortical physical pain network also activated when a person is socially excluded• Physical & social pain share similar

neural structures• Linked to evolution

↑ survival among mammalian species• Rejection is differentiated in less than 500

ms by children (Crowley et al., 2010)Using event-related potentials (ERPs) to study neural activity that occurs when a person is rejected

Neuroendocrine Evidence

Peer Victimization Depression HPA

dysregulation

Disrupted Neurogenesis

McDougall & Vaillancourt, 2013

Kliewer, 2006; Knack et al., 2011; Ouellet-Morin et al., 2011;

Vaillancourt et al., 2008, 2011

Holsboer, 1995; Markopoulou et al., 2009; McEwen 2003;

Stoke & Sikes, 1987

Horna et al., 1997; Leon-Carrion et al., 2009; Michopoulos et al., 2008

Vaillancourt et al., 2011

PoorerMemor

y

HPA Dysreg

uDepPeer

Vic

“Results from this natural experiment provide support for a causal effect of adverse childhood experiences on the neuroendocrine response to stress”.

Telomere Erosion • Telomere--repetitive nucleotide sequence

(TTAGGG) at the end of chromosomes which promotes “chromosomal stability and also regulates the cells’ cellular replicative lifespan” (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011, p. 16).

• Linked to normal processes like aging and associated with– health behavior e.g., smoking and obesity – diseases e.g., cancer, dementia, diabetes, and

cardiovascular problems • Shorter telomere length linked to psychological

stress and mortality.

Vaillancourt et al., 2013 for review

• Vaillancourt et al. (2010a, 2010b, 2013) suggest, understanding biological underpinnings of peer relations helps legitimize the plight of peer-abused children and youth

• Encouraging policy makers and practitioners to prioritize the reduction of school bullying