the biological foundation of critical habitat for species at risk a literature review loggerhead...
TRANSCRIPT
The Biological
Foundation
of Critical Habitat
for Species at Risk
A Literature Review
Loggerhead Shrikeastrobirdphoto.com
Definition of Habitat• “The resources and
conditions present in an area that produce occupancy – including survival and reproduction – of a given organism.” (Hall et al. 1997)
• “The area or type of site where an individual or wildlife species naturally occurs or depends on directly or indirectly in order to carry out its life processes, or formerly occurred and has the potential to be reintroduced.” (Species At Risk Act 2003)
Grassland lbap.org.uk
Wetland eitangrunwald.com
Sagebrush tarleton.edu
Critical Habitat Definition• “The habitat that is necessary for the
survival or recovery of a listed wildlife species and that is identified as the species’ critical habitat in the recovery strategy or in an action plan for the species.” (SARA 2003)
Northern Spotted Owl commondreams.org
Old Growth Temperate Rain
Forestkathleenwelker.com
Criteria for Characterising Critical Habitat• Life History Requirements
– Primary biological needs• Shelter, food, reproduction,
dispersal, roosting, molting, metamorphosis, hibernation, migration etc.
– Variability• Temporal or demographic
Leopard frog Environment Canada
Pallid bat Texas Parks and Wildlife
Eastern Massasauga chicagoherp.org
Eastern Soft Shell Turtle carolinian.org
Community and Ecosystem Considerations
• Species interactions and ecological processes– Co-evolved obligate relationships– Disturbance dynamics
Small white lady slipperChicago Wilderness
Magazine
Soapweed naturephotographers.net
Yucca mothwildphotosphotography.com
Piping ploverIowa Dept. of Agriculture
Future Shifts in Habitats ~ Climate Change
• Distributions shifting to higher elevations and latitudes as global warming increases
Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Teamwww.goert.ca
Population-Level Requirements ~ Landscape Ecology
Fig. 1: Patch Size and Shape (Barnes 2000) ca.uky.eduFig. 3: Matrix quality and edge effects (Betts 2000, after Baskent and Jordan 1995) unbf.ca
• Minimum habitat amount (MHA) ~ Amount of suitable habitat necessary for long-term viability of a population.– Depends on species characteristics and requirements– Affected by size and shape of habitat patches– MHA increases as fragmentation increases– MHA increases as matrix quality decreases
Fig 2: Fragmentation (Barnes 2000) ca.uky.edu
Area Sensitivity
Hazel dormouse Encyclopaedia Brittanica
American Martencommons.wikimedia.org
• Levels of tolerance to habitat fragmentation and decreasing patch size– Individual-level response with population-level effects– Expressed in population density or nesting success
Henslow’s Sparrowindianaaudobon.org
Greater Prairie Chickenchickendancetrail.com
Margin for Error and Flexibility
• Patch size ~ bigger is better• Buffers ~ protective surrounding areas• Redundancy ~ more is better
• Emergency habitats ~
provide temporary refuges
Florida Snail Kitenaturescapes.net
Landscape-scale Considerations• Matrix quality ~ Improving the landscape mosaic
• Landscape connectivity ~ Movement between patches
• Habitat configuration ~ Spatial arrangement of patches
• Landscape complementation ~ Linking different habitats
http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/habconser/cnd/principles.shtml
Management Implications• Obtain as much species-specific
information as possible to determine critical habitat
• Consider requirements of individuals, populations, and all life stages
• Include matrix and landscape-scale effects on critical habitat and populations of species at risk
• Critical habitat designation must be adaptive, continuously adjusting to new information about a species
Criticism and Additional Literature
• “How Useful Is The Concept Of Habitat? – A Critique” (Mitchell 2005)– May be many more factors than habitat determining the
viability of a population or species
• “Habitat, Environment and Niche – What Are We Modelling?” (Kearney 2006)– Knowledge of how a species interacts with various aspects
of its environment is crucial in understanding its distribution and abundance
• “Habitat Restoration – Do We Know What We’re Doing?” (Miller, Hobbs 2007)– No “one size fits all” approach, must balance species
requirements with various constraints on restoration work
• Wildlife-Habitat Relationships, Concepts and Applications (Morrison, et al 2006)– From evolutionary perspective to experimental approach
and analysis, with an emphasis on relationships and interactions between species and habitat
Literature Cited• Barnes, T.G. 2000. Landscape Ecology and Ecosystems Management.
University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. Companion publication to FOR-75, "An Ecosystems Approach to Natural Resources Management"
• Betts, M. 2000. In Search of Ecological Relevancy: A Review of Landscape Fragmentation Metrics and Their Application for the Fundy Model Forest. Greater Fundy Ecosystem Research Group (GFERG), University of New Brunswick
• Kearney, M. 2006. Habitat, environment and niche: what are we modelling? Oikos 115:1 pp. 186-191
• Miller, J.R. and R.J. Hobbs. 2007 Habitat restoration – do we know what we’re doing? Restoration Ecology 15:3, pp. 382–390
• Mitchell, S.C. 2005. How useful is the concept of habitat? – A critique. Oikos 110:3 pp. 634-638
• Morrison, M.L., B.G. Marcot and R.W. Mannan. 2006. Wildlife-Habitat Relationships, Concepts and Applications. Island Press, Washington D.C.
• Vance, M. 2003. The biological foundation of critical habitat for species at risk: A literature review. Canadian Wildlife Services
Discussion Questions
• What kind of relationships between an organism and its environment are likely to be the most important to the protection of species at risk and their habitats, and why?
• What are the biggest conflicts involved in trying to balance the needs of a species at risk and its habitat with those of an expanding human population?