the biography of albert einstein.doc

7/29/2019 The Biography of Albert Einstein.doc

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Albert EinsteinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein in 1921

Born 14 March 1879

Ulm,Kingdom of Wrttemberg,German Empire

Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)

Princeton,New Jersey, United States

Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States

Citizenship Wrttemberg/Germany (until 1896)

Stateless (18961901)

Switzerland (from 1901)

Austria (191112)

Germany (191433)

United States (from 1940)[1]

Alma mater ETH Zurich
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University of Zurich

Known for General relativity andspecial relativity

Photoelectric effect

Mass-energy equivalence

Quantification of the Brownian motion

Einstein field equations

BoseEinstein statistics

Unified Field Theory

Spouse Mileva Mari (19031919)

Elsa Lwenthal, ne Einstein, (1919

1936)

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)

Copley Medal (1925)

Max Planck Medal (1929)

Time Person of the Century

Signature

Albert Einstein ( / lb r tan s tan/;German: [ alb t a ntan] ( listen); 14 March 1879 18

April 1955) was a German-borntheoretical physicistwho discovered the theory ofgeneral relativity,

effecting a revolution inphysics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father

ofmodern physics.[2] He received the 1921Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical

physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[3]

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to

reconcile the laws ofclassical mechanics with the laws of theelectromagnetic field. This led to the

development of hisspecial theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could

also be extended togravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he

published a paper on thegeneral theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems ofstatistical

mechanicsandquantum theory, which led to his explanations ofparticle theory and the motion of
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molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of

the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the

structure of the universe as a whole.[4]

He escaped from Nazi Germany in 1933, where he had been a professor at theBerlin Academy of

Sciences, and settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve ofWorld War II, he helped

alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and

recommended that the U.S. begin similar research. He taught physics at the Institute for Advanced

StudyatPrinceton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works, and

received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and

American universities;[4] he also wrote about various philosophical and political subjects such

as socialism, international relationsand theexistence of God.[5] His great intelligence and originality

have made the word "Einstein" synonymous withgenius.[6]
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