the big bang, the lhc and the higgs boson dr cormac o’ raifeartaigh (wit)
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson
Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)
![Page 2: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
I. LHC
What, How and Why
II. Particle physicsThe Standard Model
III. LHC Expectations
The Higgs boson and beyond
Big Bang Cosmology
![Page 3: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Large Hadron Collider
No black holes
High-energy proton beams
Opposite directions
Huge energy of collision
E = mc2 Create short-lived particles
Detection and measurement
![Page 4: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why
Explore fundamental constituents of matter
Investigate inter-relation of forces that hold matter together
Study early universe
Highest energy since BB
Mystery of dark matter Mystery of antimatter
![Page 5: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cosmology
E = kT → T =
![Page 6: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How
E = 14 TeV
λ =1 x 10-19 m
Ultra high vacuum
Low temp: 1.6 K
LEP tunnel: 27 km Superconducting magnets
![Page 7: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Particle detectors
![Page 8: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Careers
Mathematics theory
Theoretical physics expected collisions
Experimental physicists experiments
Engineers detector design
Computer scientists world wide web
Software engineers GRID
![Page 9: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Particle physics (1930s)
• atomic nucleus (1911)
• most of atom empty
• electrons outside
• strong nuclear force?
Periodic Table: determined by protons
• inside the nucleus proton (1909) neutron (1932)
![Page 10: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Four forces of nature Force of gravityHolds cosmos togetherLong range
Electromagnetic force Holds atoms together
Strong nuclear force Holds nucleus together
Weak nuclear force: Radioactivity
The atom
![Page 11: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Splitting the nucleus (1932)
Cockcroft and Walton: linear accelerator
Accelerator used to split the nucleus
Nobel prize (1956)
H1 + Li3 = He2 + He2
Verified mass-energy (E= mc2)Verified quantum tunnelling
Cavendish Lab, Cambridge (1928)
![Page 12: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nuclear fission
fission of heavy elements Meitner, Hahn
energy release
chain reaction
nuclear weapons
nuclear power
![Page 13: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Particle physics (1950s)
Cosmic raysParticle accelerators
cyclotron π + → μ + + ν
![Page 14: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Particle Zoo
Over 100 particles
![Page 15: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Quarks (1960s)
new periodic tablep,n not fundamental symmetry arguments
quarks
new fundamental particlesUP and DOWNprediction of -
Gell-Mann, ZweigStanford experiments 1969
![Page 16: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Quark model
Six different quarks(u,d,s,c,t,b)
Strong force = quark force
Six leptons
(e, μ, τ, υe, υμ, υτ)
Gen I: all of matter
Gen II, III redundant
![Page 17: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electro-weak unification
Unified field theory
em + w = e-w interaction
Mediated by W and Z bosons
Higgs mechanism to generate mass
Predictions• Weak neutral currents (1973)• W and Z gauge bosons (CERN, 1983)
Rubbia, Van der MeerNobel prize
![Page 18: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Standard Model (1970s)
Strong force = quark force (QCD)
EM + weak force = electroweak
Matter particles: fermions
Force particles: bosonsQFT: QED
Prediction: W+-,Z0 boson
Detected: CERN, 1983
![Page 19: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Standard Model : particles
• Success of QCD, e-w many questions
Higgs boson outstanding
![Page 20: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
III. LHC expectations
Higgs boson
120-180 GeV
Set by mass of top quark, Z boson
Search
![Page 21: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Beyond the SM: supersymmetry
Extensions of Standard ModelGrand unified theory (GUT) Theory of everything (TOE)
Supersymmetrysymmetry of bosons and fermionsimproves GUTcircumvents no-go theoremsTheory of Everything
Phenomenology Supersymmetric particles?Broken symmetry
![Page 22: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Expectations II: cosmology
√ 1. Exotic particles
√ 2. Unification of forces
3. Nature of dark matter?neutralinos?
4. Matter/antimatter asymmetry? LHCb
High E = photo of early U
![Page 23: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SummaryHiggs bosonClose chapter on SM
Supersymmetric particlesOpen next chapter
CosmologyNature of Dark MatterMissing antimatter
Unexpected particlesRevise theory
![Page 24: The Big Bang, the LHC and the Higgs Boson Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bbaf7550346c3588b469c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Epilogue: CERN and Ireland
World leader
20 member states
10 associate states
80 nations, 500 univ.
Ireland not a member
No particle physics in Ireland
European Organization for Nuclear Research