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1 Bernicia (Northumbria) 1 Deira (Northumbria)

2 Mercia3 Anglia4 Essex5 Wessex

6 Kent *7 Sussex

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King EthelbertCanonizedReigned Kent

from 560 616First one to establish a

written law code

First Bretwalda

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Elli of DeiraRuled from 560 until 593.Expanded the territories

of Deira.His people, as expanding,

formed Mercia.

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EtherlfrithRuled Bernicia from593 until 613

Defeated the Scotts Invaded DeiraMarried Acha

(Daughter of Elli)

Betrayed EdwinTried to invade Kent after

the death of Ethelbert

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Redwald of AngliaRuled from 593 until 619Became a BretwaldaGave asylum to EdwinAlthough under pressure

by both other enemies, he

remained neutral, but killedEthelfrith at the end.

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Penda of Mercia Brutal pagan king Let missionaries preach Declared war to Edwin in 633 Defeated him and killed him

Together with his ally

Cadwallan of Wales Northumbria returns to paganism Continued generating troubles and Wars until 655 when he is finally killed By hands of Oswy

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Oswald, son of Ethelfrith Lived in Ionia Returns to Northumbria after the Death of Edwin Edwin is killed by his younger brother Eanfrith Eanfrith kills Cadwallan and recovers the Kingdoms of Northumbria. Allied Wessex and marries the daughter

of the King Is killed in battle by Penda of Mercia.

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Oswald is succeeded by two persons:

1) his brother Oswy in Bernicia (North-East) and2) his rival Oswine in Deira (Yorkshire) later killed by Oswy

Northumbria splits, therefore, once again into two just to be laterreunited.

Penda of Mercia seizes Northumbrian land in Deira. He places theseunder the rule of Osric, a grandson of Edwin.

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The Picts, who live in central and easternScotland, elect Talorgen, nephew of theNorthumbrian King Oswy, as their king.

The Mercians and Welsh are defeated by Oswy.Penda and 30 of his men are finally killed (655).

Oswy, king of Northumbria, is proclaimed

Bretwalda. He appoints Penda's son Peada asKing of Mercia south of the Trent.