The Philippine Revolution

Pinaglabanan: The First Shots of the Revolution

• Bonifacio, leading his ragtag army of poorly armed and untrained Katipuneros, attacked the polverin(powder depot) of San Juan which was defended by 100 well-armed and trained artillerists and infantrymen. More than 200 Katipuneros were taken prisoner and 153 died.

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The Battle of Pasong Santol• The Battle of Pasong Santol took

place on March 24, 1897 between Crispulo Aguinaldo’s revolutionary army and the Spanish forces. Pasong Santol is a zigzag trail between Imus and Dasmariñas in Cavite, with Crispulo Aguinaldo being the most prominent figure after he took over General Emilio Aguinaldo’s leadership in the battle.

Battle of Zapote Bridge• With the loss of the revolutionary battle and the opening of the

second phase of the war, the Spaniards began their campaign to recapture territories. This campaign was in Filipino hands in the early phase of the revolution after the decisive battles of Binakayan and Dalahican in 1896. Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja now fully aware that the mainweight of the revolution is in Cavite, decided to launch a two-pronged assault which will defeat the revolutionaries led by Aguinaldo. He ordered General José de Lachambre with a much bigger force to march against Silang to take on the Katipuneros from the rear, while he himself will engaged the Filipinos head on- known as "Cavite Offensive". More than 20,000 Spaniards marched from Manila towards Cavite province to reclaim the provincial towns lost to the revolutionaries. The revolutionaries then planned a counterattack to stop the Spanish offensive in Cavite. The site of the battle was planned for Zapote Bridge in Bacoor.

Negros Revolution• The Negros Revolution, now commemorated

and popularly known as Al Cinco de Noviembre or Negros Day, was a political movement that in 1898 created a government in Negros Island in the Philippines, informally ending Spanish control of the island and resulting in a government run by the Negrense natives, at least for that part of the archipelago and for a relatively short period. The newly established Negros Republic would last for approximately three months.

The Tejeros Convention• The Tejeros Convention (alternate names

include Tejeros Assembly and Tejeros Congress) was the meeting held between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite on March 22, 1897. These are the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history, although only the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace.

The Officers• President: Emilio Aguinaldo• Vice-President: Mariano Trias• Captain-General: Artemio Ricarte• Director of War: Emiliano Riego de

Dios• Director of the Interior: Andres

Bonifacio

The Naic Military Agreement• Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election

and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own choice was to take command of it.

• Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy.

The Arrest and Trial• With his Actions in the convention, he, Procopio and his

followers rebelled against the newly established government. However things escalated quickly, all his men were either captured or died in battle, and the Bonifacio brothers were captured. So the brothers were tried by the Military Court headed by General Mariano Riego de Dios and General Mariano Noriel. Upon reaching the decision, they conferred it to General Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo then examined the decision and decided that their punishment should be banishment. But then the council retorted, they again persuade General Aguinaldo to retract his Decision to Death by firing squad.

The Death of Supremo• On the 10th of May 1897, General Mariano Noriel handed

Major Lazaro Makapagal a letter and he advised the Major to go take the Bonifacio Brothers, to Mount Tala. So then, the brothers were confused on where will they be brought. When they stopped by in Mount Buntis near Mount Tala, Procopio asked the Major if what’s in the letter. At first Major Lazaro Makapagal hesitated but when he was getting annoyed, he opened the letter and was shocked when he read the words citing that they (the Bonifacio Brothers) will be executed through firing squad. At first he doesn’t want to believe on the order, but when he thought of facing an imminent danger from the higher ranks, he was forced to fire a shot first to Procopio then to Andres.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14,

1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago

The Demands• Expulsion of the friars and the return

of the friar lands to the Filipinos• Representation of the Philippines in

the Spanish Cortes• Abolition of the government’s power

to banish Filipinos• Equality for all before the law.

Marcela Agoncillo and The Philippine Flag

• After the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, General Aguinaldo, after their voluntary exile, visited the Agoncillo residence in Hong Kong. After having met them, Aguinaldo requested that Agoncillo immediately hand-sew a flag according to his design which would embody the national aspirations of all Filipinos. After receiving the request, Agoncillo delegated her eldest daughter, five-year-old Lorenza Agoncillo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Jose Rizal's niece by his sister Lucia, to help her.

The “Mock” Battle of Manila Bay

• The battle is sometimes referred to as the "Mock Battle of Manila“ because the local Spanish and American generals, who were legally still at war, secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the city from the Spanish to the Americans while keeping the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, out of the city

The Declaration of Philippine Independence

The proclamation of Philippine Independence