the basics of the course what are the foundations of a & p and-physiology-introduction

The Basics of the Course

• What are the foundations of A & P

• http://www.bozemanscience.com/anatomy-and-physiology-introduction

• You should have a strong knowledge base and understanding of the general biological processes.

http://www.bozemanscience.com/anatomy-and-physiology-introduction



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAn Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy= science of body structures and relationships among structures

Physiology= science of body functions

Six Levels of Structural Organization1. Chemical Level

a. atoms- smallest unit of matter that participates in a chemical reactionCarbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Calcium, Sulfur

b. molecules- two or more atoms joined togetherDNA, glucose, phospholipids

2. Cellular Levelmolecules combine to form cellscells are the basic units of lifesmooth muscle cells, epithelial cells

3. Tissue Levelgroups of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function4 basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective muscular nervous

4. Organ Levelstructures composed of two or more different types of tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes stomach, intestines, heart, liver, lung, brain

5. System Levelrelated organs that have a common functiondigestive, respiratory, integumentary, skeletal, etc…

6. Organism Levelall parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Six Levels of Structural Organization

The 11 Systems of the Body1. Integumentary- skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

Function: protection, regulation, temperature2. Muscular- skeletal muscle (attached to bone)

Function: produces body movements3. Skeletal- bones, joints, cartilage

Function: support, protection, aids movement4. Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Function: generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities5. Endocrine- hormone producing glands

Function: regulates body activities6. Lymphatic and Immune- lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph

nodes, tonsils.Function: return proteins and fluid to blood, immune response

7. Cardiovascular- blood heart blood vesselsFunction: carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and

carries CO2 and wastes away8. Respiratory – lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

Function: transfers oxygen from air to blood and CO2 from blood to air

9. Digestive- gastrointestinal tract mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Function: breakdown food10. Urinary – kidneys,ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Function: Produces, stores and eliminates urine, homeostasis of body fluids, regulates RBC production

11. Reproductive- testes, ovaries, penis, vagina, uterusFunction: produce gametes to form new organisms

Basic Life ProcessesThere are 6 basic life processes that distinguish living things from non-living

1. Metabolism=the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.a. catabolism=breaking down of chemical

substances(digestion)b. anabolism=building up of chemical substances from

smaller or simpler ones(make proteins)

2. Responsiveness= the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external environment

a. Internal=decrease in body tempb. external=turning your head toward sound

3. Movement= motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and organelles.

a. whole body= coordination of leg muscles for running or walking

b. individual organs= after a meal gallbladder releases bile into GI

tractc. single cells= damage or infection activates immune

responses WBCs begin repair processes

4. Growth= increase in body size in the size of existing cells, the number of cells or the amount of material surrounding the cells

in growing bone, mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing the bone to grow in length and width

5. Differentiationunspecialized cells become specialized cells

a. each type of body cell ( heart, liver, skin) is specialized for a particular function.

b. all specialized cells had to originate from an unspecialized ancestor cell

c. stem cell= unspecialized cell that give rise to cells that undergo cell differentiation

6. Reproduction= refers to either formation of new cells for tissue growth and repair or the production of a new individual organism

Stem Cells

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEB8656TCIE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEB8656TCIE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEB8656TCIE

AGENDA SEPT 15

• Objective: Summarize the basic processes and organization of the human body.

• 1. MP1 PROJECT• 2. The Value of Stem Cells• 3. Positive and Negative Feedback Loops• 4. Review and Homework

MP1 Project Guidelines and Grading Rubric QUIZ – Wednesday Sept 16 (TOMORROW)

Notes on my Teacher Webpage

What are Stem Cells?

• http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stem-cells-help-regenerate-damaged-heart/

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stem-cells-help-regenerate-damaged-heart/

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stem-cells-help-regenerate-damaged-heart/

Homeostasis-The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment-Example: body temp stays around 98.6 F

*if body gets too warm, blood vessels dilate and skin produces sweat to cool off

*if body gets too cold, muscles begin shivering process to produce more body heat

homeostasis is like a thermostat

Works for all body processes( blood pressure, glucose level, ion concentration)


Operation of a Feedback

System


Homeostasis - Restoring “Balance” to the Body• Feedback systems control our internal environment

– Negative feedback systems act to stabilize the body in the face of changing external and internal conditions. These systems cause an opposite response to the initial change

– Self-limiting.

– Positive feedback systems are important in specific situations, when a very rapid or very strong effect is desired. Unlike negative feedback, here the response is the same as that caused by the initial change.

– – An outside event must break the positive feedback cycle.


Homeostasis Interactions Animation

• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

http://www.wiley.com/college/jenkins/0470227583/animations/index_01_03_01.html

Feedback Systems

The body regulates its internal environment through feedback systems

Cycle of events which continuously monitors, evaluates, and changes body conditions

Controlled condition= monitored variable such as body temp,

blood glucose level, or blood pressure

Stimulus= any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Three components of a feedback system1. Receptor= body structure that monitors changes in a

controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

ex. Nerve endings in the skin that sense temperature are a type of receptor

Three components of a feedback system2. Control center= sets the range of values within which

a controlled condition should be maintained.

Evaluates input from the receptors and generates output commands when needed.

ex. Brain is control center receiving impulses from skin receptors and generates nerve impulses as output

Three components of a feedback system3. Effector= the body structure that output from the

control center and produces a response or an effect that changes the controlled condition.

Every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector


Operation of a Feedback

System


Blood Pressure RegulationInteractions Animation

• Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure




Blood Pressure Regulation: Homeostatic Regulation by Negative Feedback

• Three essential components

– baroreceptors - detect changes in blood pressure and communicate with the brain

– the brain - interprets information and sends signals to the heart and blood vessels

– heart and blood vessels - alter their activities based on signals from the brain

Resulting in the blood pressure being restored tonormal

Negative Feedback Systems

Response reverses the original stimulus1. Stimulus disrupts homeostasis by altering the

controlled condition2. Receptors detect change and send input to the

control center3. Control center evaluates input and issues output to

the effector4. Effector produces physiological change that returns

controlled condition to normal state. Ex. Temp 98.6

Positive Feedback Animation

• Analyze the information being presented to you.

• What are the 3 components of the feedback mechanism?

• Connect them all together to explain how it works. What parts of the body regulate this process?


Positive Feedback – LaborInteractions Animation

• Positive Feedback Control of Labor




Positive Feedback Control of Labor

Positive FeedbackStrengthens or reinforces change in controlled

condition.1. Stimulus alters controlled condition2. Receptors detect change and send input to control

center3. Effectors produce change to reinforce the initial

change in the controlled condition4. Action continues until an outside mechanism stops

the loop. Ex. childbirth

Body FluidsHomeostasis maintains the volume and composition of body fluids=dilute,

watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside the cells.

1. intracellular fluid (ICF) = inside the cells (cytosol)2. extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside of cells

Both contain O2, nutrients, proteins and ions needed to maintain life3. interstitial fluid= ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues

-ECF in blood vessels=plasma-ECF in lymph vessels= lymph-ECF around brain and spinal fluid= cerebrospinal fluid-ECF in eyes= aqueous humor and vitreous body-ECF in joints= synovial fluid


Negative Feedback – Temperature Interactions Animation

• Negative Feedback Control of Temperature




Blood Pressure Regulation

Anatomical Position

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

Prone position=face downSupine position = face up

Regional Names

Head= skull and faceNeck=supports head and is attaches it to the trunkTrunk= chest abdomen and pelvisUpper limb= attached to trunks and consists of shoulder, armpit,

arm wrist and handLower limb= attached to the trunk and consists of the buttock,

thigh, leg, ankle, footGroin = area on anterior surface of body marked by a crease on

each side where trunk attaches to thighs

Directional Terms – Make a Copy of This Slide for Your Notes

• Superior= toward the head. Or the upper part of a structure• Inferior= away from the head or the lower part of the structure• Anterior (ventral) = nearer to or at the front part of the body• Posterior (dorsal) = nearer to the back of the body• Medial= nearer to the midline ( divides body into right and left halves)• Lateral= farther from the midline• Intermediate= between two structures• Ipsilateral= on the same side of the body as another structure• Contralateral= on the opposite side of the body from another structure• Proximal= nearer to the attachment of limb to the trunk; nearer from the

origination of a structure• Distal= farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the

origination of a structure• Superficial= toward or on the surface of the body• Deep= away from the surface of the body

Planes and Sections

Plane= imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

Sagittal= vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Midsagittal= on the midline and divides body into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal= off the midline, divides into unequal right and left sides

Planes and Sections

Frontal= divides body or organ into front and back portions

Transverse= divides body into upper and lower portions

Oblique= passes though the body at an angle

Section= one flat surface of a three dimensional structure

Body Cavities• Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs• Divided by bones, muscles and ligaments

Dorsal body cavitya. cranial= formed by cranial bones contains the brainb. vertebral= formed by the vertebrae contains spinal cord

Ventral body cavityc. Thoracic body cavity=chest region formed by ribs and diaphragm

1. pericardial cavity= contains the heart2. pleural cavity= contains the lungs3. mediastinal cavity= between lungs and holds the pericardial caviaty

Abdominopelvic cavityd. Abdominal cavity= contains stomach spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and most of

large intestine e. Pelvic cavity= contains urinary bladder,portions of large intestine, internal organs

for reproduction

Viscera=organs inside the abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity Membranes

Serous membranes=thin slippery double layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities

1. parietal layer= lines the walls of the cavities2. visceral layer= covers the organs

Serous fluid is found between the layers to help lubricate and reduce friction . Ex. When lungs inflate

Pleura= serous membrane of the pleural cavitiesPericardium= serous membrane of the pericardiumPeritonium= serous membrane of the abdominal cavity