the basic organization of living forms esc 556 environmental biology week 2
TRANSCRIPT
Fundamentals of LifeCharacteristics of Life
Living matter vs. Inanimate matterCellular organisationNutritionGrowthRespirationResponsivenessMovementExcretionReproduction
Catabolism vs. Anabolism
The Flame of LifeAnalogies
RespireNutritionReproduceExcreteGrowsMovesResponsivenessOrganized
DifferencesDNA/RNAAnabolic Metabolism
The CellSmallest Unit of Life
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cellsMembrane bound nucleusOrganelles
Size differencesSurface Area / Volume Ratio
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Differences:
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Genetic material transfer
Cell MembraneSeparate the cell from its environment
Lipid bilayer w/ proteins
Attachment
Movement of water & other bulk items
Transport of molecules & ions
Reception of chemical messages
Passive transportDiffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion
Active transport (pumps)
EndocytosisPhagocytosis, pinocytosis
Energy TransformationsGrowth, maintenance and replication
1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamic
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
Photosynthesis & Respiration3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules
2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen
Respiration
Formula:
6CO2 +12H2O + Light 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Inefficient
Materials of Life97 % N, O, C, H
90 & H and O Water
MacromoleculesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Water ¾ of the earth’s surface
2/3 of all organisms
Three formsPolar molecule
Universal solvent
Adhesion – transport systems
Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization
Most dense @ 4oC
CarbohydratesSmall molecules to long polymers
Energy storage
Sugars (CH2O)n
Short termMonosaccharidesIsomers
Long TermDisaccharides & PolysaccharidesPolysaccharide Glucose
LipidsNon-polar
Many different kinds
FatsStorage of energy
PhospholipidsCell membranePolar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer
Terpenes
Steroids
ProteinsVarious functions
Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins
Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide)
20 amino acids
Nucleic AcidsInformation storage
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNAReplicate itselfPass on hereditary materialNucleotides
DNA structure
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Four bases
Levels of OrganizationIndividual
Unitary vs. Modular
PopulationDefined area
CommunityPhysical feature of the habitat or dominant species
Ecosystem Interaction between communities & their environmentMaterial recycling
Species conceptSpecies
Morphological species conceptidentical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
Biological species conceptgroups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Isolating mechanismsHabitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid
failureProblems with fossil & asexual speciesHybrid problem
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species conceptAll those individuals that share a common evolutionary history
Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Animalia Blastula
Multicellular heterotrophs
Tripoblasty Ectoderm Endoterm Mesoderm
Movement
Tube-within-tube
Complex nervous systems