The AutomobileThe Automobile

Benz

Ford First gasoline-

driven auto

Internal Combustion EngineInternal Combustion Engine

19031903 First successful First successful

powered airplane powered airplane flight (12 seconds)flight (12 seconds)

aerodynamicsaerodynamics

Wright Brothers

CommunicationsCommunications Marconi’s radioMarconi’s radio

• WirelessWireless• Electromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic waves• Ship to shipShip to ship• Ship to shoreShip to shore

Bell’s telephoneBell’s telephone

The Industrial AgeThe Industrial Age

The Industrial Revolution’s effects The Industrial Revolution’s effects on science, communication, on science, communication,

transportation, medicine, transportation, medicine, education, culture, and the arts.education, culture, and the arts.

ElectricityElectricity

Michael FaradayMichael Faraday Developed the Developed the

dynamo—electric dynamo—electric generatorgenerator

Powered by steam Powered by steam engineengine

Used to power Used to power machinesmachines

Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology

Incandescent Incandescent light bulb light bulb • 18791879• (lasted 2 days)(lasted 2 days)

PhonographPhonograph KinetoscopeKinetoscope Menlo Park LabMenlo Park Lab 1000 patents1000 patents

Thomas Edison

Cell Theory—basic unit of Cell Theory—basic unit of lifelife

Every new cell must come from some older cell. Only living matter can produce

new living matter.

Rudolf Virchow

Lamarck’s EvolutionLamarck’s EvolutionLiving things

changed their form

due to their environment

DarwinDarwin

Tree of life—all things originate from one common ancestor—humans evolved from animals.

Survival of the Fittest=Natural Selection

Effects of DarwinismEffects of Darwinism Separated science and religionSeparated science and religion Social Darwinism--natural selection applied to Social Darwinism--natural selection applied to

societysociety Used as an argument for the “necessity” of Used as an argument for the “necessity” of

povertypoverty RacismRacism GenocideGenocide EugenicsEugenics Imperialism/ColonialismImperialism/Colonialism

Holocaust

Fight Against DiseaseFight Against DiseasePasteurization=

heating liquids to prevent bacteria and

fermentation

Anesthesia

& Antiseptics

Louis Pasteur

Anthrax and

rabies vaccines

Other medical developments:Other medical developments: Edward JennerEdward Jenner

• Smallpox vaccineSmallpox vaccine• 17961796

Robert KochRobert Koch• Discovers germs that Discovers germs that

cause tuberculosis & cause tuberculosis & Asiatic choleraAsiatic cholera

• 18821882 Aspirin & Sulfa drugsAspirin & Sulfa drugs Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming

• PenicillinPenicillin• 19281928

Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory

Mendeleyev’s classification of elements.

Radioactivity and X-raysRadioactivity and X-rays

Wilhelm Rontgen:

X-ray

Curies:

Radioactivity

Quantum TheoryQuantum Theory

Max PlanckMax Planck• 19001900• Energy could be Energy could be

released only in released only in definite definite “packages”, or “packages”, or quantaquanta

Einstein & RelativityEinstein & Relativity

Energy=mass multiplied by the speed of light squared

Means that a small amount of mass can become a great amount of energy

Freud & PsychiatryFreud & Psychiatry Unconscious Unconscious

determines behaviordetermines behavior Hypnotized patientsHypnotized patients ““couch therapy”couch therapy” Wanted to eliminate Wanted to eliminate

guiltguilt Thought religion was Thought religion was

a mental illness. a mental illness. Believed all forms of Believed all forms of

love were sexual in love were sexual in nature.nature.

FreudFreud

      “      “Religion is an illusion Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires.” with our instinctual desires.”

What would be the results if one What would be the results if one eliminated guilt?eliminated guilt?

Effects of FreudEffects of Freud

Sexual Sexual RevolutionRevolution

Bad habits Bad habits are defined are defined as diseasesas diseases

One is not One is not responsible responsible for poor for poor behaviorbehavior

Loss of faithLoss of faith

EmigrationEmigration• Move to industrialized Move to industrialized

cities for jobscities for jobs• Travel was easier and Travel was easier and

safersafer• Oppression (Armenian Oppression (Armenian

genocide by Muslims)genocide by Muslims)• Discrimination (Jews & Discrimination (Jews &

SlavsSlavs• Economic hardship Economic hardship

(Irish Potato Famine)(Irish Potato Famine)• Settle territories Settle territories

Shift to CitiesShift to Cities

Cities are forced to deal with crowed streets, sanitation issues, garbage, crime, etc.

Move to the SuburbsMove to the SuburbsPublic transportation, (like trolleys and trains) and automobiles make it possible.

SanitationSanitationSewer systems and flushing toilets.

Diet and RefrigerationDiet and Refrigeration

Children with rickets (caused by a vitamin D deficiency).

The first electric refrigerators.

Public EducationPublic Education

• UniversalUniversal• CompulsoryCompulsory• Need for Need for

literate literate workersworkers

Women’s EducationWomen’s Education

• Women’s education Women’s education movement is linked to the movement is linked to the women’s suffrage (vote) women’s suffrage (vote) movement.movement.

Emily Davies: women’s education

advocate & suffragette.

LeisureLeisure

theatre baseball

Public Parks

basketball

Romanticism Romanticism

• SentimentalSentimental• Appealed to the Appealed to the

imaginationimagination• Idealized nature Idealized nature

& the past& the past• Emphasized Emphasized

emotion & emotion & instinctinstinct

• Glorified the Glorified the past, especially past, especially the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages

Literature

MusicMusic

ArtArt

Gothic RevivalGothic Revival

Photography Saved YellowstonePhotography Saved Yellowstone

War Correspondent Matthew BradyWar Correspondent Matthew Brady

Capturing Capturing PovertyPoverty

RealismRealism

• Artists dealt with Artists dealt with realityreality

• Detailed ordinary Detailed ordinary lifelife

• Social and Social and economic themeseconomic themes

RegionalismRegionalism

Mark Twain

Everyday life in a certain region.

NaturalistsNaturalists Focused on the ugly sordid parts of life.

ImpressionistsImpressionists Tried to give vivid impressions of people and places, paying close attention to light and color.

Monet & Renoir

““Art for art’s sake”Art for art’s sake” Did not require art to have purpose or even meaning. Art becomes more “abstract”.