the asian world, 400-1500
TRANSCRIPT
The Asian World, 400-1500
China Reunified
The Mongols and China
Early Japan and Korea
India After the Guptas
Civilization in Southeast Asia
China Reunified
Objectives:
1. Characterize the Sui, Tang, and Song
dynasties
2. Identify innovations and reforms in government,
agriculture, and technology that
brought periods of growth and prosperity
to China
Sui Dynasty
The Fall of the Han dynasty, 220 CE
Civil War and political chaos
New political unity, 581 CE
Sui Yangi, the second emperor of the dynasty
The greatest, and most cruel of the Sui dynasty
completed the Grand Canal which connected the Yellow river and the
Yangtze
He used forced labor to build the Canal
He led an extravagant and luxurious lifestyle
The Tang Dynasty
The new family replaced the Sui
The family ruled for almost 300 years, from 618-907
They instituted reforms: examination for holding office, stable economy by giving land to peasants
Expanded territory to the borders of
Tibet, north of the Himalaya
Korea and other people groups offered tribute
Tang Xuanzang, his love of a commoner, and extravagant gifts
Bloody Revolt led by the emperor’s
general
The death of his love
Weakness and rebellionsUighurs
Collapse in 907
The Song Dynasty, 960-1279
Northern incursion into China
The moving of the imperial court to Hangzhou, further
South
During the 1200s the Mongols to the north built a massive empire. They controlled all of China
after they overthrew the Song
Government and the Economy
Confucian ideals are the cement of Chinese
culture during this time
The economy grew in size and complexity
During Civil War, aristocratic families took control of the
land
Technology and Trade
The development of steel, mixing
cast iron and wrought iron in
blast furnace
Gunpowder was developed during the Tang dynasty
Chinese Society
Marco Polo, Italian merchant and traveler,
described Hangzhou as a “paradise” and full of
many “pleasures”
Entertainment: playing cards, chess, and block
printing
scholar-gentry, replaced the old aristocracy
Wu Zhao, Empress Wu
The role of woman and female infants
dowry (money, goods, or property) given from the
girl’s parents to the husband
Poor families often sold their daughters for
marriage
Objectives:
1. Characterize the Sui, Tang, and Song
dynasties
2. Identify innovations and reforms in government,
agriculture, and technology that
brought periods of growth and prosperity
to China
The Mongols and China
Objectives:
1. Discuss how the Mongols acquired the world’s largest
land empire
2. Relate how, with the invention of
printing, a golden age of literature and
art emerged in China
The Mongol Empire
A pastoral people loosely organized into clans in Mongolia and
the Gobi
Temujin was elected “Genghis Khan”—
Strong Ruler—in the 1160s
Unification of tribal groups on the
Eurasian landmass
Mongols spread east and west,
creating the largest land empire in
history
Genghis Khan died in 1227
According to Mongol custom, the territory
was divided
Khanates—Separate territories controlled
by one of his sons
The Mongols attacked the Persians, the
Abbasids, and the Song dynasty
Kublai Khan led the conquest of the Song
He founded what would later be called “Beijing”
The Mongols
encountered gunpowder, fire-lances, and other weapons
which they incorporate
d
Mongol expansion into Vietnam, Java,
Sumatra, and Japan
The Mongols adapted to the
Chinese political system
The Mongols brought prosperity
and stability to China
The Mongols fell victim to the same problems all other
dynasties had: finances, foreign
conquest, corruption, and
internal instability
A commoner led an army and
overthrew the Mongols
Religion and Government
The spread of Buddhist thought by merchants and
missionaries from India
Early Tang rulers lent their support to Buddhism
Buddhism was criticized by many people
Control of many monastic lands
Neo-Confucianism
Not the old political philosophy, but was a response to Buddhism
and Daoism
Division between physical and spiritual
One can leave the physical through careful
examination of the moral principles.
Objectives:
1. Discuss how the Mongols acquired the world’s largest
land empire
2. Relate how, with the invention of
printing, a golden age of literature and
art emerged in China
Early Japan and Korea
Objectives:
1. Analyze how geography affected the development of
Japan
2.Characterize Japan’s history, which has been
marked by power struggles
The Geography of Japan
Japan is a chain of many islands
Four main islands:
Hokkaido, the main island of Honshu
Two smaller islands of Kyushu and
Shikoku
Mountains cover Japan
volcanos, fertile soil, and
earthquakes
Because of their geographical isolation, an independent
culture developed
The Rise of the Japanese State
The ancient Japanese settled in the Yamato Plain near the cities Osaka and Kyoto
Society was made up of clans
Class division: rulers and commoners—farmers, artisans,
and servants
Chinese Influences
Shotoku Taishi, a Yamato prince,
unified the various clans to fight back
against the invading Chinese
He sent people to study the Chinese
government
the Chinese model
A Strong Centralized government
He limited the power of the aristocracy
He divided the territory into districts
All farm land belonged to the state
Taxes went to the government, not the local aristocrats
The Nara Period
After Taishi’s death, power went to the
Fujiwara clan
The capital was moved to Nara
The emperor was called the “son of
Heaven”
The power of the government
decentralized
The Heian Period
The capital was moved from Nara
to Heian
Figurehead government
Continued Decentralization
Military Force as a means of Justice
Samurai—”those who serve”
Fought on horseback, wore armor, sword,
and bow
Bushido
”The Way of the Warrior”—the strict
warrior code
The Kamakura Shogunate By the twelfth century,
civil war emerged amongst the wealthy aristocratic families
The new system of government was called
the shogunate
Minamoto Yoitomo—created a new centralized
government lead by a knew leader called a
shogun
A strong government,
though they faced strong challenges
—invasion by Mongols
Defeated by a typhoon on the
sea
No other foreign invasion occurred in Japan until
America attacked in 1945
Collapse of Central RuleLocal power in the hands of the aristocracy, daimyo:
“great names”
The samurai helped solidified power into the
hands of the noble families
Chaos and civil war erupted—and all the
land was ruled by independent lords
Life in Early Japan
Early Japan was a farming culture based on rice
Foreign trade developed with Korea and China
Shipped raw materials, paintings, swords
In return, silk, porcelain, books, and copper coins
Early in Japan, women had equal rightsRight to own and inherit property
Women could divorce and remarry if abandonedLater practices led to the receding of these rights
Religion in Early Japan
Early worship of spirits called kami who lived in trees, rivers,
streams, and mountains
Ancestor spirits
A religion developed called Shinto— “the Sacred Way”
Incorporated into state government
Buddhism brought to Japan by missionaries
Zen, a sect of Buddhism, developed in Japan
Enlightenment through self-discipline, adoption by
the Samurai
The Emergence of Korea
A small peninsula which is closest to China and
Japan
Strongly influenced by China
Conflict between governments and
aristocracy—similar pattern as Japan
Mongol invasion in the thirteenth
century
Kublai Khan forced the Korean people to
build their ships
Yi Song-gye seized military control and
established an independent state
Objectives:
1. Analyze how geography affected the development of
Japan
2.Characterize Japan’s history, which has been
marked by power struggles
India After the Guptas
Objectives:
1. Discuss how Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam influenced the development of
India
2. Explain why India’s location made it a
center for trade and why conflicts among its states plagued its
growth
Buddhism was initially popular among Indians
Overtime people argued over how to follow Buddha’s teachings
*Theravada—the original teachings of Buddha called
“the teachings of the elders”
Not a religion but a way of life
The Decline of Buddhism
*Mahayana—A view in which Nirvana could be achieved
through devotion to the Buddha
Theravada teachings were too strict
Through Mahayana Buddhists, Buddhism becomes a religion
Buddha is not a wise man but a divine figure
reincarnation
Neither sect remains popular in India for long
Theravada declined and Mahayana became
absorbed into Hinduism—Buddha is just another
god
Buddhism spreads to China, Korea, Southeast
Asia, and Japan by missionaries
The Eastward Expansion of Islam In the early eighth century,
Islam became popular in what is now modern day Pakistan and bangladesh
Islam expanded into the region when the Gupta
Empire collapsed
They developed in the region, eventually forming
the *Ghazni—an Islamic state in present day
Afghanistan
*Mahmud of Ghazni, son of the founder, took control of the new
state in 997
Ambitious, he began to attack the neighboring Hindu
kingdoms
His empire stretched from the upper Indus Valley to as far as
the Indian Ocean
A resistance was led by the *Rajputs, Hindu warriors
The Hindu’s could not stop the invaders advances
By 1200, Muslim power stretched across all of
northern India
The Muslim state became known as the *Sultanate of
Delhi
By the 14th century, they extended the power to the
*Deccan Plateau
The Impact of Timur Lenk
By the Late 14th century, the Sultanate began to
decline
Timur Lenk, a Mongol leader based in
Samarkand, expanded into India
He occupied Mesopotamia, Persia, the
Caspian Sea, and the Pamir Mountains
After his death in 1405, a new nomadic
tribe arose and threatened India—
*the Moguls
Islam and Indian SocietyThe many Muslim rulers were intolerant of other faiths
They usually used peaceful means to try and convert
people to Islam
uneasy tolerance
developed
Temple Architecture
From the 700s on, Indian architects
built monumental Hindu temples
A central shrine surrounded by a tower, a hall for
worshippers
A blending of Islamic and Hindu
culture
Objectives:
1. Discuss how Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam influenced the development of
India
2. Explain why India’s location made it a
center for trade and why conflicts among its states plagued its
growth
Civilization in Southeast Asia
Objectives:
1. Examine how the influences of
geography and culture affected the
development of Southeast Asia
2. Describe the primarily farming and trading economies and
social structures of Southeast Asian
countries
The Land and People of
Southeast Asia
Geographical location: mainland
region—*Malay Peninsula
*Archipelago, a chain of islands part
of present day Indonesia and the
Philippines
Ancient mariners called these lands the “golden
islands”
Southeast Asia is a melting pot of races,
cultures, and religions
People in these regions were often cut off from
one another due to geography
few regions are unified by a single government due to
geographical barriers
These barriers encouraged the development of distinct cultures,
religious practices, and languages
Originally ruled by China, by the 10th century the
Vietnamese overthrew Chinese rule
Though independent, they remained influenced by China
They called themselves the Dai Viet
Developed a strong centralized government
Adopted Confucianism
Vietnam
Angkor
In modern day Cambodia, the kingdom was
formed by *Jayavarman
He united the Khmer people
Angkor was conquered by Thai
in 1432
Thailand
The Thai lived on the frontier of China, and as
they moved further south, they conquered the
Angkor
They set up their own capital at Ayutthaya
They adopted Buddhism and Indian political
practices blended with their native culture
Burma The Thai were threatened from the west by the
Burman people who had migrated from the highlands of Tibet
A pastoral people, they adopted farming in
Southeast Asia
They converted to Buddhism and adopted
Indian political institutions
The Malay World
In the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian
Archipelago, a different pattern emerged
The people of the different islands largely defended from Malay
Trade was a major influence on the
development of the regions
The state of Srivijaya near the Strait of Malacca
The kingdom of Sailendra emerged on eastern Java
Influenced by India, they depended on trade to
maintain their kingdom
In the late 13th century, the kingdom of Majapahit was
founded
This kingdom controlled most of the archipelago
By the 15th century, a new state emerged
After the Muslim conquest, Muslim merchants settled
in the region
By 1400, the Islamic state of Melaka developed leading to the near total conversion
of the region to Islam
Economic Forces
The states of Southeast Asia can be divided into
two groups: *agricultural societies based on farming and
*trading societies dependent on trade
Trade expanded even further after the Muslim
conquest
Culture and Religion
Chinese and Indian culture and religion influenced
different regions
The most visible evidence of this is architecture
The temple of Angkor Wat is the most famous example
Hindu and Buddhist ideas moved into Southeast Asia
in 1000 CE
New religious beliefs were blended with the old
religious practices
Uniting the Hindu gods with the local deities
Buddhism had little impact until Theravada Buddhism
arrived. It taught that people did not need priests
or rulers—an appealing concept
Objectives:
1. Examine how the influences of
geography and culture affected the
development of Southeast Asia
2. Describe the primarily farming and trading economies and
social structures of Southeast Asian
countries