ARMWestAntarc+cRadia+onExperimentAJointNSF‐DOEARMMobileFacilityCampaign

Lead Investigators Dan Lubin, Scripps

Radiation & remote sensing

David Bromwich, Ohio State Polar meteorology

Lynn Russell, Scripps Aerosol physics & chemistry

Johannes Verlinde, Penn State Cloud physics and radar meteorology

Andrew Vogelmann, BNL Radiation & DOE team coordination

Proposed Field Period October 2015 – September 2016

TheDOEAtmosphericRadia+onMeasurement(ARM)Programsee:www.arm.gov

  Since1992:Conceptistomakesubstan+alimprovementstoclimatemodelsimula+onsbyconfiguringadvancedatmosphericinstrumenta+ongeographicallyina“GCMgridcell”

  CentralFacility:Themostcompletesuiteofinstruments

  ExtendedFacili8es:Smallerinstrumentssuitesgeographicallydistributed

  PermanentARMSites:•  SouthernGreatPlains(SGP)•  NorthSlopeofAlaska(NSA)•  TropicalWesternPacific(TWP)

NorthSlopeofAlaska(NSA)Site

GUESTINSTRUMENTFACILITYWITHSCRIPPSASDSHORTWAVESPECTRORADIOEMTER

Since2005,ARMhasadded2MobileFacili+es

AnAMFIS:Anopportunitytodeployadvancedinstrumenta+onfor6‐12monthsatasitetoaddressimportantclimatescienceissues.AnyUS‐ledresearchteammayproposeacampaign.

AnAMFISNOT:Atoychestfromwhichyoucanborrowselectedinstrumentsforawhile.DOEwantsholis+cfieldcampaignsfromtheirAMFs.

WestAntarc8caisOneoftheMostRapidlyWarmingRegionsonEarth

Linear Trends in Antarctic Near-Surface Temperature 1958-2011

  Steigetal.(2009)showedpersistentWestAntarc+cwarming,incontrasttothe“SAMparadigm”involvingonlyPeninsulawarmingwithsomehighplateaucooling.

  NicolasandBromwich(2014)haveextendedthiswarmingtrendasfarasRossIslandandpartofEastAntarc+ca.

Mo8va8on

•  West Antarctica is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth •  Its warming is closely linked with global sea level rise •  Known potential instability in a warmer climate (Joughin and Alley, 2011) •  Latest glacier retreat see Rignot et al. (2014) and Joughin et al. (2014)

•  Its rapid warming does not have a comprehensive explanation •  Unlike Greenland, it does not show unequivocal signs of atmos. warming •  Dynamical mechanisms might vary with season and location •  Likely involves teleconnections with the subtropics and tropics

•  No substantial atmospheric science or climatological work on West Antarctica since the decade following the 1957 IGY

•  Information limited to several automatic weather stations •  Lack upper air measurements since ~1967 •  Need observations to understand details of the surface energy balance

Objec8ves&DeploymentPlan

Objectives 1.  Improve understanding of mechanisms governing West Antarctic

energy balance and climate change •  Influence of subtropical and tropical teleconnections •  Influence of local cloud radiative forcing and feedbacks

2.  Assessment and improvement of cloud physical parameterization in climate model simulations for the coldest climate regime •  What factors govern cloud physics in a very cold and very pristine

environment year around?

Deployment Plan October 2015 – September 2016

AMF2 at McMurdo Station (“Central Facility”) Detailed cloud and aerosol observations

October 2015 – 15 January 2015 (Summer) West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide (“Extended Facility”)

Basic measurements

WAISIceCamp

NSF

AWARESiteLoca8ons&Logis8cs

FigureadaptedfromNicolasandBromwich(2011)

C‐17ssupportMcMurdo LC‐130ssupportWAIS

McMurdoSta8on,RossIsland

h`p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2q_4SzsHy0“Observa8onPoint,McMurdoSta8on,Antarc8ca‐glacierexplorer.com”

McMurdo360⁰View

Instrumenta8on

McMurdo AMF2 (M/AOS, Surface Met., HSRL, MWR, 4 Radars, Wind Profiler, Sondes)

•  Most comprehensive cloud observations ever in the Antarctic •  Excellent aerosol observations for studying natural marine biogenic aerosol

and CCN characteristics Discussing extra instrumentation for aerosol speciation

WAIS Sondes Surface Met (Met Station, Eddy Correlation System, Video Disdrometer) Upwelling and Downwelling Radiation (broadband and MFRSR) ASD Spectrometer (350-2,200 nm) [Lubin PI] (Lubin and Vogelmann, 2011) Vaisala Ceilometer

•  Pressure and winds info confirms the origin of the air mass influencing the observed energy budget and surface temperature

•  First-ever detialed WAIS radiation measurements •  First-ever WAIS cloud observations

Discussing: Micropulse Lidar, Total Sky Imager, Microwave Radiometer, CIMEL?

Mo+va+onalCaseStudyfromSpectralShortwaveIrradianceMeasurements

  Moisture and cloud cover over the WAIS (Marie Byrd Land) strongly influenced by location of lows in Ross versus Bellingshausen Seas. (Nicolas and Bromwich, 2011)

  Moisture and cloud-bearing air masses advected over WAIS can make their way down onto the Ross Ice Shelf and eventually reach McMurdo.

•  Observe these clouds from Arrival Heights during spring 2012, Scott & Lubin (2014)

IrradianceSpectrafromArrivalHeights

Sample Spectra from October, 2013, Ross Island, SZA=66°. Cloud optical depth τc retreived from 1022-1033 nm irradiance A.  Influence of increasing τc. B.  Examples with Asi ≈ 0, increasing τc. C.  Fixed optically thin τc, increasing Asi.

21-24 October 2012 Case: Moisture descending the WAIS and transiting RIS to reach McMurdo in a southerly flow.

25-26 October 2012 Case: Shift to northerly onshore flow of moist marine air

CloudSat CPR 0528 Z, MODIS 0700 Z 21 OCT 2012

ASD spectroradiometer and FMQ-19 ceilometer retrievals, 21-24 OCT 2012

ASD spectroradiometer and FMQ-19 ceilometer retrievals, 25-26 OCT 2012

Sonde composite 25-26 OCT 2012

AWS data near Arrival Heights

NASACloudSatComparison:RossIslandwithArc+cSites

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AMF2CloudRemoteSensorsHSRL:HighSpectralResolu+onLidar

•  Aerosolandthincloudop+caldepth

•  Volumebacksca`er•  Crosssec+on•  depolariza+on

KAZR:Ka‐bandARMZenithRadar

•  First3Dopplermoments:Reflec+vity,ver+calvelocity,spectralwidth

•  30meterrangeresolu+onto20km

KASACRandXSACR:Ka‐bandandX‐bandScanningARMCloudRadars

•  Cloudvolumeobserva+onswith1‐degreebeamwidth

•  Copolarandcross‐polarradarreflec+vity•  Lineardepolariza+onra+o•  Dopplervelocity,spectralwidthandspectra

(whennotscanning)

SeeHansVerlinde’spapersforArcFcapplicaFonsofthisremotesensingdata.

AWARETimelineandAvailabilityOCT2013: DOEapprovesAWAREproposalAPR2014: NSFproposalpendingforlogis+calapproval

andpreliminaryscien+ficanalysisJAN2015: McMurdoSiteVisit(HansVerlinde,PSU;Kim

Nitschkeandtechnician,LosAlamos)for cloudradarandaerosolobservingsystem si+ng,EMImi+ga+on

OCT2015: Allequipmentinposi+onatMcMurdo, ExtendedFacilityflowntoWAIS

NOV2015: WAISmeasurementsfor75daysOCT2016: McMurdodeploymentends

DATA: Seewww.arm.gov‐foranarchivethatreally works!DataavailableASAPtoallinterested researchers.NoproprietaryperiodforPIs.We welcomecollabora+ons.