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Feasibility & Health Risk Assessment of

Groundwater Recharge by TSE in the

Kingdom of Bahrain

Aqeel Ahmed, Waleed Al-Zubari, Alaa El-Sadek, and Mubarak A. Al-Noaimi

The Arab Regional Center @ AGU

WSTA 10th Gulf Water Conference, Water in the GCC…the Water-Energy-Food Nexus”,Doha, 22-24 April, 2012

Overview

Introduction

Groundwater Resources in Bahrain and Groundwater Development Impacts

Agriculture, Groundwater, and Tertiary TSE

Feasibility of Groundwater Recharge by Tertiary TSE

Methodology

Results

Conclusion and Recommendations

Groundwater (Dammam Aquifer) is the only natural water resource in Bahrain

Part of an extensive regional aquifer (the Eastern Arabian aquifer), recharged by underflow

Introduction

GDC, 1980

Two Aquifer units (A & B zones)

Adjacent to seawater on the east and brackish water (C zone) from the bottom

Cont., Introduction

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Neogene Formation

+ Recent deposits

Alat Member

Orange Marl Member

Khobar Member

Sharks Tooth Shale M.

Rus Formation

Umm Er RadhumaFormation

Geological Units

Dam

mam

Form

atio

nm

eter

s bel

ow

sea

lev

el

(+anhydrite & shales)

A

BC

Bahrain main island Sitraisland

A

A'

A A'

Limestone (Aquifer)

Underflow from Saudi

Arabia aquifers

Shale and marl (Aquitard)

Anhydrite (Aquitard)

Significant increase in water demands in past four

decades, met mainly by groundwater abstraction

Total Water Requirements in Bahrain, 1950-2010

Cont., Introduction

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mil

lio

n c

ub

ic m

ete

rs

industrial

municipal

agriculture

Natural Springs

Discharge

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Millio

n C

ub

ic m

ete

rs

Safe Yield

Wells Abstraction

Water taken from

GW Storage

Heavy reliance on groundwater and unplanned

utilization

Prolonged over-exploitation

Potentiometric level decline & Quality deterioration

Cont., Introduction

Development of Dammam Aquifer in Bahrain

Al-Shaikh Al-Safahiyah Al-Rahah

1940-1

950

19

90

Al-Qusaibi, 1997

Potentiometric Levels Decline of the Dammam

Aquifer in Bahrain

Cont., Introduction

Salinity

mg/LQuality

Deterioration of the

Dammam Aquifer

(Salinity)

Historical salinity

(1965)

Cont., Introduction

Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE

0

50

100

150

200

Agricultural Water Consumption, in Mm3

(Groundwater &TSE)

Groundwater

Tertiary TSE

Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Inlet Tubli (Mm3/year)

TSE Production (Mm3/year)

TSE consumption (Mm3/year)

Sea Overflow (Mm3/year)

Partially

treated or

untreated

TSE Dynamics in Bahrain

(Tubli Wastewater Treatment Plant)

System Analysis of the Problem of Tubli Bay Pollution by Wastewater in Bahrain

Impacts

Health, Environmental, Ecological, Aesthetics, Financial, economical, political, social losses

Drivers

Rapid population growth High

consumption patterns

Pressures 1

Increasing rates of municipal water consumption & Increasing rates of

wastewater generation

Pressures 2

Increasing inflow rates to Tubli

treatment plant(centralized

wastewater system & limited capacity)

State

Increasing carryover rates and pollution

ResponseIncreasing wastewater

treatment capacity

Decentralization

Clean up

Proposed tariff on Wastewater!

Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE

MAR?

Feasibility of GW Recharge by TSE

MAR using Tertiary TSE represents a promising and potential option in the management of water resources in the Kingdom of Bahrain (hydraulic benefits: water levels and salinity)

However, associated health risks need to be assessed thoroughly (among other less concerns) before the implementation of such a scheme

Objective: to evaluate the hydrogeological and environmental feasibility of recharging groundwater with surplus tertiary treated wastewater

Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge

Methodology

Site selection by GIS and Criteria Matrix

Using geospatial data to select the best location for artificial recharge (geometry, transmissivity, quality of groundwater, water supply wells location, TSE distribution network and main reservoirs with possible surplus)/ GIS

Simulation Modeling and Analysis of selected sites

Develop a groundwater mathematical model for the surrounding areas of the selected sites; simulate artificial recharge using several scenarios, evaluate the hydraulic efficiency and benefits, and identify the most suitable site for MAR/ MODFLOW and MT3DMS simulation

Health Risk Assessment

Use simulation modeling to assess health risks of artificial recharge/ PMPATH and MT3DMS

Cont., Adaptation Options

Results

Site selection by GIS & Criteria Matrix

1. Treated wastewater reservoirs tanks

locations and capacity

2. Dammam Aquifer Transmissivity (T)

3. Domestic Water wells locations

4. Agricultural areas

5. Aquifer salinity

6. Treated wastewater emergency wells

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2

HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2

BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2

Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)

Reservoirs Locations

TSE Reservoirs Criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Source: M inistry of W orks.

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2


BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2



Transmissivity Criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Source: W ater Resource Directorate.(2008)

1000 Contour line (C.I=1000)

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2


BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2



Domestic Water Wells Locations Criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Source: Swar (2002)

Domestic Water wells

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2


BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2



Agricultura Areas Criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Source: AlShowaiey (2005)

Agricultural areas

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2


BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2



The comparison aquifer salinity criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Salinity source: W ater Resource Directorate.(2006)

500 Contour line (C.I=500)

440000 450000 460000 470000

2850000

2860000

2870000

2880000

2890000

2900000

HAMALA

DUMISTAN

JASRA

MALIKIYA

SADAD

ZALLAQ

MAQABA

A'ALI

ABUSAIBA

ADARI _2ADARI _1

JANABYHA

BOURI _1BOURI _2


BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2



Treated wastewater emergency wells Criteria

Dammam Outcrop

Rus Outcrop

Source: W ater Resources Directorate (2008)

Treated wastewater emergency wells

Two Selected SitesMalikya and Dumistan

Cont., Adaptation Options

Cont., Results

Simulation modeling and analysis of the two selected sites

Constant

head

Abstraction

wells

Proposed

injection

locations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

millio

n c

ub

ic m

ete

rs

Year

TSE Production

TSE Consumption

TSE Surplus

Max Production

Prediction YearsActual Years

Water

levels

Salinity

Cont., Results

Six scenarios are developed

National strategic water storage plan scenario: [200,000

m3/day – average daily consumption] / 2 = 77 Mm3 (38.5 Mm3 per location)

Surpluses storage Scenario: 7 Mm3/year = 35 Mm3 (17.5 Mm3

per well)

Inject all the quantities from scenario 1 (77 Mm3) in one well only: (3a: Dumistan, 3b: Malikiya)

Inject all the quantities from scenario 2 (35 Mm3) in one well only: (4a: Dumistan, 4b: Malikiya).


Malikiya Water Level

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Time (day)

Wa

te

r L

ev

el (m

)

Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan

With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) M alikiya" With Recharge (scenario 4b) M alikiya


Cont., Results

Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (water levels)

A Observation Well

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)

Hamala Water Level


With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya

-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)

Sadad Water Level



-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)

Dumistan Water Level



-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)

Zallaq Water Level



-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)

Observation 1 Water Level



-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)




-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)




-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980

Wa

ter L

ev

el

(m)

Time (day)





Cont., Results

Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (Salinity)

scenario 4b (Malikiya)scenario 4a (Dumistan)scenario 3b (Malikiya)

scenario 3a (Dumistan)scenario 2scenario 1


Cont., Results

Health Risk Assessment (Pathogens) using PMPATHscenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3a (Dumistan)

scenario 3b (Malikiya) scenario 4a (Dumistan) scenario 4b (Malikiya)

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Hamala

dometic

wellfield

Farrmers

wells

Farrmers

wells

Farrmers

wells

Farrmers

wells

Farrmers

wells

Farrmers

wells


Cont., Results

Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates) – Using MT3DMS (S 3b)

2010 2011

201220132014


Cont., Results

Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates)

North of Malikiya

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Distance from Malikiya Location (m)

Co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/L

)

South of Malikiya

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000


Co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/L

)

West of Malikiya

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000


Co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/L

)

5 Year Simulation of scenario 3b

(about 4 Km)

Conclusion and Recommendations

Groundwater artificial recharge/storage enhancement using surplus tertiary TSE is a viable option for Bahrain at a certain location in western Bahrain, where maximum “hydraulic benefits” and minimum “health risks” can be achieved

Field pilot study for artificial recharge using tertiary TSE at the selected location to further evaluate the feasibility of artificial recharge and validate the modeling results is a pre-requisite for such plans

MAR should be looked at as a major component of national water resources management and planning in Bahrain

To develop a 3D simulation model for Bahrain aquifer system (including C zone), that can be used in the management of groundwater, including the evaluation of artificial recharge

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