the apprehension of overlaid information in a web map
TRANSCRIPT
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The apprehension of overlaidinformation in a Web map
Dzenan Dumpor and Terje MidtbøNorwegian University of Science and Technology
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«Mashup» – from music production
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Map mashup
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Cluttering problem
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Map mashup - contrast
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Research questions
• How do basemaps influence how fast participants solve tasks related to the overlaid data?
• How will the participants experience in using maps impact their performance?
• Are there any differences between genders when solving the same tasks?
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Web-based experiment
• Three different basemaps (from ESRI)• Three different geometric enteties (points,
lines and areas)• Four different colours for overlaid
information
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The basemaps
Thopographic map World Imagery Dark Grey Canvas
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Three types of tasks
Point - point Point - line Point - area
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Qualitative colour scheme
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The Web application
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Questions - examples
Point - point:• Which point is closest to a school? • Which point is closest to a medical-centre? • Which point is in total closest to both a school and a medical-centre? Point - line:• Which path starts at a school and crosses the river? • Which path goes from a plaza to a market? • Which path passes the largest number of markets on its way?Point - area:Which area contains six schools and only one medical-centre? Which area contains most markets? Which area does not contain a plaza?
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The experiment
1. Information on welcome page2. Tutorial, one for each geometrical
combination3. Experiment: Three basemaps for each
geometrical combination4. General questions
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Measured elements
• Time elapsed on tasks• All map operations (e.g., zoom/pan)• The basemap used for the task• Correct or wrong answer• General information
• Sex• Age• Used device (tablet or computer)• Experienced map user?• Assessment of concentration during experiment
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Experiment – two parts
Initial experiment• All geometrical combinations involved• 60 male and 32 female participants
Focused experiment• Most interesting geometrical combination• 270 male and 80 female participants
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Results from initial experiment
Topographic World Imagery Dark-Grey
Point/point tasksNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
2948.321.1
3145.718.8
3042.714.8
Point/line tasksNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
3257.019.9
2866.933.1
3063.027.0
Point/area tasksNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.) Standard dev. of x (s)
2950.518.0
3163.839.5
3049.730.6
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Results from initial experiment
H0: m1 = m2 =….= mkH1: Minimum two of the mk's are different
Confidence interval of 95%:
ANOVA for point/point tasks F-value: 0.67Critical value: 3.10
H0 acceptedNo significant differences
Kruska-Wallis for point/line tasks H-value: 0.89Critical value: 5.99
H0 acceptedNo significant differences
Kruska-Wallis for point/area tasks H-value: 4.75Critical value: 5.99
H0 acceptedNo significant differences
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Focused experiment - change
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Results from focused experiment
Total Male Female Withexperience
Withoutexperience
No. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
27060.030.8
19061.633.5
8056.122.7
13965.835.4
13153.823.4
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Results from focused experiment
Topographic World Imagery Dark Grey
Point/areatasksNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
9068.738.8
8956.126.4
9155.222.9
Male participants onlyNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
6373.442.2
6355.427.1
6456.125.2
Female participants onlyNo. of observationsSample mean (sec.)Standard dev. of x (s)
2757.526.3
2657.824.3
2751.716.1
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H0: medianA = medianBH1: medianA <> medianB
Results from focused experimentMann-Whitney U testConfidence interval of 95%
Differences between genders Z-value: 0.54Critical value: 1.96
H0 acceptedNo significant differences
Differences between experienced and non-experienced map users
Z-value: 3.39Critical value: 1.96
H0 rejectedSignificant differences
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H0: m1 = m2 =….= mkH1: Minimum two of the mk's are different
Results from focused experimentKruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of varianceConfidence interval of 95%
Differences between basemaps, all participants
H-value: 10.0Critical value: 5.99
H0 rejectedSignificant differences
Differences between basemaps,male participants only
H-value: 13.9Critical value: 5.99
H0 rejectedSignificant differences
Differences between basemaps,female participants only
H-value: 0.24Critical value: 5.99
H0 acceptedNo significant differences
Differences between basemaps,non-experienced map users
H-value: 14.32Critical value: 5.99
H0 rejectedSignificant differences
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Conclusions• The background map does matter when studying
overlaid information• Experienced map users spent longer time than non-
experienced map users. • The time used for solving the tasks was significantly
higher when using topographic maps (richer on details)• Female participants seems to handle different
backgrounds more equally• Dark grey basemap gives good contrasts together with
coloured symbols, and appears to be a good choice