The American The American RevolutionRevolution

The War ContinuesThe War Continues

p. 172 - 176p. 172 - 176

Gaining AlliesGaining Allies►The victory at Saratoga boosted The victory at Saratoga boosted

American spirits and marked a American spirits and marked a turning pointturning point in the war. in the war.

►European nations, especially European nations, especially FranceFrance, , realized that the U.S. might actually realized that the U.S. might actually win its war against Great Britain.win its war against Great Britain.

►Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin had been in Paris for a had been in Paris for a year, trying to get the French to support year, trying to get the French to support the Americans’ fight for independence. the Americans’ fight for independence. France secretly gave America money, but France secretly gave America money, but would not commit to an alliance.would not commit to an alliance.

France & SpainFrance & Spain►Victory at Saratoga made France realize the Victory at Saratoga made France realize the

Americans had a chance at defeating Britain.Americans had a chance at defeating Britain.►The French announced support for the U.S.The French announced support for the U.S.

►February 1778, the French and February 1778, the French and Americans worked out a trade Americans worked out a trade agreement and an alliance.agreement and an alliance.

►France sent money, equipment, and France sent money, equipment, and troops to aide the American Patriots.troops to aide the American Patriots.

►France declared war on Great Britain.France declared war on Great Britain.►Spain declared war on Britain in 1779.Spain declared war on Britain in 1779.

Winter at Valley ForgeWinter at Valley Forge►British general Howe spent the winter in British general Howe spent the winter in

comfort in Philadelphia. comfort in Philadelphia. ►Washington set up camp at Washington set up camp at Valley ForgeValley Forge. . ►Washington endured a winter of terrible Washington endured a winter of terrible

suffering, lacking decent food, clothing suffering, lacking decent food, clothing and shelter.and shelter.

►Washington's greatest challenge at Washington's greatest challenge at Valley Forge was keeping the army Valley Forge was keeping the army together.together.

►Most men lacked blankets, shoes, and Most men lacked blankets, shoes, and shirts. Some made shoes from scrap shirts. Some made shoes from scrap cowhide.cowhide.

Winter at Valley ForgeWinter at Valley Forge►Men Men deserteddeserted, or left without permission, , or left without permission,

while at Valley Forge; some resigned. while at Valley Forge; some resigned. ►Somehow the army survived the winter Somehow the army survived the winter

and conditions gradually improved.and conditions gradually improved.►Troops built huts and gathered Troops built huts and gathered

supplies.supplies.►Martha Washington made clothes for the Martha Washington made clothes for the

troops and cared for the sick.troops and cared for the sick.►In April 1778, the troops learned of In April 1778, the troops learned of

the alliance with France. the alliance with France. ►This raised the spirits of the troops.This raised the spirits of the troops.

Help From OverseasHelp From Overseas►A French nobleman, A French nobleman, Marquis de Marquis de

LafayetteLafayette, spent the winter at Valley , spent the winter at Valley Forge.Forge.

►Lafayette was excited to join the Patriot Lafayette was excited to join the Patriot cause and offered his services to General cause and offered his services to General Washington.Washington.

►He became a trusted aide to Washington.He became a trusted aide to Washington.►Thaddeus KosciuskoThaddeus Kosciusko and and Casimir PulaskiCasimir Pulaski

from Poland helped the Patriot cause.from Poland helped the Patriot cause.►Friedrich von SteubenFriedrich von Steuben, a former army , a former army

officer from Germany, also came to help officer from Germany, also came to help Washington.Washington.

Help From OverseasHelp From Overseas►Von SteubenVon Steuben turned the ragged turned the ragged

Continental Army into a more Continental Army into a more effective fighting force by drilling effective fighting force by drilling and teaching the army discipline.and teaching the army discipline.

►Juan de MirallesJuan de Miralles, a representative , a representative of Spain, urged Spain, Cuba, and of Spain, urged Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to send financial aid to the Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies. Miralles lent money to colonies. Miralles lent money to the Patriot cause.the Patriot cause.

Money ProblemsMoney Problems►Raising money to finance the war was a Raising money to finance the war was a

major problem because the Continental major problem because the Continental Congress had no power to raise money Congress had no power to raise money through taxes.through taxes.

►To pay for the war, the Congress To pay for the war, the Congress and the states printed hundreds of and the states printed hundreds of millions of dollars worth of paper millions of dollars worth of paper money.money.

►These bills quickly lost their value These bills quickly lost their value because the amount of bills in because the amount of bills in circulation grew faster than the supply circulation grew faster than the supply of gold and sliver backing them.of gold and sliver backing them.

Money ProblemsMoney Problems►This led to iThis led to inflationnflation, which , which

means it took more money to means it took more money to buy the same amount of goods.buy the same amount of goods.

►Congress stopped issuing the Congress stopped issuing the paper money because no one paper money because no one would use it.would use it.

►The Americans had no other The Americans had no other way to finance the fighting of way to finance the fighting of their war for independence.their war for independence.

Life on the Home FrontLife on the Home Front►With thousands of men away With thousands of men away

in military service, women in military service, women took over the duties that had took over the duties that had once been the responsibility once been the responsibility of their husbands or fathers.of their husbands or fathers.

►Other women ran their Other women ran their husbands’ or their own husbands’ or their own businesses.businesses.

Changing AttitudesChanging Attitudes►The ideals of liberty and freedom that The ideals of liberty and freedom that

inspired the American Revolution inspired the American Revolution caused some women to question their caused some women to question their place in society. place in society.

► Judith Sargeant MurrayJudith Sargeant Murray argued argued women’s minds are as good as men’s.women’s minds are as good as men’s.

►Girls should get as good an education Girls should get as good an education as boys. (At this time girls received as boys. (At this time girls received little schooling.)little schooling.)

►Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams, wife of John Adams, , wife of John Adams, also championed women’s interests.also championed women’s interests.

Treatment of LoyalistsTreatment of Loyalists►Thousands of Loyalists fought with Thousands of Loyalists fought with

the British against the Patriots.the British against the Patriots.►Some spied on Patriots.Some spied on Patriots.►Many Loyalists left American Many Loyalists left American

during the Revolutionary War. during the Revolutionary War. ►Loyalists who stayed were often Loyalists who stayed were often

shunned or victims of mob shunned or victims of mob violence.violence.

►Active Loyalists could be arrested Active Loyalists could be arrested and tried as traitors.and tried as traitors.

Hopes for EqualityHopes for Equality►Many white Americans began Many white Americans began

questioning the act of slavery.questioning the act of slavery.►Some religious groups voted to Some religious groups voted to

condemn slavery.condemn slavery.►From the beginning of the war African From the beginning of the war African

American soldiers fought for the American soldiers fought for the American cause.American cause.

►Vermont, New Hampshire, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania attempted to end slavery in their stated attempted to end slavery in their stated but eh issue of slavery would remain but eh issue of slavery would remain unsettled for many years. unsettled for many years.