the american revolution: 1775-1783
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The American Revolution: 1775-1783. Phase I : The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]. Ethan Allen Benedict Arnold Henry Knox. Trying to get Canada to support the American cause. Bunker Hill (June, 1775). The British suffered over 40% casualties. On the Eve of the Revolution ?. Phase II : - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]
Trying to get Canada to support the American cause
Ethan Allen
Benedict Arnold
Henry Knox
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.
BritainBritain AmericansAmericans
AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??
DisadvantagesDisadvantages ?? ??
On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?
Phase IIPhase II::
NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]
The Battle for New YorkThe Battle for New York
• July 1776 – The British are Back!July 1776 – The British are Back!• Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington
retreats to Manhattanretreats to Manhattan– Hessian solders take no prisonersHessian solders take no prisoners– John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the
boatsboats– Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could
escapeescape
• Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY catches on fire catches on fire
• Army retreats to PAArmy retreats to PA– Many colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doorsMany colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doors– Army is poorly trained and deserts oftenArmy is poorly trained and deserts often
New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)
Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
The Battle of TrentonThe Battle of Trenton
• Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas nightWashington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night• 2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and 2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and
his marblehead militiahis marblehead militia• Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used
to devastating effectsto devastating effects• Future Pres. James Monroe woundedFuture Pres. James Monroe wounded• The entire Hessian force was captured (@1400)The entire Hessian force was captured (@1400)
– Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall)Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall)– Army’s “policy of humanity”Army’s “policy of humanity”
• Only 5 colonial soldiers killedOnly 5 colonial soldiers killed• Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Attacked and won Princeton – settled into
Morristown, NJ for rest of winterMorristown, NJ for rest of winter
British CounterattackBritish Counterattack
a. September 1777 – Brandywine Creek a. September 1777 – Brandywine Creek and fall of Philadelphiaand fall of Philadelphia
b. Paoli Massacreb. Paoli Massacre
c. October 1777, Battle of Germantownc. October 1777, Battle of Germantown
d. Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley d. Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley ForgeForge
Counterattack ContinuedCounterattack Continued• The Northern Campaign Plan – The Northern Campaign Plan –
BurgoyneBurgoyne on the move! on the move!
a. Plan is for Burgoyne and Col. a. Plan is for Burgoyne and Col. Barry St. Leger attack South Barry St. Leger attack South from Canada while Howe attacks from Canada while Howe attacks North from NY North from NY
b. American’s retreat slows b. American’s retreat slows BurgoyneBurgoyne
c. Burgoyne’s desperation and c. Burgoyne’s desperation and mistakes helpsmistakes helps– mobilizes public support to fight mobilizes public support to fight
for the Americans (rallying cry for the Americans (rallying cry for the atrocities)for the atrocities)
Saratoga-Sept/Oct, Saratoga-Sept/Oct,
1777 1777
“Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War of the War
1.1. Burgoyne (@7500), Burgoyne (@7500), GatesGates, , (@8500-12000)(@8500-12000)
2.2. Biggest American Biggest American victory thus farvictory thus far
3.3. Feb. 1778. France Feb. 1778. France formal allianceformal alliance
4.4. Supplies, troops, Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY money, and NAVY from Frenchfrom French
More Foreign AlliesMore Foreign Allies
a. Spain joined war as France’s ally – a. Spain joined war as France’s ally – Florida and Mississippi River (1778)Florida and Mississippi River (1778)
b. Netherlands (1780)b. Netherlands (1780)
c. Prior to formal alliancec. Prior to formal alliance – Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette– Johan KalbJohan Kalb– Thaddeus kosciuskoThaddeus kosciusko– Friedrich Von SteubenFriedrich Von Steuben
Washington’s HardshipsWashington’s Hardshipsduring Warduring War
• Horrible winter at Valley ForgeHorrible winter at Valley Forge• sheer determinationsheer determination of Americans to fight at all costsof Americans to fight at all costs• Lack of financial support from Lack of financial support from CongressCongress• British blockade – economic distressBritish blockade – economic distress• Inflation hurt the American colonists’ Inflation hurt the American colonists’ ability to buy goodsability to buy goods
??? sb c
Fighting Turns WestFighting Turns West
• Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of MonmouthBattle of Monmouth– Heavy casualtiesHeavy casualties– Major defeat for HoweMajor defeat for Howe
• American American Colonel George Rogers ClarkColonel George Rogers Clark– Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and ILHelps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL– Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take
Fort Vicennes in IndianaFort Vicennes in Indiana– Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River ValleyVictory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley– American General Nathaniel Greene takes over American General Nathaniel Greene takes over
command in the Southcommand in the South
Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern Strategy The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next [beginning in 1779 and for the next 33 years] years]
Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC
Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans
Southern PhaseSouthern Phase
• Cornwallis invades North Carolina in Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s Lafayette’s
forcesforces
The Battle of Yorktown (1781)The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Rochambeau
AdmiralDe Grasse
The Battle of YorktownThe Battle of Yorktown
• Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communicationChesapeake Bay to cut off British communication
• Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 22ndnd..
• Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsulapeninsula
• De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement. reinforcement.
Cornwallis’ Surrender at YorktownCornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown
October 19, 1781October 19, 1781
Painted by JohnTrumbull, 1797
““The World Turned Upside Down!” The World Turned Upside Down!”
The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris
1. England recognized American independence1. England recognized American independence2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became 2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became
boundary between Canada and Americaboundary between Canada and America3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w 3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w
America and Spanish territoryAmerica and Spanish territory4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and 4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and
British citizensBritish citizens5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border 5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border
between Florida and America was setbetween Florida and America was set6. Britain removed all troops from American 6. Britain removed all troops from American
territoryterritory7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that 7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that
rights/property of Loyalists be restoredrights/property of Loyalists be restored
North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783
New ProblemsNew Problemsto deal withto deal with
1.1. Washington resigned from the army Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congressand gave command over to Congress
2.2. Most Americans saw themselves as Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nationindividual states, not a unified nation
* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist
3.3. Without a strong central government Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt and no one left to handle the debt America was inAmerica was in
• 50 million in debt50 million in debt• States did not feel they had to pay off a States did not feel they had to pay off a
“national debt”“national debt”
WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-17891770-1789
Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the WarStrongholds at the End of the War
The Articles of Confederation – The Articles of Confederation – our 1our 1stst Constitution Constitution
A unicameral Congress – 9 out of 13 to pass a law
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Congress could declare war, but did not have authority to tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.
No federal court system – each state had its own system
Voting rules varied from state to state
State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.
Criticisms of ArticlesCriticisms of Articles
1.1. One vote for each state, regardless of One vote for each state, regardless of sizesize
2.2. Congress was powerless, no real Congress was powerless, no real powerpower
a.a. Could not taxCould not taxb.b. Could not regulate foreign, interstate Could not regulate foreign, interstate
commercecommerce
3.3. No executive branch to enforce lawsNo executive branch to enforce laws4.4. No judicial branch to interpret lawsNo judicial branch to interpret laws5.5. Articles only created a “firm league of Articles only created a “firm league of
friendship,” not a unified countryfriendship,” not a unified country
Occupational Composition of Several Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesState Assemblies
in the 1780sin the 1780s
Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799
Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:
1783-17961783-1796
State Claims to Western LandsState Claims to Western Lands
Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.
3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.
The United States in 1787The United States in 1787
American Exports, To & From American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789Britain: 1783-1789
Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7
Daniel Shays
Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George-- George WashingtonWashington