Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Trying to get Canada to support the American cause

Ethan Allen

Benedict Arnold

Henry Knox

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??

DisadvantagesDisadvantages ?? ??

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

The Battle for New YorkThe Battle for New York

• July 1776 – The British are Back!July 1776 – The British are Back!• Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington

retreats to Manhattanretreats to Manhattan– Hessian solders take no prisonersHessian solders take no prisoners– John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the

boatsboats– Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could

escapeescape

• Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY catches on fire catches on fire

• Army retreats to PAArmy retreats to PA– Many colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doorsMany colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doors– Army is poorly trained and deserts oftenArmy is poorly trained and deserts often

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

The Battle of TrentonThe Battle of Trenton

• Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas nightWashington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night• 2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and 2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and

his marblehead militiahis marblehead militia• Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used

to devastating effectsto devastating effects• Future Pres. James Monroe woundedFuture Pres. James Monroe wounded• The entire Hessian force was captured (@1400)The entire Hessian force was captured (@1400)

– Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall)Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall)– Army’s “policy of humanity”Army’s “policy of humanity”

• Only 5 colonial soldiers killedOnly 5 colonial soldiers killed• Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Attacked and won Princeton – settled into

Morristown, NJ for rest of winterMorristown, NJ for rest of winter

British CounterattackBritish Counterattack

• September 1777 – Brandywine Creek September 1777 – Brandywine Creek and fall of Philadelphiaand fall of Philadelphia

• Paoli MassacrePaoli Massacre

• October 1777, Battle of GermantownOctober 1777, Battle of Germantown

• Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley ForgeForge

Counterattack ContinuedCounterattack Continued• Howe’s Northern Campaign Howe’s Northern Campaign

Plan, Plan, – Burgoyne and Col. Barry St. Burgoyne and Col. Barry St.

Leger attack South from CanadaLeger attack South from Canada– Howe attacks North from NY Howe attacks North from NY

• American’s retreat slows American’s retreat slows BurgoyneBurgoyne

• Burgoyne’s desperation and Burgoyne’s desperation and mistakes mistakes – mobilizes public support to fight mobilizes public support to fight

for the Americans (rallying cry for the Americans (rallying cry for the atrocities)for the atrocities)

Saratoga-Sept/Oct, Saratoga-Sept/Oct,

1777 1777

“Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War of the War

1.1. Burgoyne (@7500), Burgoyne (@7500), GatesGates, , (@8500-12000)(@8500-12000)

2.2. Biggest American Biggest American victory thus farvictory thus far

3.3. Feb. 1778. France Feb. 1778. France formal allianceformal alliance

4.4. Supplies, troops, Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY money, and NAVY from Frenchfrom French

More Foreign AlliesMore Foreign Allies

• Spain joined war as France’s ally – Spain joined war as France’s ally – Florida and Mississippi River (1778)Florida and Mississippi River (1778)

• Netherlands (1780)Netherlands (1780)

• Prior to formal alliancePrior to formal alliance – Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette– Johan KalbJohan Kalb– Thaddeus kosciuskoThaddeus kosciusko– Friedrich Von SteubenFriedrich Von Steuben

Washington’s HardshipsWashington’s Hardshipsduring Warduring War

• Horrible winter at Valley ForgeHorrible winter at Valley Forge• sheer determinationsheer determination of Americans to fight at all costsof Americans to fight at all costs• Lack of financial support from Lack of financial support from CongressCongress• British blockade – economic distressBritish blockade – economic distress• Inflation hurt the American colonists’ Inflation hurt the American colonists’ ability to buy goodsability to buy goods

??? sb c

Fighting Turns WestFighting Turns West

• Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of MonmouthBattle of Monmouth– Heavy casualtiesHeavy casualties– Major defeat for HoweMajor defeat for Howe

• American Colonel George Rogers ClarkAmerican Colonel George Rogers Clark– Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and ILHelps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL– Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take

Fort Vicennes in IndianaFort Vicennes in Indiana– Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River ValleyVictory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley– Nathaniel Greene takes over command in the Nathaniel Greene takes over command in the

SouthSouth

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern Strategy The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next [beginning in 1779 and for the next 33 years] years]

Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Britain’s “Southern Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC

Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans

Southern PhaseSouthern Phase

• Cornwallis invades North Carolina in Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s Lafayette’s

forcesforces

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

The Battle of YorktownThe Battle of Yorktown

• Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communicationChesapeake Bay to cut off British communication

• Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 22ndnd..

• Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsulapeninsula

• De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement. reinforcement.

Cornwallis’ Surrender at YorktownCornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown

October 19, 1781October 19, 1781

Painted by JohnTrumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside Down!” The World Turned Upside Down!”

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

1. England recognized American independence1. England recognized American independence2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became 2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became

boundary between Canada and Americaboundary between Canada and America3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w 3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w

America and Spanish territoryAmerica and Spanish territory4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and 4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and

British citizensBritish citizens5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border 5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border

between Florida and America was setbetween Florida and America was set6. Britain removed all troops from American 6. Britain removed all troops from American

territoryterritory7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that 7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that

rights/property of Loyalists be restoredrights/property of Loyalists be restored

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

New ProblemsNew Problemsto deal withto deal with

1.1. Washington resigned from the army Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congressand gave command over to Congress

2.2. Most Americans saw themselves as Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nationindividual states, not a unified nation

* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist

3.3. Without a strong central government Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt and no one left to handle the debt America was inAmerica was in

• 50 million in debt50 million in debt• States did not feel they had to pay off a States did not feel they had to pay off a

“national debt”“national debt”

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-17891770-1789

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the WarStrongholds at the End of the War

The Articles of Confederation – The Articles of Confederation – our 1our 1stst Constitution Constitution

A unicameral Congress – 9 out of 13 to pass a law

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Congress could declare war, but did not have authority to tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

No federal court system – each state had its own system

Voting rules varied from state to state

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Criticisms of ArticlesCriticisms of Articles

1.1. One vote for each state, regardless of One vote for each state, regardless of sizesize

2.2. Congress was powerless, no real Congress was powerless, no real powerpower

a.a. Could not taxCould not taxb.b. Could not regulate foreign, interstate Could not regulate foreign, interstate

commercecommerce

3.3. No executive branch to enforce lawsNo executive branch to enforce laws4.4. No judicial branch to interpret lawsNo judicial branch to interpret laws5.5. Articles only created a “firm league of Articles only created a “firm league of

friendship,” not a unified countryfriendship,” not a unified country

Occupational Composition of Several Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesState Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western LandsState Claims to Western Lands

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in 1787The United States in 1787

American Exports, To & From American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George-- George WashingtonWashington