the amazing cell membrane. first a little chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
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The Amazing Cell Membrane
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First a little chemistry
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All matter in the universe consists of elements
An element is a pure substance
Examples of elements needed for life:Carbon C*Hydrogen H*Oxygen O*Nitrogen NPhosphorus PSulfur S
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An atom is the smallest part of an element
Can only be seen with the most powerful microscope
Atoms join together to form molecules.
Examples:
Oxygen we breathe is a molecule made up of 2 oxygen atoms: O2
Water is 2 hydrogens with 1 oxygen: H2O
Sugar is a much bigger molecule: C6H12O6
How many atoms in one sugar molecule?
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Practice counting atoms
HNO3
H2SO4
C5H10P3O2
How to write 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 1 nitrogen and 4 oxygens
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Important molecules for life
1. Water!
We take it for granted, but water has many unique properties that support life.
You are 60% water (H2O)
In fact, scientists who look for life on other plants focus on places where water does or used to exist
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Organic molecules
Organic = contains carbon and found in living things
Why carbon? There’s lots of carbon in the universe(It’s the second largest component of you, after water)
It can make many different kinds of molecules
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Four types of organic compounds found in living things
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
These are called macromolecules
Macro = giant (opposite of micro)
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Cell Membrane
Made primarily of lipids
Lipids don’t dissolve in water.
So they won’t dissolve in
the aqueous (water based)
environment of your cells.
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This is how the lipid looks in the membrane:
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2-D version
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Proteins are embedded in the membrane
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Why are the proteins there?
They help certain molecules that are needed by the cell but can’t get through the lipids to enter the cell
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Review
What elements are important for living things? How do you read a chemical formula (like C4HNO3)? What molecule is most common in living organisms? What is an organic compound? What four types of organic compounds are found in
living organisms? Why is life carbon-based? What two macromolecules are found in cell
membranes? Why are cell membranes made primarily of lipids? Why do cell membranes have proteins inserted
among the lipids?
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What is the main job of the cell membrane?
To regulate what enters and leaves the cell!
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What kinds of molecules have to enter the cell?
Small inorganic molecules like O2, CO2, and H2O
Ions like Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium) Nutrients that your cell will use for building
blocks or energy like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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Cell membrane is semipermeable
Semi = partly
Permeable = lets stuff go through it
So semipermeable means some stuff can go through the membrane – and some stuff can’t go through at all or can’t go through without help.
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Function
Transport of materials across the membrane
Passive transport Active transport
No Energy Required! Energy Required!
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Passive transport
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
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Equilibrium (everything is balanced)
Simple Diffusion
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Solutions and solutes
A solvent is a substance that can dissolve other substances.
Ex: water—universal solvent (it can dissolve lots of things)
A solute is the substance
that dissolves
Ex: salt or sugar A solution is an evenly
distributed mix of solvent and solute
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More vocabulary
Concentration: the amount of solute in solution, expressed as mass/volume—such as grams/liter (g/l)
Concentration Gradient: a gradual change in concentration from one area to another
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Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient
from area of HIGH concentration (many molecules per mL) to area of LOW concentration (fewer
molecules per mL)
Diffusion through a membrane
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
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Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated = helped
Some molecules are helped by channel or carrier proteins
Channel – a tunnel for substances like glucose
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Facilitated diffusion
Carrier protein – changes shape to facilitate molecule passing through
Facilitated diffusion also involves moving across a concentration gradient (from high to low)—like diffusion, does not require energy
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Review
What is the main job of the cell membrane? What does it mean to say the cell membrane is
semipermeable? What kinds of molecules need to enter the cell? What are the two types of transport and how are they
different? What are the three types of passive transport? Describe simple diffusion How is facilitated diffusion different from simple
diffusion? What kind of molecule does the facilitating?
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Osmosis
Osmosis = diffusion of water through a cell membrane
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Osmosis: diffusion of water—from high water/low solute to low water/high solute
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Three osmotic conditions
Isotonic: iso = the same
--two solutions have the same solute concentration
--so the water flow between them is in equilibrium: no net movement
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Cell in Isotonic Solution
CELLCELL
10% NaCL90% H2O
10% NaCL
90% H2O
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
NO NET NO NET MOVEMENMOVEMENTT
What is the direction of water movement?The cell is at equilibrium.
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Three osmotic conditions
Hypertonic: hyper = higher than--comparing two solutions, the one with a higher solute concentration is hypertonic to the other: it will gain water --so water will flow into the hypertonic solution
Salt sucks! So whichever is saltier will draw more water—why you want to drink more when you eat salty things.
In our lab, the syrup was hypertonic because it was more sugary than the egg so the egg lost water and shrank while the syrup became more watery.
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Cell in Hypertonic Solution
CELLCELL
15% NaCL85% H2O
5% NaCL95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
copyright cmassengale
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Three osmotic conditions
Hypotonic: hypo- = lower than
--comparing two solutions, the one with the lower solute concentration is hypotonic to the one with higher solute concentration: it will lose water
--so water will flow out of the hypotonic solution
In our lab, the distilled water was hypotonic to the egg so water flowed into the egg and the egg swelled up.
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Cell in Hypotonic Solution
CELLCELL
10% NaCL90% H2O
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement? copyright cmassengale
What is the direction of water movement?