the alma revolution - subaru telescope · the alma revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks
Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii
February 19th 2016
![Page 2: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Star and planet formation
Figure M. Persson
![Page 3: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A special class of disks...
Transitional disks
First discovery: Strom et al. 1989
Not necessarily an evolutionary term!
![Page 4: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Transitional disks
Spitzer infrared observations
Pioneering millimeter interferometry (SMA, CARMA,PdBI)
HD135344B
LkCa15
Brown et al. 2007, 2009, Isella et al. 2010
Link with planet formation?
![Page 5: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cavity clearing mechanisms
● Grain growth
● Photoevaporation
● Companion
● Dead zones
trapping
trapping
![Page 6: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dust trapping
● FARGO model ● Gas density: planet clearing
Pinilla et al. 2012
![Page 7: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dust trapping
Pinilla et al. 2012
● FARGO model ● Gas density: planet clearing
![Page 8: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dust evolution
● Dust growth in a normal disk − Coagulation and fragmentation − Radial inward drift
● Dust can not grow beyond millimeter sizes?
● Two dust properties: − Large particles move
towards high pressure − Small particles move
with the gas => Pressure bump?
Pressure
headwind
![Page 9: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dust trapping
● Planet generates a radial pressure bump in gas
● Large dust will be trapped and no longer migrates inward
Pinilla et al. 2012
![Page 10: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dust trapping
Pinilla et al. 2012
Combination planet-disk interaction and dust evolution
![Page 11: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dust trapping
● Due to drag forces, larger dust moves towards high pressure: − density gradient
(planet) − viscosity gradient
(dead zone: low ionization)
![Page 12: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cavity clearing mechanisms
=> Need to know the gas and dust distribution inside cavity: ALMA
● Grain growth
● Photoevaporation
● Companion
● Dead zones
mm-dust gas
trapping
trapping
![Page 13: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Before ALMA…
SMA 345 GHz
![Page 14: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
With ALMA…
ALMA Band 7
![Page 15: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Other transition disks (ALMA)
Large variety of structures due to increased sensitivity & resolution
Van Dishoeck et al. 2015
![Page 16: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ALMA Early Science
● Cycle 0: 2011-2012 ● ~16 antennas, up to 400 m baselines ● Target: Oph IRS 48
− d ~ 120 pc − 12CO 6-5 & C17O 6-5 − 690 GHz/0.44mm continuum − 0.25” resolution − Cavity size 60 AU (0.5”)
Geers et al. 2007
![Page 17: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Oph IRS 48
Gas cavity: planet?
12CO observations: velocity map
Bruderer et al. 2014
![Page 18: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Oph IRS 48ALMA B9: Millimeter asymmetry!
Van der Marel et al. 2013
Different distribution dust vs gas:
=> trapping!
![Page 19: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Oph IRS 48
Millimeter-dust concentrated on one side of the disk
Micrometer-dust gathered in a ring-structure
Gas in a full disk witha small cavity (planet?)
What can cause this kind of structure? Van der Marel et al. 2013
![Page 20: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dust trapping
● What is the origin of the azimuthal asymmetry? ● Steep drop & low viscosity ⇒ pressure bump becomes Rossby unstable
Pinilla et al 2012 Birnstiel et al. 2013
Ataiee et al. 2013
![Page 21: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dust trapping
● What is the origin of the azimuthal asymmetry? ● Steep drop & low viscosity ⇒ pressure bump becomes Rossby unstable
long-lived vortex (moving on
Keplerian orbit)
Pinilla et al 2012 Birnstiel et al. 2013
Ataiee et al. 2013
![Page 22: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dust trapping
● Small gas asymmetry ⇔ large dust asymmetry
Birnstiel et al. 2013
mm-dust
gas/small grains
![Page 23: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Subaru (SEEDS) and ALMA complementary
Follette et al. 2015
mm grains micron grains
Oph IRS 48
![Page 24: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Subaru (SEEDS) and ALMA complementary
van der Marel et al. 2015 Thalmann et al. 2010 Muto et al. 2012 Mayama et al. 2012 Tsukagoshi et al. 2014 Canovas et al. 2016
Sz9
mm grains look very different from the micron grains!
![Page 25: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Summary continuum emission
• Continuum emission shows rings and asymmetries
• The structures are consistent with trapping in pressure bumps
• So what about the gas?
![Page 26: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Trapping: clearing by a planet
● Grain growth
● Photoevaporation
● Companion
● Dead zones
mm-dust gas
trapping
trapping
Gas structure: CO observations
![Page 27: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Other transition disks (ALMA)● Band 9 continuum & 12CO 6-5 at 0.25”
Van der Marel et al. 2015a/Ch. 6
![Page 28: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Other transition disks (ALMA)● Band 9 continuum & 12CO 6-5 at 0.25”
Van der Marel et al. 2015a
CO is present inside the dust cavities => but optically thick and difficult to analyze!
![Page 29: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CO analysis
CO photodissociated
CO frozen out
Dutrey et al. 2014 Bruderer 2013
Disk structure: => Where does the CO emission originate?
![Page 30: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DALI CO analysis
DALI
Bruderer et al. 2012, 2013, 2014
![Page 31: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DALI CO analysis● Includes: freeze-out,
photodissociation, UV-field, chemical network, heating/cooling...
● Input: density gas and dust with drop inside cavity
![Page 32: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gas structure
● All five transition disks in this sample have − Dust density drop of at least
a factor 1000 − Gas inside the cavity − Gas density drop of a factor
10-100
Van der Marel et al. 2015a
Consistent with planet clearing + trapping scenario
![Page 33: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
CO isotopologues
Van der Marel et al. 2015c
![Page 34: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CO isotopologues
Gas cavity < dust cavity in all cases studied to date
Van der Marel et al. 2015c
![Page 35: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CO isotopologues
Gas cavity < dust cavity in all cases studied to date
Comparison models with data:
Van der Marel et al. 2015c
![Page 36: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Quantify gap depth/width: relation to planets?CO isotopologues
de Juan-Ovelar et al. 2013 Fung et al. 2014
Rcavgas__ Rcavdust
![Page 37: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Quantify gap depth/width: relation to planets?CO isotopologues
van der Marel et al. 2016
Using both relations: low viscosity and planet masses ~ few Jupiters
![Page 38: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ALMA and Subaru complementary
Can Subaru detect the predicted planets (or set limits)?
![Page 39: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CO isotopologues
● Gas cavities inside dust cavities ● trapping ● planet formation sites
● Is this true for all transition disks?
ESO 1549 (Kornmesser)
![Page 40: The ALMA revolution - Subaru Telescope · The ALMA revolution: gas and dust in planet-forming disks Nienke van der Marel Beatrice Watson Parrent fellow IfA Manoa, University of Hawaii](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030710/5af9978c7f8b9aff288d5c81/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Summary
● Transitional disks are giant dust traps ● Dust growth visible through resolved α ● Quantification of gas densities in disks:
=> evidence for embedded planets • Higher spatial resolution
=> more complex structures
• What will ALMA reveal next?
?