The Age of Mass The Age of Mass Politics 1871-Politics 1871-

19141914Chapter 25-4Chapter 25-4

Great BritainGreat Britain

1850-1865 Realignment of Political 1850-1865 Realignment of Political PartiesParties

Lord Palmerston Whig Prime Minister Lord Palmerston Whig Prime Minister and dominant in British Politicsand dominant in British Politics

Tory Party became the Conservative Tory Party became the Conservative PartyParty Led by DisraeliLed by Disraeli

Whig Party became the Liberal PartyWhig Party became the Liberal Party Led by GladstoneLed by Gladstone

After 1865 expanded After 1865 expanded democracy under both democracy under both

major partiesmajor parties Benjamin Desraeli wanted:Benjamin Desraeli wanted:

Aggressive foreign policyAggressive foreign policy Expansion of the British EmpireExpansion of the British Empire Supported (reluctantly) democratic reformsSupported (reluctantly) democratic reforms

Wrote Wrote Sybil (Sybil (1845) sympathetic to 1845) sympathetic to working classworking class

Influenced by John Stuart Mill’s Influenced by John Stuart Mill’s On On LibertyLiberty: increased democracy necessary: increased democracy necessary

DesraeliDesraeli

Reform Bill of 1867 “The Leap in the Reform Bill of 1867 “The Leap in the Dark”:Dark”:

Almost all men over 21 residing in Almost all men over 21 residing in urban areas gained the voteurban areas gained the vote

Doubled the # of men votingDoubled the # of men voting But still not universal male suffrageBut still not universal male suffrage

Disraeli’s ReformsDisraeli’s Reforms

Eliminated more “Rotten Boroughs”Eliminated more “Rotten Boroughs” More equitable representation in the More equitable representation in the

House of CommonsHouse of Commons

1875 Reduced government 1875 Reduced government regulation of trade unionsregulation of trade unions

Government regulations for Government regulations for improved sanitationimproved sanitation

William GladstoneWilliam Gladstone

Most important liberal figure in 19Most important liberal figure in 19thth century Englandcentury England

Supported Irish Home RuleSupported Irish Home Rule Free TradeFree Trade Extension of Democratic principlesExtension of Democratic principles Opposed ImperialismOpposed Imperialism Abolished compulsory taxes to Abolished compulsory taxes to

support the Church of Englandsupport the Church of England

GladstoneGladstone

1872 Australian Ballot Act (earlier 1872 Australian Ballot Act (earlier Chartist demand)Chartist demand)

1870 Civil Service Reform: open 1870 Civil Service Reform: open competitive examinations for competitive examinations for government positionsgovernment positions

Reform Act of 1884 (Representation of Reform Act of 1884 (Representation of the People Act of 1884): Granted the People Act of 1884): Granted suffrage to male adults in countrysidesuffrage to male adults in countryside Two million new votersTwo million new voters

Others hoping to expand Others hoping to expand Democracy:Democracy:

Included: Included: Women’s Suffrage AdvocatesWomen’s Suffrage Advocates Anti-imperialistsAnti-imperialists SocialistsSocialists Anti-nationalistsAnti-nationalists

The Fabian Society 1883The Fabian Society 1883

One of the most popularOne of the most popular

Advocated a form of revisionist Advocated a form of revisionist MarxismMarxism

Wanted political democracy and Wanted political democracy and economic socialismeconomic socialism

Keir Hardie’s Independent Keir Hardie’s Independent Labor Party 1893Labor Party 1893

Very popular third partyVery popular third party

Attracted trade unionists, socialists, Attracted trade unionists, socialists, and all others who believed that and all others who believed that Conservatives and liberals had no Conservatives and liberals had no genuine interests in the needs of the genuine interests in the needs of the general publicgeneral public

1905-1920’s Liberal 1905-1920’s Liberal PartyParty

Parliament Act of 1911: Parliament Act of 1911: Eliminated some powers of the Eliminated some powers of the

House of LordsHouse of Lords House of Commons now center of House of Commons now center of

national powernational power Life-span of Parliament reduced:Life-span of Parliament reduced:

From 7 years to 5 yearsFrom 7 years to 5 years

Liberal PartyLiberal Party

The social welfare state created in The social welfare state created in the decade prior to WWIthe decade prior to WWI

Was meant to guarantee all citizens Was meant to guarantee all citizens with a decent standard of living;with a decent standard of living; Right of unions to strikeRight of unions to strike Government insurance for job-related Government insurance for job-related

injuriesinjuries Unemployment insuranceUnemployment insurance Old Age pensionsOld Age pensions Compulsory education lawsCompulsory education laws

Liberal Party Reforms Liberal Party Reforms continuedcontinued

Taxes were increased on the wealthy Taxes were increased on the wealthy to fund the welfare stateto fund the welfare state

Representation of the People Act Representation of the People Act 1918: granted suffrage to women 1918: granted suffrage to women over 30over 30

All men gained suffrageAll men gained suffrage Property qualifications were Property qualifications were

eliminatedeliminated

Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage Movement in EnglandMovement in England

By the 1890’s women’s rights By the 1890’s women’s rights activists realized that suffrage was activists realized that suffrage was the key to fixing their problemsthe key to fixing their problems

Men had not done enough to protect Men had not done enough to protect women from exploitation and abusewomen from exploitation and abuse

Many believed that women’s Many believed that women’s involvement was needed in public involvement was needed in public affairsaffairs

WomenWomen

Most Suffragettes came from the Middle Most Suffragettes came from the Middle ClassClass

Their education had exposed them to Their education had exposed them to earlier feminist works (John Stuart Mill)earlier feminist works (John Stuart Mill)

Many middle class women had servants Many middle class women had servants which freed up some time to work on which freed up some time to work on feminist causesfeminist causes

Working class women and socialists did Working class women and socialists did not trust the middle class and worked on not trust the middle class and worked on their owntheir own

WomenWomen

Millicent Garrett FawcettMillicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) (1847-1929) Led the NUWSS (National Union of Led the NUWSS (National Union of

Women’s Suffrage Societies)Women’s Suffrage Societies) Demanded that Parliament grant Demanded that Parliament grant

women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage Helped to grow the suffrage Helped to grow the suffrage

movementmovement Was knighted in 1924Was knighted in 1924

WomenWomen

Emmeilin PankhurstEmmeilin Pankhurst led militant led militant suffragettessuffragettes

Founded (along with her daughter) the Founded (along with her daughter) the WSPU (Women’s Social and Political WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union)Union)

Beginning in 1907 destroyed RR stations, Beginning in 1907 destroyed RR stations, works of art, broke store windows, works of art, broke store windows, chained themselves to gates in front of chained themselves to gates in front of ParliamentParliament

Organized parades and demonstrationsOrganized parades and demonstrations

WomenWomen

Many women were arrested and jailedMany women were arrested and jailed Went on hunger strikes and were force-Went on hunger strikes and were force-

fedfed Public outrage soPublic outrage so Parliament passed “Cat and Mouse” Parliament passed “Cat and Mouse”

Act: sent starving women home and Act: sent starving women home and when recovered were rejailedwhen recovered were rejailed

1913 Emily Davison threw herself in 1913 Emily Davison threw herself in front of the king’s horse and was killedfront of the king’s horse and was killed

WomenWomen

Representation of the People’s Act Representation of the People’s Act 1918: gave women over 30 the right 1918: gave women over 30 the right to vote due to their contributions to vote due to their contributions during WWIduring WWI

Reform Act of 1928: Women over 21 Reform Act of 1928: Women over 21 given the votegiven the vote

The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question

1848 Young Ireland: nationalistic 1848 Young Ireland: nationalistic movementmovement

The Irish question was the most serious The Irish question was the most serious and reoccurring problem faced by and reoccurring problem faced by Britain between 1890-1914Britain between 1890-1914

Gladstone had pushed unsuccessfully Gladstone had pushed unsuccessfully for Irish Home rulefor Irish Home rule

Ulster opposed Irish Home Rule: Ulster opposed Irish Home Rule: Protestant counties in Northern IrelandProtestant counties in Northern Ireland

UlsterUlster

1914 Irish Home Rule 1914 Irish Home Rule ActAct

Was not supported by UlsteritesWas not supported by Ulsterites Raised an army of 100,000+Raised an army of 100,000+ Were supported by British public opinionWere supported by British public opinion

Was not put into effect until after WWIWas not put into effect until after WWI Easter Rebellion 1916 crushed by British Easter Rebellion 1916 crushed by British

troopstroops 1922 Ireland independent BYT Northern 1922 Ireland independent BYT Northern

Ireland remained part of the British Ireland remained part of the British EmpireEmpire

The Eastern Question in the The Eastern Question in the 1870’s1870’s

A constant state of crisis in te Balkans A constant state of crisis in te Balkans as the Ottoman Empire recededas the Ottoman Empire receded

Russia wanted to rule in the BalkansRussia wanted to rule in the Balkans Austria-Hungry wanted it tooAustria-Hungry wanted it too

Pan-Slavism: Russia’s dream of Pan-Slavism: Russia’s dream of uniting all Slavic peoples under one uniting all Slavic peoples under one government: Russiagovernment: Russia

The BalkansThe Balkans

Russia Defeated the Turks 1878 and Russia Defeated the Turks 1878 and was in a good position to dominate the was in a good position to dominate the BalkansBalkans

British sent the royal Navy to help the British sent the royal Navy to help the Turks against RussiaTurks against Russia

Bismarck offered to mediate the crisisBismarck offered to mediate the crisis

1878 The Congress of 1878 The Congress of BerlinBerlin

Russia gained very little in spite of Russia gained very little in spite of defeating the Turksdefeating the Turks

Will lead to resentment against Will lead to resentment against Germany (Bismarck)Germany (Bismarck)

Will lead to a new system of Will lead to a new system of alliancesalliances

The Congress of Berlin The Congress of Berlin 18781878

Recognition of Romania, Serbia, Recognition of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro as independent statesMontenegro as independent states

Established the autonomy of Bulgaria Established the autonomy of Bulgaria (within the Ottoman Empire)(within the Ottoman Empire)

Transferred Cyprus to Great BritainTransferred Cyprus to Great Britain Nothing for RussiaNothing for Russia Due to Disraeli’s influence although Due to Disraeli’s influence although

Russia will blame BismarckRussia will blame Bismarck