the aetiology of the cat eye syndrome reconsidered

12
Journal o f Medical Genetics, 1981, 1 8 , 108-118 T h e aetiology o f t h e c a t e y e syndrome reconsidered GINEVRA GUANTI From t h e Institute of Genetics, University o f Bari, V i a Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy SUMMARY T h e c a t e y e syndrome (CES), usually ascribed to t h e presence o f a deleted supernumerary 2 2 chromosome, i s characterised by a typical clinical picture including anal atresia, ocular coloboma, preauricular tags o r sinuses, congenital heart defects, urinary tracts anomalies, a n d mental an d physical retardation. An analysis o f published reports revealed that of t h e 57 reported cases, only 2 1 showed t h e complete form, a n d 11 h a d a normal karyotype. Several observations question t h e existence of a trisomy 2 2 : 1 ) t h e absence o f any report i n living subjects o f trisomy 22 arising from a n inherited Robertsonian translocation; (2 ) t h e recurrent abortions in carriers o f Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 2 2 ; a n d ( 3 ) t h e existence o f a syndrome, showing t he same clinical features as trisomy 2 2, which is irrefutably dependent on a trisomy o f t h e distal region o f t he 1 1 long arm. O n t h e basis of a comparison of t h e clinical features i n full trisomy 1 3, partial 1 3 trisomies, 1 3 rings, 1 3 deletions, a n d C E S t h e small marker present i n this syndrome i s considered t o b e a chromo- some 13 with a n interstitial deletion. An attempt t o map this chromosome h a s been made. One century ago, Haab' described the clinical association o f ocular coloboma and anal atresia. I n 1965 Schachenmann e t a l 2 were t h e first t o find a supernumerary chromosome i n three subjects with these malformations. T h e term 'cat eye', derived from th e particular appearance that t h e vertical iridochoroidal coloboma gives t o these patients, w a s introduced b y Gerald e t al.3 The is usually ascribed t o t h e presence f a small submetacentric o r acrocentric chromo- some, b u t there a r e several case reports i n which n o chromosomal abnormality i s apparent.4-8 Although cytogenetic investigations have n o t provided precise information, because o f th e small size o f t h e supernumerary element, a 2 2 q - chromosome i s believed to be involved. There- fore, t h e syndrome would depend o n a partial 2 2 trisomy. A recent examination o f three patients with c a t e y e syndrome(CES) a n d a n accurate analysis o f t he previously reported cases2-49 (table 1 a, b , 2 a , b ) enabled u s t o make some observations about th e clinical a n d cytogenetic picture o f this syndrome. Received f o r publication 2 6 Ma y 1980 Case reports CASE 1 This w a s a newborn male infant, born after 4 0 weeks' gestation, t h e first child o f a 30-year-old mother a nd 33-year-old father. T h e delivery w a s normal; birthweight 3000 g , head circumference 3 3 c m , length 5 5 c m . Th e following anomalies were o b- served: sloping forehead, prominent occiput, large fontanelles, widely patent cranial sutures, epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, antimongoloid slanting eyes, depressed nasal bridge, prominent nose, increased philtrum length, malformed ears, bilateral preauric- ular skin tags a n d sinuses  f i g 1A), high arched palate, narrow chest, widely spaced nipples, a n d small scrotum with neither testicle palpable i n t h e s a c o r i n t h e inguinal canal. Anal atresia was noted a t 4 8 hours after birth an d w a s surgically resolved on t h e third day. T h e baby showed failure t o thrive an d was admitted t o hospital f or salmonellosis a n d infection o f the urinary tract. H e died 5 0 days after birth. Necropsy showed t h e following additional abnormalities: micropolygyria o f t h e frontal lobes, intestinal malrotation  fig 1B), megacolon, megaur- eter o n right side, a n d abdominal testes. T h e death o f 1 0 8  group.bmj.com on March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.com Downloaded from 

Upload: najia-choudhury

Post on 03-Jun-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 1/12

Page 2: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 2/12

T h e a e t i o l o g y o f t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e r e c o n s i d e r e d

TABLE la

k a r y o t y p e

C a t eye s y n i d r o m e : p a t i e n t s w i t h a b n o r m a l

C a s e No A u t h o r s Sex

I B a l l e s t a e t a l 9 Case 2

2 Case 33 B a s s e t a l 1 04 B e y e r e t a l l 15 B o f i n g e r and S o u k u p l 26 * B u h l e r e t a l 0 3 Case I I 1 . I

C a s e 1 1 . 37

8 C e r v e n k a e t a 1 1 59 C or y an d J a m i s o n 1 6

1 0 C u r c i o l 7

11 Darby and H u g h e s ' 81 2 D e C h i e r i e t a 1 91 3 F r y n s e t a 1 2 01 4 t G e r a l d e t a l 3 C a s e 1

1 5 C a s e 21 6 C a s e 31 7 G i n s b e r g e t a 1 2 4

1 8 G i r a u d e t a 2 51 9 G u s t a v s o n e t a 1 2 6 C a s e I

2 0 C a s e 2

2 1 H i r s c h h o r n e t a 2 7

2 2 I s e l i u s and F a x e l i u s 2 8

2 3 I s h m a e l and L a u r e n c e 2 92 4 J o h n s o n e t a 1 3 02 5 Krmpotik e t a l 3 l2 6 Kriger e t a 1 3 22 7 Kunze e t a l 3 32 8 $ N i s h i e t a l 3 42 9 N o e l and Q u a c k , 3 5 N o e l e t a 1 3 63 0 P e t i t 3 73 1 P f e i f f e r e t a 1 3 83 2 § P i e r s o n e t a l 3 93 3 P u n n e t t e t a 4 l

34 Schachenmann e t a 1 2 Case 1

3 5 Case 23 6 C a s e 337 Schmid42 Case 1

3 8 T a f t e t a 4 33 9 T a i l l e m i t e e t a l 4 440 Toomey e t a l 4 54 1 Weber e t a 1 4 64 2 W e l e b e r e t a l 4 74 3 Z a c k a i e t a 1 4 8 C a s e 144 Case 2

45 Z e l l w e g e r e t a l 4 Case 1

4 6 Ou r case 1

*Same cases i n S e b e s t y e n and M 6 h e s l 4tSame cases i n F r e e d o m an d G e r a l d , 2 2 P e t e r s e n 2 3

tSame case i n N o el e t a 36

§Same case i n Thomas e t a 1 4 0

Same cases i n Emanuel e t a l 4 9

M

FFM

FFM

M

FFFFM

M

M

M

FFFFFFFM

FFFFFM

FFM

M

FFFF

MFM

FFFM

FM

T A B L E l b C a t e x e s y n d r o m e : p a t i e n t s w i t h n o r m a lk a r y o t y p e

C a s e No A u t h o r s Sex

I F r a n k l i n a n d P a r s l o w 5 C a s e I F2 C a s e 2 F3 James e t a 6 C a s e 24 C a s e 55 C a s e 8

6 C a s e 1 5

7 Ne u e t a l 7 F8 Temtamy a n d M c K u s i c k s F9 Z e l l w e g e r e t a 4 C a s e 2 F

1 0 Our c a s e 2 M

1 1 Our c a s e 3 M

T A B L E I c P a t i e n t s w i t h p a r t i a l t r i s o m y 1 3 o w i n g t ot r a n s l o c a t i o n

C a s e No A u t h o r s Sex

I C r a n d a l l e t a 1 5 0 F

2 G i r a u d e t a 5 1 F3 J a c o b s e n e t a 1 5 2 5 3 M

4 S t o l l e t a 5 4 M5 W i l s o n a n d M e l n y k 5 5 F

T A B L E 1 d P a t i e n t s w i t h 1 3 r i n g c h r o m o s o m e

C a s e No A u t h o r s Sex

I A i l d e r d i c e e t a 1 5 6 C a s e 2 M

2 B i l e s e t a 5 7 M

3 G r a c e e t a 1 5 8 C a s e 2 F4 K i s t e n m a c h e r a n d P u n n e t t 5 9 C a s e 2 F5 L e j e u n e e t a 6 0 C a s e 2 M

6 R e i s m a n e t a 1 6 1 M

7 R e t h o r 6 e t a 1 6 2 F8 S p a r k e s e t a 1 6 3 M

9 T o l k s d o r f e t a 1 6 4 M

t h e p a t i e n t was a t t r i b u t e d t o d i f f u s e i n f e c t i o n o f t h e

u r i n a r y t r a c t a n d t o s a l m o n e l l a s e p t i c a e m i a .T h e f a m i l y h i s t o r y was u n r e m a r k a b l e , w i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f a m a t e r n a l c o u s i n who d i e d a f e w d a y sa f t e r b i r t h o f b i l i a r y a t r e s i a . B o t h t h e p a r e n t s w e r e

i n g o o d h e a l t h a n d t h e m o t h e r h a d b i l a t e r a l pre-

a u r i c u l a r p i t s .

G e n e t i c s t i u d i e sS e x c h r o m a t i n was n e g a t i v e . C y t o g e n e t i c s t u d i e s o n

p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d s h o w e d a modal number o f 4 7c h r o m o s o m e s w i t h o ne e x t r a chromosome s m a l l e r

t h a n a G c h r o m o s o m e . I t a p p e a r e d t o h a v e s a t e l l i t e son o ne e n d and t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n s a t e l l i t e a s s o c i a t i o n .The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s supernumerary c h r o m o -some was i m p o s s i b l e even u s i n g G , Q , and C b a n d -

i n g ( f i g 2 ) . B l o o d a n d se rum groups w e r e n o r m a l .

The k a r y o t y p e o f b o t h p a r e n t s was n o r m a l .

CASE 2

The p a t i e n t w as t h e f i r s t c h i l d o f h e a l t h y u n r e l a t e d

p a r e n t s . At t h e b i r t h t h e f a t h e r w as 2 8 y e a r s o l d a n dt h e m o t h e r 2 1 y e a r s o l d . D e l i v e r y w as n o r m a l ; b i r t hw e i g h t 3 1 0 0 g , l e n g t h 5 4 cm, h e a d c i r c u m f e r e n c e

3 1 - 9 cm . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t w e e k s t h e b a b y s u f f e r e df r o m r e s p i r a t o r y d i s t r e s s , c y a n o s i s , c o n s t a n t f e e d i n g

p r o b l e m s , and f a i l u r e t o g a i n w e i g h t . M u l t i p l e con-

g e n i t a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s were n o t e d i n c l u d i n g s l o p i n g

f o r e h e a d , f a c i a l a s y m m e t r y , a n t i m o n g o l o i d s l a n t i n go f e y e s , b i l a t e r a l coloboma o f i r i s and c h o r o i d

( f i g 1 C ) , r i g h t p a l p e b r a l p t o s i s , p r o m i n e n t n o s e ,

m a c r o s t o m i a , m i c r o g n a t h i a , lo w s e t e a r s , h y p e r -

t e l o r i s m , s h o r t n e c k w i t h lo w p o s t e r i o r h a i r l i n e ,

1 0 9

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 3: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 3/12

G i n e v r a G u a n t i

( a )1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 27 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2

P s y c h o s o m a t i c r e t a r d a t i o n

G e n i t a l m a l f o r n i a t i o n s

U r i n a r y t r a c t a n o m a l i e sK i d n e y m a l f o r m a t i o n s

C a r d i o v a s c u l a r a n o m a l i e sF o o t m a l f o r m a t i o n sHand m a l f o r m a t i o n sO t h e r s k e l e t a l a n o m a l i e s

L i m i t e d h i p a b d u c t i o nV e r t e b r a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s

P r e a u r i c u l a r p i t s / t a g s / s i n u s e sLo w s e t m a l f o r m e d ears

C l e f t l i p o r p a l a t e

M i c r o g n a t h i aM i c r o c e p h a l yP t o s i s

Downward s l a n t i n g eyes

E p i c a n t h u sS t r a b i s m u sH y p e r t e l o r i s m

M i c r o p h t h a l m i aColobomaA n a l a t r e s i a o r s t e n o s i s

  ±

±

± ±

±

±+ +  

±

.

±

±

I

FI G 1 C a s e 1 , ear m a l f o r m a t i o n s ( A ) , i n t e s t i n a l m a l r o t a t i o n ( B ) ; case 2 , o c u l a r c o l o b o m a ( C ) , g e m f i t a l

m a l f o r m a t i o n s ( D ) .

w i d e l y s p a c e d n i p p l e s , u m b i l i c a l h e r n i a , r i g h t T h e r e was no f a m i l i a l h i s t o r y o f c o n g e n i t a l m a l -

c r y p t o r c h i d i s m , i n c u r v e d p e n i s ( f i g I D ) , and h y p o - f o r m a t i o n s .

s p a d i a s . A n a l s t e n o s i s was s u s p e c t e d b e c a u s e o f

p e r s i s t e n t c o n s t i p a t i o n a n d t h r e a d - l i k e s t o o l s . R e n a l G e n e t i c s t u d i e s

m a l f o r m a t i o n s we r e s u s p e c t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e p e r - B u c c a l smears were n e g a t i v e f o r sex c h r o m a t i n .

s i s t e n t h i g h a z o t a e m i a . C y t o g e n e t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d showed

1 1 0

T A B L E 2 C l i n i c a l f i n d i n g s

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 4: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 4/12

T h e a e t i o l o g y o f t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e r e c o n s i d e r e d

LIBRARY

M A Y 0 5 1 9 8 1 I E D E R L E L A B O R A T O R I E S a B I V ._

3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6

 +

+   ++

 +  +  

+  + +  

+

 

+±+  

±

b )1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

 

+  +

+   +

  + 

c )1 2 3 4 5

+

+  +

( d )1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

 

±

  + 

±±

+

 +

+

 

2 1 2 2 V

f .  

F I G 2 G i e m s a s t a i n e d m e t a p h a s e . ( A ) T h e arr ow i n d i c a t e s t h e supernumerary c h r o m o s o m e ; ( B ) G r o u p G , Y a n dm a r k e r c h r o m o s o m e s f r o m t w o G b a n d e d m i t o s e s .

a m o d a l number o f 4 6 c h r o m o s o m e s . G , C , and Q

b a n d i n g t e c h n i q u e s d i d no t r e v e a l an y s t r u c t u r a l

a n o m a l i e s . Normal k a r y o t y p e s w e r e f o u n d i n b l o o d

c u l t u r e s o f b o t h p a r e n t s .

CASE 3

T h i s was a newborn m a l e i n f a n t b o r n a f t e r 4 2 w e e k s '

g e s t a t i o n b y c a e s a r i a n s e c t i o n . He was t h e f i r s t c h i l d

o f a 2 6 - y e a r - o l d mother and 3 5 - y e a r - o l d f a t h e r .B i r t h w e i g h t was 3 2 5 0 g , h e a d c i r c u m f e r e n c e was

3 4 cm , a n d l e n g t h was 5 0 cm . He h a d t h e f o l l o w i n g

m a l f o r m a t i o n s : s l o p i n g f o r e h e a d , h y p e r t e l o r i s m ,

downward s l a n t i n g e y e s , e p i c a n t h a l f o l d s , b i l a t e r a li r i s c o l o b o m a , f l a t t e n e d nose, e l o n g a t e d p h i l t r u m ,

p r e a u r i c u l a r t a g s r a d i a l d y s p l a s i a , v e r t e b r a l m a l -

f o r m a t i o n s , v e n t r i c u l a r s e p t a l d e f e c t , s i n g l e u m b i l i c a l

a r t e r y , l o w s e t e a r s , na r r o w c h e s t , s m a l l s c r o t u m ,

and b i l a t e r a l c r y p t o r c h i d i s m . A n o r e c t a l a t r e s i a was

n o t e d 2 4 h o u r s a f t e r b i r t h a n d was i m m e d i a t e l yr e s o l v e d s u r g i c a l l y . Two d a y s a f t e r b i r t h t h e p a t i e n t

+ +

 

+  

+  

Zt; L - k

S. o

-a

  r - p o l f . 0 1A5 W

C . . .

. 0

0- .. .. . A i . = ; ; -

I Ii c \ . , . 4 0 f .\ N -   .. I l k 4 e

0 l e

6 , 4

. : - ,M. omew   . .

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 5: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 5/12

1 1 2

d e v e l o p e d r e s p i r a t o r y d i s t r e s s a n d d i e d o n t h e t h i r dd a y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y n o p i c t u r e s w e r e t a k e n .

T h e f a m i l y h i s t o r y w a s u n r e m a r k a b l e .

G e n e t i c s t u d i e sT h e s e x c h r o m a t i n w a s n e g a t i v e . Chromosome

a n a l y s i s p e r f o r m e d o n p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d c e l l s o f t h ep a t i e n t a n d h i s p a r e n t s r e v e a l e d n o r m a l k a r y o t y p e s .

D i s c u s s i o n

CLINICAL SPECTRUM

T h e c l i n i c a l s p e c t r u m o f t h i s a n o m a l y i s f a i r l y w i d e

a s s h o w n b y s e v e r a l c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e e x t r a c h r o m o -

some w a s t r a n s m i t t e d d i r e c t l y f r o m a p h e n o t y p i c a l l yn o r m a l p a r e n t t o a s o n w i t h t h e c a t e y e s y n -

d r o m e . 2 3 1 7 1 8 3 1 T h e t y p i c a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s i n c l u d e

a n a l a t r e s i a , u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a r e c t o p e r i n e a lo r r e c t o v a g i n a l f i s t u l a , o c u l a r c o l o b o m a , d o w n w a r ds l a n t i n g e y e s , m i c r o p h t h a l m i a , h y p e r t e l o r i s m , s t r a b -i s m u s , e p i c a n t h u s , p r e a u r i c u l a r t a g s , s i n u s e s o r

f i s t u l a s , c o n g e n i t a l h e a r t d e f e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s e p t a ld e f e c t s , u r i n a r y t r a c t a b n o r m a l i t i e s , s k e l e t a l a n o m a l -

i e s , a n d , f r e q u e n t l y , m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l r e t a r d a t i o n .

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

I n i t i a l l y , t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f c o l o b o m a a n d a n a la t r e s i a w a s t h e e s s e n t i a l r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e d i a g n o s i so f C E S . S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e c r i t e r i a b e c a m e l e s s r e -

s t r i c t i v e , a n d t h e r e a f t e r s e v e r a l c a s e s o f t h e i n c o m -p l e t e s y n d r o m e w e r e r e p o r t e d .A c c o r d i n g t o Hsu a n d H i r s c h h o r n 8 5 t h e d i a g n o s i s

o f c a t e y e s y n d r o m e ( C E S ) s h o u l d b e m a d e a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e f o l l o w i n g m i n i m a l c l i n i c a l c r i t e r i a :

( 1 ) a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e t w o m a j o r f e a t u r e s , n a m e l y

c o l o b o m a a n d a n a l a t r e s i a , w i t h o r w i t h o u t o t h e ra s s o c i a t e d a b n o r m a l i t i e s ;

( 2 ) a c o m b i n a t i o n o f o n e m a j o r f e a t u r e , c o l o b o m a

o r a n a l a t r e s i a , p l u s a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e m o s t

f r e q u e n t a s s o c i a t e d s p e c i f i c a n o m a l i e s , f o re x a m p l e , p r e a u r i c u l a r s k i n t a g s o r s i n u s e s o r

r e n a la n o m a l i e s ;

( 3 ) a c o m b i n a t i o n o f o n e m a j o r f e a t u r e p l u s t w o

l e s s f r e q u e n t f e a t u r e s , s u c h a s a n t i m o n g o l o i d

s l a n t i n g e y e s , s k e l e t a l a n o m a l i e s , c o n g e n i t a lh e a r t d i s e a s e , a n d o t h e r e y e d e f e c t s ;

( 4 ) a c o m b i n a t i o n o f f i v e o r more m i n o r s p e c i f i cf e a t u r e s .

I n t h e l i g h t o f c r i t e r i a 2 a n d 3 we h a v e i n c l u d e di n t a b l e s 1 a n d 2 s e v e r a l c a s e s o f f u l l t r i s o m y 2 2

d e s c r i b e d a s t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e . 1 0 1 5 2 7 2 8 4 4 4 8

H o w e v e r , b a s e d o n c r i t e r i o n 4 , a l l t h e c a s e s o f

t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e c o u l d b e i n c l u d e d .

G i n e v r a G u a n t i

CYTOGENETICS OF CASES WITH ABNORMAL

KARYOTYPE

O f 5 7 s u b j e c t s w i t h c l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s o f C E S , 4 6 h a d

a k a r y o t y p e w i t h a n e x t r a s m a l l m a r k e r c h r o m o -

s o m e o f v a r i a b l e m o r p h o l o g y a n d o f v a r i a b l e l e n g t h ,

t h a t i s , s i m i l a r t o o r s h o r t e r t h a n a 2 2 .A s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d , t h e s i m p l e s t e x p l a n a t i o n

f o r t h e o r i g i n o f t h e a b n o r m a l c h r o m o s o m e i s t h a t o f

a p a r t i a l d e l e t i o n o f c h r o m o s o m e 2 2 , b u t t h e i n -v o l v e m e n t o f t h i s c h r o m o s o m e h a s n e v e r b e e n w e l ld o c u m e n t e d .

OBSERVATIONS WHICH QUESTION THE

EXISTENCE OF TRISOMY 22 I N LIVING

SUBJECTS

T h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s q u e s t i o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

t r i s o m y 2 2 .

( 1 ) L i v i n g s u b j e c t s w i t h 2 2 t r i s o m y a r i s i n g f r o m a n

i n h e r i t e d R o b e r t s o n i a n t r a n s l o c a t i o n h a v e n e v e r

b e e n r e p o r t e d .( 2 ) T h e c a r r i e r s o f a R o b e r t s o n i a n t r a n s l o c a t i o n i n -

v o l v i n g a c h r o m o s o m e 2 2 , w h i c h i s a n e x t r e m e l y

r a r e e v e n t , 6 6 7 2 f r e q u e n t l y h a v e r e c u r r e n t a b o r -

t i o n s .( 3 ) A s y n d r o m e d e p e n d e n t o n t r i s o m y o f t h e d i s t a l

r e g i o n o f t h e l o n g ar m o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 1 7 3 8 2 i Sc h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t h e s a m e f e a t u r e s a s t r i s o m y

2 2 , n a m e l y c r a n i o f a c i a l d y s m o r p h i a , b r o a d n o s e ,l o n g p h i l t r u m , m i c r o g n a t h i a , m a l f o r m e d l o w s e t

e a r s w i t h p r e a u r i c u l a r p i t s o r t a g s , c l e f t p a l a t e ,c a r d i a c m a l f o r m a t i o n s , e t c .

OBSERVATIONS WHICH QUESTION THE

EXISTENCE OF PARTIAL TRISOMY 2 2

D o u b t s a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p a r t i a l t r i s o m y 2 2 a r e

u n d e r l i n e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

( 1 ) I f t h e e x t r a c h r o m o s o m e g i v e s r i s e t o p a r t i a lt r i s o m y f o r a c h r o m o s o m e 2 2 , t h e a f f e c t e d p e r -s o n s w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t o h a v e some c l i n i c a lf e a t u r e s s i m i l a r t o t h e r e c o g n i s e d f u l l t r i s o m ys y n d r o m e c a r r i e r s , who o b v i o u s l y s h o u l d p r e s e n t

more m a r k e d c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e g e n o m ea l t e r a t i o n s . I n s t e a d o n e f i n d s a more s e v e r e

p h e n o t y p i c p i c t u r e i n t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e t h a n

i n t h e t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e .( 2 ) I f t h e CES i s t h e p h e n o t y p i c e x p r e s s i o n o f p a r t i a l

2 2 t r i s o m y , t h e a f f e c t e d p a t i e n t s s h o u l d h a v e a

s h o r t e r c h r o m o s o m e 2 2 t h a n n o r m a l . I n s t e a d

t h e r e a r e s u b j e c t s w i t h a n e x t r a c h r o m o s o m e o f

t h e s a m e l e n g t h a s a 2 2 who e x h i b i t t h e c a t e y e

s y n d r o m e 1 0 1 5 2 6 - 2 9 3 2 4 5 a n d s u b j e c t s w i t h a

s u p e r n u m e r a r y d e l e t e d c h r o m o s o m e who h a v e

t h e t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e . 8 3 8 4

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 6: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 6/12

T h e a e t i o l o g y o f t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e r e c o n s i d e r e d

T A B L E 3 C o m p a r - i s o n i o f s o m e f e a t u r e s i n f u l l 1 3 t r i s o m y * , i n p a r - t i a l 1 3 t r - i s o m i e s t , a n d i n c a t e y e s y n d r o m e

C o n m p l e t e D i s t a l P r o x i m a l CES w i t h CES w i t h o u t

1 3 t r i s o m y t r i s o m y t r i s o m y m a r k e r m a r k e r

M e n i t a l r e t a r d a t i o n 2 6 / 2 6 1 0 0 3 0 / 3 0 1 0 0 7 / 9 7 8 2 9 / 3 6 8 0 6 / 1 1 5 5

M i c r o c e p h a l y 1 6 / 2 5 6 4 1 3 / 3 0 4 3 3 / 7 4 3 1 8 / 3 9 4 6 4 / 1 1 3 6Lo w s e t m a l f o r m e d e a r s 2 0 / 2 5 8 0 2 2 / 2 8 7 9 3 / 7 4 3 4 3 / 4 6 9 3 9 / 1 1 8 2

C l e f t l i p o r p a l a t e 3 0 / 4 0 7 5 7 / 3 0 2 3 2 / 9 2 2 1 2 / 4 6 2 6 3 / 1 1 2 7

H y p e r t e l o r i s m 2 4 / 2 6 9 2 7 / 3 0 2 3 3 / 6 5 0 2 3 / 4 5 5 1 4 / 1 1 3 6

E p i c a n t h u s 1 4 / 2 5 5 6 8 / 3 0 2 7 2 / 6 3 3 1 2 / 4 5 2 7 4 / 1 1 3 6

Coloboma 1 7 / 3 7 4 6 3 / 3 0 1 0 1 / 9 1 1 2 6 / 4 6 5 7 1 1 / 1 1 1 0 0

M i c r o p h t h a l m i a 1 9 / 2 5 7 6 6 / 3 0 2 0 1 / 9 1 1 8 / 4 5 2 0 3 / 1 1 2 7

C a r d i o v a s c u l a r a n o m a l i e s 1 9 / 2 6 7 3 5 / 2 7 1 9 2 / 8 2 5 2 5 / 4 6 5 4 6 / 1 1 5 5

G e n i t a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s 2 1 / 3 2 6 6 8 / 2 7 3 0 2 / 9 2 2 7 / 4 4 1 6 3 / 1 1 2 7

K i d n e y m a l f o r m a t i o n s 1 3 / 3 2 4 1 9 / 2 7 3 3 0 / 6 0 9 / 4 6 2 0 2 / 1 1 1 8

I n g u i n a l / u m b i l i c a l h e r n i a 1 0 / 2 5 4 0 9 / 2 7 3 3 1 / 9 1 1 2 / 4 6 4 1 / 1 1 9

Haemangioma 1 5 / 2 1 7 1 1 8 / 3 0 6 0 1 / 8 1 2 0 / 4 6 0 0 / 1 1 0

P o l y d a c t y l y 1 9 / 2 5 7 6 1 9 / 3 0 6 3 0 / 9 0 0 / 4 6 0 0 / 1 1 0

S i m i a n c r e a s e 1 6 / 2 5 6 4 1 1 / 1 9 5 8 2 / 9 2 2 4 / 2 1 1 9 3 / 7 4 3

D i s t a l t t r i r a d i u s 1 4 / 2 0 7 0 4 / 1 2 3 3 4 / 8 5 0 5 / 2 1 2 4 0 / 7 0

A n a l a t r e s i a o r s t e n o s i s 0 / 3 7 0 1 / 3 0 3 0 / 9 0 3 3 / 4 6 7 2 6 / 1 1 5 5

S e x ( F : M) 35: 2 9 1 8 : 1 2 4: 4 31: 1 5 5: 2

M a t e r n a l a g e 3 1 . 6 2 6 . 2 2 6 - 5 3 0 - 3 2 7 . 0

P a t e r n a l a g e 3 1 . 9 3 0 . 3 2 9 . 6 3 2 - 9 3 1 - 5G e s t a t i o n a l a g e 3 9 - 0 3 9 - 7 3 9 . 8 4 0 . 0 4 1 . 0

B i r t h w e i g h t ( g ) 2 6 1 0 3 2 6 3 2 9 2 6 2 9 1 7 2 6 9 1

* D a t a f r o m Warkany e t a l 1 5 a n d T a y l o r . 8 6 t D a t a f r o m N i e b u h r . 8 7

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CAT EYE

SYNDROME AND THE FYNDROMES ASSOCIATED

WITH TRISOMY OF CHROMOSOME 13

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e c l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s , s e v e r a la u t h o r s 2 5 2 B 2 9 - 3 2 h a v e a l r e a d y s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h ee x t r a chromosome p r e s e n t i n t h e CES may b e a

d e l e t e d 1 3 ; i n f a c t , many c l i n i c a l a n d p a t h o l o g i c a lf e a t u r e s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r i s o m y 1 3 ar e pre-

s e n t i n t h e c a t eye s y n d r o m e ( t a b l e 3 ) .B e s i d e s t h i s , i n some cases o f C E S 2 5 t h e e x t r a

chromosome s h o w s a b r i g h t c e n t r o m e r e , a c y t o -

g e n e t i c f e a t u r e t y p i c a l o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 .We a n a l y s e d a l l t h e m a l f o r m a t i o n s y n d r o m e s

d e p e n d i n g on n u m e r i c a l a n d s t r u c t u r a l a b e r r a t i o n s

o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o c r i t e r i a 2 a n d

3 o f Hsu a n d H i r s c h h o r n , 6 5 we f o u n d s t r i k i n g s i m i -l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e c a t eye s y n d r o m e a n d t h e

c l i n i c a l p i c t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h some 1 3 r i n gc h r o m o s o m e s 5 6 - 6 4 a n d some p a r t i a l 1 3 t r i s o m i e s 5 0 - 5 5

o c c u r r i n g i n u n b a l a n c e d t r a n s l o c a t i o n s ( t a b l e i c ,

d , 2 c , d ) .O b v i o u s l y t h e 1 3 r i n g s a n d t h e p a r t i a l 1 3 t r i s o m i e s

show t h e same c l i n i c a l p i c t u r e as t h e c a t eye syn-

d r o m e w h e n e v e r t h e y g i v e r i s e t o a d u p l i c a t i o n o f t h e

same r e g i o n s p r e s e n t on t h e supernumerary c h r o m o -

some i n t h i s s y n d r o m e . I n d e r i v i n g s u c h a s m a l l

e x t r a chromosome f r o m a 1 3 , d i f f e r e n t p o r t i o n s o f

1 3 may b e i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e m a r k e r .

T h i s may a c c o u n t f o r t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e s y n d r o m e

a n d make t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m a r k e r i m p o s s i b l e

b y b a n d i n g ( f i g 3 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , s i n c e t h e m a r k e r

c h r o m o s o m e c o u l d d e r i v e f r o m a t r a n s l o c a t i o n b e -t w e e n t h e l o n g ar m o f a 1 3 a n d t h e s h o r t ar m o f

a n o t h e r D o r G c h r o m o s o m e , f o r e x a m p l e t h e 2 2 ,t h e p r e s e n c e o f o n l y some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( f l u o r e s c e n ts a t e l l i t e s , c e n t r o m e r e , e t c ) o f c h r o m o s o m e 2 2 c a n n o t

c o n s t i t u t e s u f f i c i e n t c r i t e r i a f o r t h e c o r r e c t i d e n t i f i c a -

t i o n o f t h e m a r k e r   f i g 3 c - e ) .

MAP OF CHROMOSOME 1 3

T h e c l i n i c a l f i n d i n g s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f p a r t i a l t r i -s o m y o f p r o x i m a l a n d d i s t a l r e g i o n s o f c h r o m o s o m e1 3 ( t a b l e 3 ) h a v e b e e n d e l i n e a t e d b y N i eb u hr . 8 7

R e c e n t l y a t t e m p t s t o map c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 o n t h e

b a s i s o f c l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t . 5 ' 8 8 8 9

O b v i o u s l y a p e r f e c t p h e n o t y p e - k a r y o t y p e c o r r e l a -t i o n c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e d , s i n c e t h e g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l

c o n t a i n e d i n a c h r o m o s o m a l b a n d c o r r e s p o n d s

t o s e v e r a l h u n d r e d g e n e s . F u r t h e r m o r e t h e a t t e m p t

t o map a c h r o m o s o m e m e e t s w i t h s e v e r a l d i f f i c u l t i e s

a s s t r e s s e d b y S c h u t t e n e t a l . 8 9 N e v e r t h e l e s s , wes h o u l d a t t e m p t t o l o c a l i s e t h e r e g i o n s r e s p o n s i b l ef o r t h e c a r d i n a l s i g n s o f t h e CES a n d , a t t h e s a m et i m e , c o m p a r e s o m e o f t h e c l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e

p a r t i a l t r i s o m i e s w i t h t h e c l i n i c a l p i c t u r e o f t h e CES

  f i g 4 ) .F o r t h i s c o m p a r i s o n we m u s t k e e p i n m i n d t h a t

t h e p r o p o s e d m o d e l   f i g 3 a , b ) o f c h r o m o s o m a lr e a r r a n g e m e n t w h i c h m o s t f r e q u e n t l y g i v e s r i s e t ot h e m a r k e r c h r o m o s o m e i s a n i n t e r s t i t i a l d e l e t i o ni n v o l v i n g t h e c e n t r a l r e g i o n o f t h e 1 3 l o n g ar m

( b a n d s q 2 . - - q 3 3 ) .

1 1 3

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 7: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 7/12

G i n e v r a G u a n t i

1 3

2 2

I S S ~ ~ ~ ~

2 2

1 3

a.

1 3

F I G 3 S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p o s s i b l er e a r r a n g e m e n t s o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 .   a , b )I n t e r s t i t i a l d e l e t i o n w h i c h i n b g i v e s r i s e t o a

c h r o m o s o m e s h o w i n g t h e s a m e b a n d i n gp a t t e r n a s a 2 2 .   c , d ) 1 3 / 2 2 t r a n s l o c a t i o ng i v i n g r i s e t o a m a r k e r c h r o m o s o m e w i t hc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( c e n t r o m e r e a n d / o r s a t e l l i t e s )o f a 2 2 . ( e ) P a r t i a l k a r y o t y p e i l l u s t r a t i n g

h o w a r e a r r a n g e d 1 3 c h r o m o s o m e r e s e m b l e sa 2 2 ( G b a n d i n g ) .

COMPARISON BETWEEN CES AND TRISOMIES

OF PROXIMAL REGION OF LONG ARM

OF CHROMOSOME 13

P s y c h o s o m a t i c r e t a r d a t i o n , m i c r o c e p h a l y , l o w s e t

e a r s , m i c r o g n a t h i a , c l i n o d a c t y l y , m i c r o s t o m i a , e p i -c a n t h u s , c l e f t p a l a t e , a b n o r m a l d e r m a t o g l y p h s ,i n c r e a s e d t t r i r a d i u s , w h i c h ar e f r e q u e n t l y d e s c r i b e di n t r i s o m i e s o f t h e p r o x i m a l q r e g i o n , ar e p r e s e n t i n

t h e CES t o o . Th e o c u l a r c o l o b o m a f r e q u e n t i n t h e

CES h a s b e e n f o u n d once i n t r i s o m i e s o f t h e p r o x i -m a l q r e g i o n . 5 2

Th e l a c k o f c o l o b o m a i n t h e o t h e r e i g h t c a s e s 8 8 9 0 9 6

may b e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g reasons: ( 1 ) t h e t r i s o m i cr e g i o n d o e s n o t i n c l u d e t h e c o l o b o m a l o c u s w h i c h ,

a c c o r d i n g t o our map ( f i g 4 ) , may b e i n t h e q 1 3r e g i o n ; ( 2 ) t h e t r i s o m i c r e g i o n p a r t i a l l y c o m p r i s e s

t h e q 1 3 r e g i o n , e x c l u d i n g t h e c o l o b o m a l o c u s ; a n d( 3 ) t h e l o c u s i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e t r i s o m i c r e g i o n , b u ti s s i l e n t . T h e l a t t e r c o u l d b e a c c e p t e d , i f we c o n s i d e rt h a t t h e c o l o b o m a i s p r e s e n t i n o n l y a b o u t 5 0 o f

c a s e s o f c o m p l e t e t r i s o m y 1 3 .T h e t r i s o my o f t h e r e g i o n s l i g h t l y d i s t a l ( q l 4 )

w o u l d d e t e r m i n e c a r d i a c , r e n a l , a n d g e n i t a l m a l -f o r m a t i o n s , a n o m a l i e s r a r e i n t r i s o m i e s o f t h ep r o x i m a l q r e g i o n a n d m o r e f r e q u e n t i n t h e C E S .

COMPARISON BETWEEN CES AND TRISOMIES

OF DISTAL REGION OF LONG ARM OF

CHROMOSOME 13

A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n p a r t i a l t r i s o m y o f t h e d i s t a l qr e g i o n 5 0 5 1 5 4 5 5 9 0 9 3 9 4 - 1 1 2 a n d CES i s m o r e d i f f i c u l t ,s i n c e m o s t o f t h e c a s e s o f t h e f o r m e r i n c l u d e t h e

1 1 4

U b

I N - -

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 8: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 8/12

T h e a e t i o l o g y o f t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e r e c o n s i d e r e d

 

0.

° 2> -

-. E

E E o

o 0 

O

I IF I G 4 S c h e m a t i c d r a w i n g o f c h r o m w s o m e 1 3 m a p .

c e n t r a l r e g i o n o f t h e l o n g arm ( q 2 - + q 3 3 ) w h i c h i snever p r e s e n t i n t h e s m a l l m a r k e r i n t h e C E S .

T h i s may a c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t p o l y d a c t y l y ,s y n d a c t y l y , a n d o t h e r h a n d a n d f o o t d e f o r m i t i e s ,h e r n i a , h a e m a n g i o m a , l o n g i n c u r v e d e y e l a s h e s , a n db u s h y e y e b r o w s , w h i c h ar e f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d i n t h e s ep a r t i a l t r i s o m i e s , ar e a l m o s t a l w a y s a b s e n t i n t h e C E S .O c u l a r c o l o b o m a i s m e n t i o n e d b y C r a n d a l l e t a 1 5 0( t r i so m y q l 2 - *q t e r ) , W i l s o n a n d M e l n y k , 5 5 a n d ,

u n e x p e c t e d l y , ( t r i s o m y q 2 1 - * q t e r ) b y S t o l l e t a l . 5 4I t s a b s e n c e i n o t h e r c a s e s 5 1 8 8 9 6 9 7 may b e a t t r i b u t e dt o t h e reasons m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

ANAL ATRESIA I N CES AND IN 13RINGS

AND DELETIONS

Th e a n a l a t r e s i a f r e q u e n t l y p r e s e n t i n C E S , b u t never

d e s c r i b e d i n c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l t r i s o m i e s o f c h r o m o -some 1 3 , e x c e p t t h e case r e p o r t e d b y G i r a u d e t a l , 5 1h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n s e v e n 5 6 - 5 8 6 1 6 3 6 4 1 1 3 o f 5 0 cases

o f 1 3 r i n g s a n d i n t h r e e 1 1 4 - 1 1 o f 2 1 cases, 7 0 i d e n t i -

f l e d a s c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 , 8 7 o f 1 3 q i n t e r s t i t i a l o r

t e r m i n a l d e l e t i o n s .As s t r e s s e d b y M c C l i n t o c k , 1 1 7 t e r m i n a l d e l e t i o n s

a r e v e r y r a r e e v e n t s , s i n c e t h e i r f o r m a t i o n , r e q u i r i n gt h e l o s s o f t h e t e l o m e r e , d e t e r m i n e s a n u n s t a b l e

c o n d i t i o n w h i c h c a n b r i n g a b o u t e l i m i n a t i o n o r

f u r t h e r c h r o m o s o m a l c h a n g e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h ef u s i o n o f c h r o m a t i d e n d s . 1 1 8 T h e r e f o r e t h e i d e a t h a tt h e a n a l a t r e s i a d e p e n d s o n a s i m p l e d e f i c i e n c y o f

t h e q t e r m i n a l e n d s c a n b e e x c l u d e d .T h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e s a m e a n o m a l y i n m o n o s o m i c

( r i n g s a n d d e l e t i o n s ) a n d t r i s o m i c ( C E S ) c o n d i t i o n sc o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y p o s t u l a t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

( r e g u l a t o r y ? ) s i t e o n t h e d i s t a l r e g i o n q 3 3 o r q 3 4w h i c h w h e n e v e r i n v o l v e d i n b r e a k a g e may p r o d u c es u c h a d o m i n a n t m u t a t i o n .

CES WITH NORMAL KARYOTYPEA n o r m a l k a r y o t y p e w a s f o u n d i n 1 4 - 8 o f 5 7 s u b -

j e c t s w i t h t h e CES ( t a b l e l b , 2 b ) . T h e s e c a s e s s u g -

g e s t t h a t t h e r e may b e a n o n - c h r o m o s o m a l b a s i s f o rt h e s y n d r o m e , e v e n i n s o c a l l e d f a m i l i a l c a s e s 5 w h e r e

t h e v a r i o u s f e a t u r e s may b e t r a n s m i t t e d i n a n a u t o -

s o m a l f a s h i o n .I f we a d m i t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n o n - c h r o m o s o m a l

b a s i s , we c a n c o n s i d e r t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f CES w i t h

t h e e x t r a c h r o m o s o m e t o b e f o r t u i t o u s w h e n e v e r a n

a f f e c t e d p a t i e n t i n h e r i t s t h e a b n o r m a l c h r o m o s o m ef r o m a n o r m a l c a r r i e r p a r e n t . 2 3 1 7 1 8 3 1 T h i s

h y p o t h e s i s i s n o t v e r y c o n v i n c i n g b e c a u s e , i f i n t h e

l a t t e r c a s e s t h e n o r m a l p h e n o t y p e d e p e n d s o n ac o n d i t i o n o f m o s a i c i s m , t h e m o s a i c i s m a l s o f o u n di n p a t i e n t s w i t h CES r e m a i n s u n e x p l a i n e d . 3 2 4 4 5

A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e a p p a r e n t l yn o r m a l k a r y o t y p e may b e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a c h r o m o -s o m a l a b e r r a t i o n b e y o n d t h e l i m i t s o f o u r p r e s e n t

t e c h n i q u e s .H o w e v e r , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y w h i c h m u s t a l s o b e c o n -

s i d e r e d i s t h a t we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h t w o d i f f e r e n td i s o r d e r s r e s e m b l i n g e a c h o t h e r c l i n i c a l l y .

C ES AND VATER ASSOCIATION

A s i m i l a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f d e f e c t s o c c u r r i n g i n CESi s p r e s e n t i n VATER a s s o c i a t i o n ( a n o n - r a n d o mc o m b i n a t i o n o f c o n g e n i t a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s c o n s i s t i n go f v e r t e b r a l d e f e c t s , a n a l a t r e s i a , c a r d i a c m a l -

f o r m a t i o n s , t r a c h e o - o e s o p h a g e a l f i s t u l a , o e s o p h a g e a la t r e s i a , r a d i a l a n d r e n a l d y s p l a s i a l l 9 1 2 0 ) i n s u c h a wayt h a t some o v e r l a p p i n g o f t h e t w o f o r m s e x i s t s ( o u rc a s e 3 ) . 4 - 6 8

M o s t o f t h e r e p o r t e d c a s e s w i t h t h e VATER a s s o c -

i a t i o n a r e s p o r a d i c . H o w e v e r , g e n e m u t a t i o n s c o u l d

c o n c e i v a b l y c a u s e a l l t h e s e a s s o c i a t e d m a l f o r m a t i o n s .

S e v e r a l e x a m p l e s o f d o m i n a n t i n h e r i t a n c e o f someVATER t r a i t s a r e r e p o r t e d . 1 2 1 - 1 2 3 I t i s o f i n t e r e s t t o

1 1 5

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 9: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 9/12

G i n e v r a G u a n t i

n o t e t h a t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f s e v e r a l c a r r i e r s o f CES( o u r c a s e 1 ) 4 2 1 2 9 3 1 4 7 t h e r e i s f a m i l i a l o c c u r r e n c e o f

t y p i c a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s .

From t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s t w o q u e s t i o n s a r i s e . I st h e r e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n CES a n d t h e f a m i l i a l

o c c u r r e n c e o f a n y p a r t i c u l a r m a l f o r m a t i o n s ? D o e st h e r e e x i s t a r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n CES a n d VATERa s s o c i a t i o n ?

I n c o n c l u s i o n , f r o m t h e c y t o g e n e t i c p o i n t o f v i e w ,we w o u l d l i k e t o p o s t u l a t e t h a t t h e e x t r a c h r o m o -

s o m e p r e s e n t i n CES i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t i t u t e d o f

g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l b e l o n g i n g t o c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 .S i n c e b a n d i n g t e c h n i q u e s p r o v e d t o b e i n e f f i c i e n t

i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e a b n o r m a l c h r o m o s o m e , a n o t h e r

u s e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n w o u l d b e t o s e a r c h f o r a g e n e

d o s a g e e f f e c t o r a n a b n o r m a l i n h e r i t a n c e p a t t e r n i ns o m e g e n e m a r k e r s f o r t h e g e n e s m a p p e d o n t h e s ec h r o m o s o m e s . From t h e c l i n i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w i t i s

n e c e s s a r y t o e x p l a i n w h e t h e r t h e i n c o m p l e t e f o r m sr e f l e c t a r e d u c e d e x p r e s s i v i t y o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f o n e

o r m o r e d i f f e r e n t e n t i t i e s .

R e f e r e n c e s1 Haab 0 . B e i t r a g e z u d e n a n g e b o r e n e n F e h l e r n d e s a u g e s .

A l b r e c h t v o n G r a e f e s . A r c h O p h t h a l m o l 1 8 7 8 ; 2 4 : 2 5 7 - 8 1 .2 S c h a c h e n m a n n G , S c h m i d W, F r a c c a r o M, e t a l .Chromosomes i n c o l o b o m a a n d a n a l a t r e s i a . L a n c e t1 9 6 5 ; i i : 2 9 0 .

3 G e r a l d P S , D a v i s C , S a y BM, W i l k i n s J L . A n o v e l

c h r o m o s o m a l b a s i s f o r i m p e r f o r a t e a n u s ( t h e c a t ' s e y e

s y n d r o m e ) P e d i a t r R e s 1 9 6 8 ; 2 : 2 9 7 .  Z e l l w e g e r H , Mikamo C , Abbo G . Tw o c a s e s o f m u l t i p l e

m a l f o r m a t i o n s w i t h a n a u t o s o m a l c h r o m o s o m a l a b e r -

r a t i o n - p a r t i a l t r i s o m y D? H e l v P a e d i a t r A c t a 1 9 6 2 ; 1 7 :2 9 0 - 3 0 0 .

5 F r a n k l i n RC, P a r s l o w ML. T h e c a t - e y e s y n d r o m e , r e v i e w

a n d two f u r t h e r c a s e s o c c u r r i n g i n f e m a l e s i b l i n g s w i t h

n o r m a l c h r o m o s o m e s . A c t a P a e d i a t r S c a n d 1 9 7 2 ; 6 1 :5 8 1 - 6 .

6 J a m e s PML, K a r s e r a s AG , Wybar KC. S y s t e m i c

a s s o c i a t i o n o f u v e a l c o l o b o m a . B r J O p h t h a l m o l 1 9 7 4 ; 5 8 :9 1 7 - 2 1 .

7 Neu R L , A s s e m a n y S R , G a r d n e r L I . C a t e y e s y n d r o m ew i t h n o r m a l c h r o m o s o m e s . L a n c e t 1 9 7 0 ; i : 9 4 9 .

8 Temtamy S A , M c K u s i c k V . A b s e n c e d e f o r m i t i e s a s p a r t

o f s y n d r o m e s . B i r t h D e f e c t s 1 9 7 8 ; 1 4 , No 3 : 1 3 5 - 4 6 .9 B a l l e s t a M a r t i n e z F , R e p i s o J , A l t i r r i b a 0 , V i l l a z L .

T h r e e new c a s e s o f a s m a l l e x t r a c h r o m o s o m e . S y m -p o s i u m on   K a r y o t y p e p h e n o t y p e , P a v i a , 1 0 - 1 I

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 3 B u l l E u r S o c Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 3 : 6 7 - 9 .1 B a s s HN, C r a n d a l l B F , S p a r k e s R S . P r o b a b l e t r i s o m y 2 2

i d e n t i f i e d b y f l u o r e s c e n t a n d t r y p s i n - G i e m s a b a n d i n g .

Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 3 ; 1 6 : 1 8 9 - 9 2 .B e y e r P , Ruch J V , R u m p l e r Y , G i r a r d J . O b s e r v a t i o n

d ' u n e n f a n t d e b i l e m e n t a l e t p o l y m a l f o r m e d o n t l e

c a r y o t y p e montre l a p r e s e n c e d ' u n p e t i t e e x t r a c h r o m o -

some m e d i o c e n t r i q u e . P e d i a t r i e 1 9 6 8 ; 2 3 : 4 3 9 - 4 2 .1 2 B o f i n g e r MK , S o u k u p SW. C a t e y e s y n d r o m e : p a r t i a l

t r i s o m y 2 2 d u e t o t r a n s l o c a t i o n i n t h e m o t h e r . Am J D i s

C h i l d 1 9 7 7 ; 1 3 1 : 8 9 3 - 7 .1 3 B u h l e r EM, M e h e s H , M u l l e r H , S t a l d e r GR. C a t - e y e

s y n d r o m e , a p a r t i a l t r i s o m y 2 2 . H u m a n g e n e t i k 1 9 7 2 ; 1 5 :1 5 0 - 6 2 .

4 S e b e s t y e n J , M e h e s K . O c u l a r movement d i s t u r b a n c e s i n

a f a m i l y w i t h t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e . O p h t h a l m o l o g i c a1 9 7 3 ; 1 6 6 : 3 6 0 - 7 1 .

1 5 C e r v e n k a J , H a n s e n CA, F r a n c i o s i RA, G o r l i n R J .

T r i s o m y 2 2 w i t h   c a t e y e a n o m a l y . J Med G e n e t 1 9 7 7 ;

1 4 : 2 8 8 - 9 0 .1 6 C o r y CC , J a m i s o n D L . The c a t e y e s y n d r o m e . A r c / h

O p h t h a l m n o l 1 9 7 4 ; 9 2 : 2 5 9 - 6 2 .1 7 C u r c i o 0 . M a l f o r m a z i o n e d e l r e t t o e d e l l a v a g i n a

a s s o c i a t a a d a n o m a l i a c r o m o s o m i c a ( 4 7 , X X , ? G + ) . C l i i iO s t e t G i n e c o l 1 9 6 7 ; 7 2 : 5 3 3 - 9 .

1 8 D a r b y CW, H u g h e s D T . D e r m a t o g l y p h i c s a n d c h r o m o -

s o m e s i n c a t - e y e s y n d r o m e . B r MedJ 1 9 7 1 ; i i i : 4 7 - 8 .9 De C h i e r i P R , M a l f a t t i C , S t a n c h i F , A l b o r e s J M . C a t -

e y e s y n d r o m e : e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e x t r a c h r o m o s o m e w i t h

b a n d i n g t e c h n i q u e . J G e n e t Hum 1 9 7 4 ; 2 2 : 1 0 1 - 7 .2 0 F r y n s J P , E g g e r m o n t E , V e r r e s e n H , v a n d e n B e r g he H .

A n e w b o r n w i t h t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e . H u i n a n g e n i e t i k1 9 7 2 ; 1 5 : 2 4 2 - 8 .

2 1 G e r a l d P S , D a v i s C , S a y BM, W i l k i n s J L . S y n d r o m a l

a s s o c i a t i o n o f i m p e r f o r a t e a n u s : t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e .

B i r t h D e f e c t s 1 9 7 2 ; 8 , No 2 : 7 9 - 8 4 .2 2 F r e e d o m RM, G e r a l d P S . C o n g e n i t a l c a r d i a c d i s e a s e a n d

c a t e y e s y n d r o m e . Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 3 ; 1 2 6 : 1 6 - 8 .2 3 P e t e r s e n RA. S c h m i d F r a c c a r o s y n d r o m e ( c a t ' s e y e

s y n d r o m e ) . P a r t i a l t r i s o m y o f G c h r o m o s o m e . A r c h

O p h t h a l m o l 1 9 7 3 ; 9 0 : 2 8 7 - 9 1 .2 4 G i n s b e r g J , D i g n a n P , S o u k u p S . O c u l a r a b n o r m a l i t y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e x t r a s m a l l a u t o s o m e . A m ] J O p h t h a l l n o l

1 9 6 8 ; 6 5 : 7 4 0 - 6 .2 5 G i r a u d F , M a t t e i J F , H a r t u n g M, M a t t e i MG . P e t i t

c h r o m o s o m e s u b m e t a c e n t r i q u e s u r n u m e r a i r e e t s y n d r o m ed e y e u x d e c h a t . Ann P e d i a t r 1 9 7 5 ; 2 2 : 4 4 9 - 5 2 .

2 6 G u s t a v s o n KH, H i t r e c V , S a n t e s s o n B . T h r e e n o n -

m o n g o l o i d p a t i e n t s o f s i m i l a r p h e n o t y p e w i t h a n e x t r a

G - l i k e c h r o m o s o m e . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 2 ; 3 : 1 3 5 - 4 6 .2 7 H i r s c h h o r n K , L u c a s M, W a l l a c e 1 . P r e c i s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f v a r i o u s c h r o m o s o m a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s . Ann H u m n G e n e t

1 9 7 3 ; 3 6 : 3 7 5 - 9 .2 8 I s e l i u s L , F a x e l i u s G . T r i s o m y 2 2 i n a n e w b o r n g i r l w i t h

m u l t i p l e m a l f o r m a t i o n s . H e r e d i t a s 1 9 7 8 ; 8 9 : 2 6 9 - 7 0 .2 9 I s h m a e l J , L a u r e n c e K M. A p r o b a b l e c a s e o f i n c o m p l e t e

t r i s o m y o f a c h r o m o s o m e o f t h e 1 3 - 1 5 g r o u p . J Me dG e n e t 1 9 6 5 ; 2 : 1 3 6 - 4 1 .

3 0 J o h n s o n LD, H a r r i s R C , H e n d e r s o n A S . R i b o s o m a l

DNA i n a m e t a c e n t r i c chromosome f r a g m e n t . H u m n a n -g e n e t i k 1 9 7 4 ; 2 1 : 2 1 - 9 .

3 1 K r m p o t i k E , R o s n i c k MR, Z o l l a r LM. G e n e t i c c o u n s e l -i n g . S e c o n d a r y no n d i s j u n c t i o n i n p a r t i a l t r i s o m y 1 3 .O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 7 1 ; 3 7 : 3 8 1 - 9 0 .

3 2 K r u g e r E , W i t k o w s k i R , P i e d e U . P a r t i e l l e t r i s o m i e

D 1 - e i n e s e l t e n e c h r o m o s o m e n - a n o m a l i e . H u m a n t g e n e t i k1 9 6 8 ; 6 : 1 8 1 - 8 .

3 3 Kunze J , T o l k s d o r f M , Wiedemann HR. C a t - e y e

s y n d r o m e . H u m a n g e n e t i k 1 9 7 5 ; 2 6 : 2 7 1 - 8 9 .3 4 N i s h i Y , T a n a b e K , T a k e d a M. A c a s e o f t h e c a t e y e

s y n d r o m e . A n a l y s i s o f 2 0 c a s e s i n c l u d i n g o u r c a s e

( J a p a n e s e ) . Ann P a e d i a t r J p n 1 9 7 5 ; 2 1 : 1 8 - 2 4 .

3 5 N o e l B , Q u a c k B . P e t i t m e t a c e n t r i q u e s u r n u m e r a i r e c h e z

u n p o l y m a l f o r m e . J G e n e t Hum 1 9 7 0 ; 1 8 : 4 5 - 5 6 .3 6 N o e l B , M o t t e t J , N a n t o i s Y , Q u a c k B . C o n t r i b u t i o n a

l ' i d e n t i f i c a t i o n d u p e t i t chromosome s u b m e t a c e n t r i q u es u r n u m e r a i r e d a n s l a s y n d r o m e d e s y e u x d e c h a t . J G e n e t

Hum 1 9 7 3 ; 2 1 : 2 3 - 3 2 .3 7 P e t i t P . I d e n t i f y i n g t h e e x t r a chromosome i n c a t e y e

s y n d r o m e w i t h Q , G a n d C t e c h n i q u e . S y m p o s i u m on

  k a r y o t y p e - p h e n o t y p e , P a v i a , 1 0 - 1 1 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 3B u l l E u r S o c Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 3 : 7 0 - 3 .

3 8 P f e i f f e r RA, Heimann K , H e i m i n g E . E x t r a chromosome

i n   c a t - e y e s y n d r o m e . L a n c e t 1 9 7 0 ; i i : 9 7 .

1 1 6

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 10: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 10/12

T h e a e t i o l o g y o f t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e r e c o n s i d e r e d

3 9 P i e r s o n M, G i l g e n k r a n t z S , S a b o r i o M. S y n d r o m e d i t d el ' o e i l d e c h a t a v e c n a n i s m e h y p o p h y s a i r e e t d e v e l o p e m e n tm e n t a l n o r m a l . A r c h F r P e d i a t r 1 9 7 5 ; 3 2 : 8 3 2 - 4 8 .

4 0 Thomas C , C o r d i e r J , G i l g e n k r a n t z S , Reny A , R a s p i l l e r

A . Une s y n d r o m e r a r e : a t t e i n t e c o l o b o m a t o s e d u g l o b eo c u l a i r e , a t r e s i e a n a l e , a n o m a l i e s c o n g e n i t a l e s , m u l t i p l e s

e t p r e s e n c e d ' u n chromosome s u r n u m e r a i r e . Ann O c u l i s t( P a r i s ) 1 9 6 9 ; 2 0 2 : 1 0 2 1 - 3 1 .

4 1 P u n n e t t HH, K i s t e n m a c h e r M I , T o r o - S o l a MA, Ko hnG . Q u i n a c r i n e f l u o r e s c e n c e a n d G i e m s a b a n d i n g i nt r i s o m y 2 2 . T h e o r A p p l G e n e t 1 9 7 3; 4 3 : 1 3 4 - 8.

4 2 S c h m i d W. P e r i c e n t r i c i n v e r s i o n . J G e n e t H u m n 1 9 6 7 ; 1 6 :8 9 - 9 0 .

4 3 T a f t PD , Dodge PR, A t k i n s L . M e n t a l r e t a r d a t i o n a n dm u l t i p l e c o n g e n i t a l a n o m a l i es . Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 6 5 ; 1 0 9 :5 5 4 - 7 .

4 4 T a i l l e m i t e J L , B a h e u x - M o r l i e r G , v a n d e n Akker J , e t a l .T r i s o m i e 2 2 p a r t i e l l e . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 7 ; 2 0 : 2 9 1 - 3 .

4 5 Toomey KE, Mohandas T , L e i s t i J , S z a l a y G , KabakMM. F u r t h e r d e l i n e a t i o n o f t h e s u p e r n u m e r a r y c h r o m o -some i n t h e c a t - e y e s y n d r o m e . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 7 ; 1 2 : 2 7 5 - 8 4 .

4 6 W e b e r FM, D o o l e y RR, S p a r k e s R S . A n a l a t r e s i a , e y e

a n o m a l i e s , a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l s m a l l a b n o r m a l a c r o c e n t r i c

c h r o m o s o m e ( 4 7 , X X , m a r + ) . R e p o r t o f a c a s e . J P e d i a t r1 9 7 0 ; 7 6 : 5 9 4 - 7 .

4 7 W e l e b e r RG , Walknowska J , Peakman D . C y t o g e n e t i ci n v e s t i g a t i o n o f c a t e y e s y n d r o m e . Am J O p h t h a l m o l1 9 7 7 ; 8 4 : 4 7 7 - 8 6 .

4 8 Z a c k a i E , A r o n s o n M, Ko hn G , Moorhead P , M e l l m a nW. F a m i l i a l t r i s o m y 2 2 . . 4 m J Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 3 ; 2 5 : 8 9 A .

4 9 E m a n u e l B S , Z a c k a i EH, A r o n s o n MM Mellman WJ,Moorhead P S . A b n o r m a l chromosome 2 2 a n d r e c u r r e n c eo f t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e . J Med G e n e t 1 9 7 6 ; 1 3 : 5 0 1 - 6 .

5 9 C r a n d a l l B F , C a r r e l R E , Howard J , S c h r o e d e r WA,M u l l e r H . T r i s o m y 1 3 w i t h a 1 3 - X t r a n s l o c a t i o n . Am JHum G e n e t 1 9 7 4 ; 2 6 : 3 8 5 - 9 2 .

5 1 G i r a u d F , M a t t e i J F , M a t t e i MG . T r i s o m e 1 3 p a r t i e l l e

p a r t r a n s l o c a t i o n ( 2 ; 1 3 ) m a t e r n e l l e . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s )1 9 7 7 ; 2 0 : 2 0 3 - 8 .5 2 J a c o b s e n P , Dupont A , M i k k e l s e n M. The t r a n s l o c a t i o n

i n t h e 1 3 - 1 5 g r o u p a s c a u s e o f p a r t i a l t r i s o m y a n ds p o n t a n e o u s a b o r t i o n i n t h e s a m e f a m i l y . L a n c e t 1 9 6 3 ; i i :5 8 4 - 5 .

5 3 J a c o b s e n P M i k k e l s e n M, F r o l a n d A , Dupont A .F a m i l i a l t r a n s m i s s i o n o f a t r a n s l o c a t i o n b e t w e e n t w ono n h o m o l o g o u s l a r g e a c r o c e n t r i c c h r o m o s o m e s . C l i n i c a l ,c y t o g e n e t i c a n d a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s . AnnHum G e n e t 1 9 6 6 ; 2 9 : 3 9 1 - 9 .

5 4 S t o l l C , M e s s e r G , W e i t z e n b l u m S , W a r k e l S . An u n u s u a lp a r t i a l t r i s o m y 1 3 . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 6 ; 9 : 1 - 4 .

5 5 W i l s o n MG , M e l n y k J . T r a n s l o c a t i o n / n o r m a l m o s a i c i s mi n D 1 s y n d r o m e . P e d i a t r i c s 1 9 6 7 ; 4 0 : 8 4 2 - 6 .

5 6 A l l d e r d i c e PW, D a v i s J G , M i l l e r O J , e t a l . The 1 3 q -

d e l e t i o n s y n d r o m e . Am J Hum G e n e t 1 9 6 9 ; 2 1 : 4 4 9 - 5 1 2 .5 B i l e s AR, L u e r s T , S p e r l i n g K . D 1 r i n g chromosome i n

n e w b o r n w i t h p e c u l i a r f a c e , p o l y d a c t y l y , i m p e r f o r a t ea n u s , a r r h i n e n c e p h a l y , a n d o t h e r m a l f o r m a t i o n s . J MedG e n e t 1 9 7 0 ; 7 : 3 9 9 - 4 0 1 .

5 8 G r a c e E , Drennam J , C o l v e r D , Gordon RR. The 13q-d e l e t i o n s y n d r o m e . J Me d G e n e t 1 9 7 1 ; 8 : 3 5 1 - 7 .

5 9 K i s t e n m a c h e r ML, P u n n e t HH. C o m p a r a t i v e b e h a v i o u ro f r i n g c h r o m o s o m e s . Am J Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 0 ; 2 2 : 3 0 4 - 1 8 .

6 0 L e j e u n e J , L a f o u r c a d e J , B e r g e r R , e t a l . Le p h e n o t y p e( D r ) . E t u d e d e t r o i s c a s d e c h r o m o s o m e s D e n a n n e a u .Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 6 8 ; 1 1 : 7 9 - 8 7 .

6 1 R e i s m a n L E , D a r n e l l A , Murphy J W. A b n o r m a l i t i e sw i t h r i n g c h r o m o s o m e . L a n c e t 1 9 6 5 ; i i : 4 4 5 .

6 2 R e t h o r e MO , P r a u d E , Le L o c h J , e t a l . D i a g n o s t i c

c l i n i q u e d e p h e n o t y p e c o r r e s p o n d a n t A un chromosomeD e n a n n e a u . P r e s s Med 1 9 7 0 ; 7 8 : 9 9 5 - 9 .

6 3 S p a r k e s R S , C a r r e l R E , W r i g h t SW. A b s e n t t h u m b s w i t ha r i n g D2 c h r o m o s o m e , a new d e l e t i o n s y n d r o m e . Am JHum G e n e t 1 9 6 7 ; 1 9 : 6 4 4 - 9 .

6 4 T o l k s d o r f M, G o l l U , Wiedemann HR, P f e i f f e r RA. D i e

S y m p t o m a t i c von R i n g c h r o m o s o m e n d e r D - G r u p p e( Z w e i n e u e B o b a c h t u n g e n d e s t y p s 1 3 r ) . A r c h K i n d e r -

h e i l k d 1 9 7 0 ; 1 8 1 : 2 8 2 - 9 5 .6 5 Hsu LYF, H i r s c h h o r n K . The t r i s o m y 2 2 s y n d r o m e a n d

t h e c a t e y e s y n d r o m e . I n : Y u n i s J J , e d . New c h r o m o s o m a ls y n d r o m e s . New Y o r k , S a n F r a n c i s c o , L o n d o n : A c a d e m i cP r e s s , 1 9 7 7 : 3 3 9 - 6 8 .

6 6 S c h w i n g e r E . T r a n s l o c a t i o n 2 2 / 2 2 ? L a n c e t 1 9 7 3 ; i i : 8 5 4 - 5 .6 7 F r i e d K , Bukowsky J , R o s e n b l a t t M, M u n d e l G . F a m i l i a l

1 5 / 2 2 t r a n s l o c a t i o n . A p o s si bl e c a u s e f o r a b o r t i o n s i nf e m a l e c a r r i e r s . J Me d G e n e t 1 9 7 4 ; 1 1 : 2 8 0 - 2 .

6 8 F a r a h LMS, d e S N a z a r e t h HR, D o l n i k o f f M, D e l a s c i oD . B a l a n c e d h o m o l o g o u s t r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( 2 2 q 2 2 q ) i n a

p h e n o t y p i c a l l y n o r m a l wo man w i t h r e p e a t e d s p o n t a n e o u sa b o r t i o n s . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 5 ; 2 8 : 3 5 7 - 6 0 .

6 9 Maeda T , Ohno M, S h i m a d a N , N i s h i d a N , J o b o T .A 2 2 / 2 2 t r a n s l o c a t i o n c a r r i e r w i t h r e c u r r e n t a b o r t i o n sd e m o n s t r a t e d b y a G i e m s a b a n d i n g t e c h n i q u e . HumG e n e t 1 9 7 6 ; 3 1 : 2 4 3 - 5 .

7 0 L e w i s B V , R i d l e r MAC. R e c u r r e n t a b o r t i o n a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a b a l a n c e d 2 2 ; 2 2 t r a n s l o c a t i o n , o r i s o c h r o m o s o m e2 2 q i n a monozygous t w i n . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 7 ; 3 3 : 8 1 - 5 .

7 1 M a m e l i M, C a r d i a S , M i l i a A , S e a b r i g h t M. A f u r t h e r

c a s e o f a 2 2 ; 2 2 R o b e r t s o n i a n t r a n s l o ca t i on a s s o ci a t edw i t h r e c u r r e n t a b o r t i o n s . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 8 ; 4 1 : 3 5 9 - 6 1 .

7 2 F r i e d r i c h U , N i e l s e n J . Chromosome s t u d i e s i n 5 0 4 9c o n s e c u t i v e n e w b o r n c h i l d r e n . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 3 ; 4 : 3 3 3 - 4 3 .

7 3 L a u r e n t C , B i e m o n t MCL, B e t h e n o d M, C r e t L , D a v i dM. Deux o b s e r v a t i o n s d e t r i s o m i e I 1 q ( q 2 3 1 - q t e r ) a v e c

l a meme a n o m a l i e d e s o r g a n e s g e n i t a u x e x t e r n e s . AnnG e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 5 ; 1 8 : 1 7 9 - 8 4 .

7 4 W r i g h t YM, C l a r k e WE, B r e g WR. C r a n i o r a c h i s c h i s i si n a p a r t i a l l y t r i s o m i c 1 1 f e t u s i n a f a m i l y w i t h r e p r o d u c -t i v e f a i l u r e a n d a r e c i p r o c a l t r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( 6 p + 1 1 q - ) .J Me d G e n e t 1 9 7 4 ; 1 1 : 6 9 - 7 5 .

7 5 T u s q u e s J , G r i s l a i n J R , A n d r e M J , e t a l . T r i s o m i ep a r t i e l l e 1 l q i d e n t i f i e g r a c e A l ' e t u d e e n d e n a t u r a t i o nm e n a g e e p a r l a c h a l e u r , d e l a t r a n s l o c a t i o n e q u i l i b r 6 ep a t e r n e l l e . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 2 ; 1 5 : 1 6 7 - 7 2 .

7 6 R o t t HD, S c h w a n i t z G , G r o s s e KP, A l e x a n d r o w G .C l 1 / D 1 1 3 t r a n s l o c a t i o n i n f o u r g e n e r a t i o n s . Human-g e n e t i k 1 9 7 2 ; 1 4 : 3 0 0 - 5 .

7 7 F r a n k e U . Q u i n a c r i n e m u s t a r d f l u o r e s c e n c e o f humanc h r o m o s o m e s : c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f u n u s u a l t r a n s l o c a t i o n s .Am J Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 2 ; 2 4 : 1 8 9 - 2 1 3 .

7 8 A u r i a s A , T u r c C , M i c hi e l s Y , S i n e t PM, G r a v e l e a u D ,L e j e u n e J . Deux c a s d e t r i s o m i e l l q ( q 2 3 1 q t e r ) p a rt r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( 1 1 ; 2 2 ) ( q 2 3 1 ; q l 1 1 ) d a n s d e u x f a m i l l e sd i f f e r e n t s . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 5 ; 1 8 : 1 8 5 - 8 .

7 9 G i r a u d F , M a t t e i J F , M a t t e i MG , B e r n a r d R . T r i s o m i ep a r t i e l l e 1 1 q e t t r a n s l o c a t i o n f a m i l i a l e 1 1 - 2 2 . Human-g e n e t i k 1 9 7 5 ; 2 8 : 3 4 3 - 7 .

8 0 N o e l B , L e v y M, R e t h o r e MO . T r i s o m i e p a r t i e l l e d ub r a s l o n g d u c h r o m o s o m e 1 1 p a r m a l s e g r e g a t i o n d ' u n et r a n s l o ca t i on m a t e r n el l e t ( 1 1 ; 2 2 ) ( q 2 3 1 ; q l l l ) . Ann G e n e t

( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 6 ; 1 9 : 1 3 7 - 9 .8 1 A y r a u d N , G a l i a n a A , L l o y d M, D e s w a r t e M. T r i s o m i e

1 1 q ( q 2 3 1 q t e r ) p a r t r a n s l o c a t i o n m a t e r n e l l e t 1 1 ; 2 2 )( q 2 3 1 ; q l 1 1 ) . Une n o u v e l l e o b s e r v a t i o n . Ann G e n e t

( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 6 ; 1 9 : 6 5 - 8 .8 2 K e s s e l E , P f e i f f e r RA. 4 7 , X Y , + d e r ( 1 1 ; 2 2 ) ( q 2 3 ; q l 2 )

f o l l o w i n g b a l a n c e d t r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( 1 1 ; 2 2 ) ( q 2 3 ; q 1 2 ) m a t .

Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 7 ; 3 7 : 1 1 1 - 6 .

1 1 7

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 11: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 11/12

 Ginevrau a n t i

83 G a r l i n g e r P , McGeary S A , M a g e n i s R E . P a r t i a l t r i s o m y2 2 : a r e c o g n i z a b l e s y n d r o m e . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 7 ; 1 2 : 9 - 1 6 .

8 4 Z e l l w e g e r H , I o n a s es cu V , S i m p s o n J . T r i s o m y 2 2 . JG e n e t Hum 1 9 7 5 ; 2 3 : 6 5 - 7 5 .

8 5 W a r k a n y J , P a s s a r g e E , S m i t h L B . C o n g e n i t a l m a l -f o r m a t i o n s i n a u t o s o m a l t r i s o m y s y n d r o m e s . Am J D i s

C h i l d 1 9 6 6 ; 1 1 2 : 5 0 2 - 1 7 .8 8 T a y l o r A l . A u t o s o m a l t r i s o m y s y n d r o m e s : a d e t a i l e d

s t u d y o f 2 7 c a s e s o f E d w a r d s ' s s y n d r o m e a n d 2 7 c a s e s o fP a t a u ' s s y n d r o m e . J Me d G e n e t 1 9 6 8 ; 5 : 2 2 7 - 5 2 .

8 7 N i e b u h r E . P a r t i a l t r i s o m i e s a n d d e l e t i o n s o f c h r o m o -some 1 3 . I n : Y u n i s J J , e d . New c h r o m o s o m a l s y n d r o m e s .New Y o r k : A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 7 8 : 2 7 3 - 9 9 .

8 8 N o e l B , Quack B , R e t h o r 6 MO. P a r t i a l d e l e t i o n s a n d t r i -s o m i e s o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 ; m a p p i n g o f b a n d s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h p a r t i c u l a r m a l f o r m a t i o n s . C l i n G e n e t 1 9 7 6 ; 9 :5 9 3 - 6 0 2 .

8 9 S c h u t t e n H J , S c h u t t e n B T , M i k k e l s e n M. P a r t i a l t r i s o m yo f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 . C a s e r e p o r t a n d r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e .Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 8 ; 2 1 : 9 5 - 9 .

9 0 Bloom GE, G e r a l d P S . L o c a l i z a t i o n o f g e n e s o n c h r o m o -some 1 3 : a n a l y s i s o f t w o k i n d r e d s . Am J Hum G e n e t

1 9 6 8 ; 2 0 : 4 9 5 - 5 1 1 .9 1 E s c o b a r J I , S a n c h e z 0 , Y u n i s J J . T r i s o m y f o r t h e d i s t a ls e g m e n t o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 . Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 4 ; 1 2 8 :2 1 7 - 2 0 .

9 2 M a c l n t y r e MN , S t a p l e s s WL, L a p o l l a J J . P a r t i a l D ,t r i s o m y i n a c h i l d w h o s e m o t h e r a n d m a t e r n a l g r a n d -m o t h e r d e m o n s t r a t e a D/F t r a n s l o c a t i o n . Am S o c HumG e n e t 1 9 6 4 : 2 1 .

9 3 S c h i n z e l A , S c h m i d W, M u r s e t G . D i f f e r e n t f o r m s o fi n c o m p l et e t r i s o my 1 3 . M o s a i c i s m a n d p a r t i a l t r i s o m yf o r t h e p r o x i m a l a n d d i s t a l l o n g a r m . H u m a n g e n e t i k1 9 7 4 ; 2 2 : 2 8 7 - 9 8 .

9 4 S c h w a n i t z G , G r o s s e K P , S e m m e l m a y e r V , M a n g o l d H .P a r t i e l l e f r e i e t r i s o m i e 1 3 i n e i n e r f a m i l i e m i t b a l a n c i e r t e rt r a n s l o k a t i o n ( 1 3 q - ; 1 6 q + ) . M o n a t s s c h r K i n d e r h e i l k d1 9 7 4 ; 1 2 2 : 3 3 7 - 4 2 .

9 5 Y u n i s J J , Hook E B . DNA r e p l i c a t i o n a n d m a p p i n g o f t h eD , c h r o m o s o m e . Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 6 6 ; 1 1 1 : 8 3 - 9 .9 6 W i l r o y R S , S u m m i t t R L , M a r t e n s P , M a n f o r d G o och W.

P a r t i a l monosomy a n d p a r t i a l t r i s o m y f o r d i f f e r e n ts e g m e n t s o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 i n s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h esame f a m i l y . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 7 ; 2 0 : 2 3 7 - 4 2 .

9 7 Coco R , D e l R e y G . P a r t i a l t r i s o m y 1 3 q i n h e r i t e d f r o mb a l a n c e d t r a n s l o c a t i o n ( 5 ; 1 3 ) ( p l 4 ; q l 3 ) . J G e n e t Hum1 9 7 8 ; 2 6 : 3 0 3 - 1 0 .

9 8 E s c o b a r J I , Y u n i s J J . T r i s o m y f o r t h e p r o x i m a l s e g m e n to f t h e l o n g ar m o f c h r o m o s o m e 1 3 . Am J D i s C h i l d1 9 7 4 ; 1 2 8 : 2 2 1 - 2 .

9 9 F r y n s J A , E g g e r m o n t E , V e r r e s e n H , v a n d e r B e r g h e H .P a r t i a l 1 3 t r i s o m y : k a r y o t y p e 4 6 , - 6 , + t ( l 3 q , 6q ) .H u m a n g e n e t i k 1 9 7 4 ; 2 1 : 4 7 - 5 4 .

1 0 0 d e G r o u c h y J , T u r l e a u C , D a n i s F , Kohout G , B r i a r d ML.

T r i s o m y 1 3 q t e r b y t a n d e m d u p l i c a t i o n . 4 6 , X X , d i rd u p 1 3 ( q 2 1 - q t e r ) , 9 q h + . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 8 ; 2 1 :2 4 7 - 5 1 .

1 0 1 H a u k s d o t t i r H , H a l l d o r s s o n S , J e n s s o n 0 , M i k k e l s e n M ,McDermott A . P e r i c e n t r i c i n v e r s i o n o f c h r o m o s o m e No1 3 i n a l a r g e f a m i l y l e a d i n g t o d u p l i c a t i o n d e f i c i e n c yc a u s i n g c o n g e n i t a l m a l f o r m a t i o n s i n t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s .J Me d G e n e t 1 9 7 2 ; 9 : 4 1 3 - 2 1 .

1 0 2 Hoehn H , W o l f U , S c h u m a k e r H , W e h i n g e r H . Ac h r o m o s o m e 1 3 q   i n a p a t i e n t w i t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

t r i s o m y 1 3 s y n d r o m e . H u m a n g e n e t i k 1 9 7 1 ; 1 3 : 3 4 - 4 2 .1 0 3 J o t t e r a n d M, J u i l l a r d E . A new c a s e o f t r i s o m y f o r t h e

d i s t a l p a r t o f 1 3 d u e t o m a t e r n a l t r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( 9 ; 1 3 )( p 2 1 ; q 2 1 ) . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 6 ; 3 3 : 2 1 3 - 2 2 .

1 0 4 McDermott A , P a r r i n g t o n JM. E l u c i d a t i o n o f a p e r i -c e n t r i c i n v e r s i o n o f a D g r o u p c h r o m o s o m e i n t h e m o t h e r

o f a c h i l d w i t h P a t a u ' s s y n d r o m e . Ann Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 5 ;

3 8 : 3 0 5 - 7 .1 0 5 M u t c h i n i c k 0 , Ruz L , J i m e n e z R . P a r t i a l t r i s o m i e s 1 3

a n d 2 2 d u e t o n o n d i s j u n c t i o n o f a m a t e r n a l r e c i p r o c a lt r a n s l o c a t i o n t ( l 3 ; 2 2 ) ( q 2 2 ; q l 1 ) . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 8 ; 4 5 :8 9 - 9 5 .

1 0 8 R o s e n k r a n t z W, K a l o u d H . N i c h t B a l a n z i e r t e D / ET r a n s l o k a t i o n . P a e d i a t r P a e d o l 1 9 7 2 ; 7 : 3 7 7 - 9 .

1 0 7 S c h i n z e l A , H a y a s h i K , S c h m i d W. F u r t h e r d e l i n e a t i o no f t h e c l i n i c a l p i c t u r e o f t r i s o m y f o r t h e d i s t a l s e g m e n t o fc h r o m o s o m e 1 3 . R e p o r t o f t h r e e c a s e s . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 6 ;3 2 : 1 - 1 2 .

1 0 8 S c h w a n i t z G , S c h m i d P , B e r t h o l d HG , G r o s s e KP.P a r t i a l t r i s o m y 1 3 w i t h c l i n i c a l s i g n s o f P a t a u s y n d r o m e ,r e s u l t i n g f r o m a c o m p l e x p a t e r n a l r e a r r a n g e m e n t o fc h r o m o s o m e 6 , 1 0 a n d 1 3 . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 7 8 ; 2 1 :1 0 0 - 3 .

1 0 9 S t a l d e r GR, B u h l e r EM, G a d o l a G , Widmer R , F r e u l e r F .

A f a m il y w i t h b a l a n c e d D'-C8 t r a n s l o c a t i o n c a r r i e r sa n d u n b a l a n c e d o f f s p r i n g . H I u m a n g e n e t i k 1 9 6 4 ; 1 : 1 9 7-2 0 0 .

1 1 0 T a l v i k T , M i k e l s a a r AV, M e k e l s a a r R , K a o s a a r M, T u u r S .

I n h e r i t e d t r a n s l o c a t i o n s i n t w o f a m i l i e s ( t ( 1 4 q + ; l O q - )a n d t ( 1 3q- ; 2 1 q + ) . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 3 ; 1 9 : 2 1 5 - 2 6 .T a y s i K , B o b r o w M, B a l c i S , Madan K , A t a s u M, S a y B .

D u p l i c a t i o n d e f i c i e n c y p r o d u c t o f a p e r i c e n t r i c i n v e r s i o ni n m a n : a c a u s e o f D 1 t r i s o m y s y n d r o m e . J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 3 ;8 2 : 2 6 3 - 8 .

1 1 2 Y a n a g i s a w a S , Yokoyama H , A g e n a N . P a r t i a l d i s t a lt r i s o m y 1 3 q r e s u l t i n g f r o m f a m i l i a l r e c i p r o c a l 5 / 1 3t r a n s l o c a t i o n . Hum G e n e t 1 9 7 8 ; 4 5 : 3 4 5 - 5 0 .

1 1 3 K u r o k y i Y , Nagano Y . On t h e r i n g 1 3 c h r o m o s o m e i n a

m a l f o r m e d i n f a n t w i t h s p e c i a l r e g a r d t o t h e b r e a k p o i n t .P r o c J p n A c a d 1 9 7 4 ; 5 0 : 6 4 5 - 7 .

1 1 4 Thompson H , L y o n s R B . R e t i n o b l a s t o m a a n d m u l t i p l ec o n g e n i t a l a n o m a l i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o m p l e x m o s a i c i s mw i t h d e l e t i o n o f a D c h r o m o s o m e a n d p r o b a b l e D/Ct r a n s l o c a t i o n . Hum C h r o m N e w s l e t t e r 1 9 6 5 ; 1 5 : 1 .

1 1 5 L a u r e n t C , C o t t o n J B , N i v e l o n A , F r e y c o n MT. D e l e t i o np a r t i e l l e d u b r a s l o n g d ' u n c h r o m o s o m e d u g r o u p D

( 1 3 - 1 5 ) : D q - . Ann G e n e t ( P a r i s ) 1 9 6 7 ; 1 0 : 2 5 - 3 1 .1 1 6 L e i s t i J . S t r u c t u r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n human m i t o t i c c h r o m o -

s o m e s . Ann A c a d S c i F e n n ( B i o l ) 1 9 7 1 ; 4 : 1 - 6 9 .1 1 7 M c C l i n t o c k B . T h e s t a b i l i t y o f b r o k e n e n d s o f c h r o m o -

s o m e s i n Z e a M a i s . G e n e t i c s 1 9 4 1 ; 2 6 : 2 3 4 - 8 2 .1 1 8 M c C l i n t o c k B . T h e f u s i o n o f b r o k e n e n d s o f c h r o m o -

s o m e s f o l l o w i n g n u c l e a r f u s i o n . P r o c N a t l A c a d S c i USA1 9 4 2 ; 2 8 : 4 5 8 - 6 3 .

1 1 9 Quan L , S m i t h DW. T h e V a t e r a s s o c i a t i o n : v e r t e b r a ld e f e c t s , a n a l a t r e s i a , t r a c h e o e s o p h a g e a l f i s t u l a w i t h

e s o p h a g e a l a t r e s i a , r a d i a l d y s p l a s i a . B i r t h D e f e c t s 1 9 7 2 ;8 , No 2 : 7 5 - 8 .

1 2 0 Quan L , S m i t h DW. The V a t e r a s s o c i a t i o n : v e r t e b r a ld e f e c t s , a n a l a t r e s i a T- E f i s t u l a w i t h e s o p h a g e a l a t r e s i a ,

r a d i a l a n d r e n a l d y s p l a s i a : a s p e c t r u m o f a s s o c i a t e dd e f e c t s . J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 3 ; 8 2 : 1 0 4 - 7 .1 2 1 Fuhrmann W, R i e g e r A , V o g e l F . Z w e i b e o b a c h t u n g e n

zum g e n e t i k d e r a t r e s i a a n i . A r c h K i n d e r h e i l k d 1 9 5 8 ; 1 5 8 :2 6 4 - 9 .

1 2 2 S a y B , B a l c i S , P i r n a r T , H i c s o n m e z A . I m p e r f o r a t e anus

( p o l y d a c t y l y ) v e r t e b r a l a n o m a l i e s s y n d r o m e . a h e r e d i t yt r a i t ? J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 1 ; 7 9 : 1 0 3 3 - 4 .

2 2 3 Townes P L , B r o c k s E R . H e r e d i t a r y s y n d r o m e o f i m -

p e r f o r a t e a n u s w i t h h a n d , f o o t a n d e a r a n o m a l i e s . JP e d i a t r 1 9 7 2 ; 8 1 : 3 2 1 - 3 .

R e q u e s t s f o r r e p r i n t s t o Dr G G u a n t i , I n s t i t u t e o f

G e n e t i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B a r i , V i a A m e n d o l a 1 6 5 / A ,B a r i , I t a l y

1 1 8

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from 

Page 12: The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

8/12/2019 The Aetiology of the Cat Eye Syndrome Reconsidered

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-aetiology-of-the-cat-eye-syndrome-reconsidered 12/12

doi: 10.1136/jmg.18.2.108 1981 18: 108-118J Med Genet 

 G Guanti

 syndrome reconsidered.The aetiology of the cat eye

 http://jmg.bmj.com/content/18/2/108

Updated information and services can be found at:

These include: 

References http://jmg.bmj.com/content/18/2/108#related-urls

Article cited in:

serviceEmail alerting

the online article.article. Sign up in the box at the top right corner ofReceive free email alerts when new articles cite this

Notes

 http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions

To request permissions go to:

 http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform

To order reprints go to:

 http://group.bmj.com/subscribe/

To subscribe to BMJ go to:

 group.bmj.comon March 27, 2014 - Published by  jmg.bmj.comDownloaded from