CSTComputer Simulation

Technology

The advanced Simulation Tool for

ElectromagneticAnalysis and Design

M A F I A4

Inductive soldering (H3)

Output cavity of a klystron (TS3)

MAFIA 4 - A Modular System

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MAFIA 4 – A Modular System

Why Choose MAFIA 4?

The Graphical User Interface

Static and Low Frequency Applications

Transient Low Frequency Applications

Temperature Applications

Applications in the High Frequency Domain

Charged Particles in Interaction with Electromagnetic Fields

Horn antenna (T2)

MAFIA 4 is a multi-purpose ECAD system…

…which has been used in industry and research

laboratories world-wide for over 20 years. Its

applications include most of today's problems

in the simulation of electromagnetic fields,

ranging from statics up to the highest frequencies.

MAFIA 4 is based on the Finite Integration

method. This theoretical foundation enables

MAFIA 4 to achieve an unsurpassed accuracy

and reliability. The MAFIA 4 family of codes

consists of a pre-processor, a post-processor and

a selection of solver modules for a wide range

of applications. A uniform graphical user inter-

face allows the easy transfer of geometrical and

computational data between modules.

Table of Contents

3

Permanent magnet motor (S)

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

CS T

M I C R O W A V ES

TU

D

IO

M a c r o L a n g u a g e

PPostProcessor

SStatic Field

Solver

Resonant Cavity (E)Car antenna simulation (T3)

TL3LF Time Domain

Solver

H3Thermodynamic

Solver

E Eigenmode

Solver

T2, T3 HF Time Domain

Solvers

TS2, TS3Particle-in-Cell

Solvers

W3Frequency

Domain Solver

Magnetic recording head (TL3)

Shading ring sensor (W3)

M PreProcessor

This area is also coverd by the more specialized program CST MICROWAVE STUDIOTM

which features the new Perfect Boundary Approximation (PBA) method.See corresponding brochure.

*

*

The most importantreasons to choose MAFIA 4…

❏ MAFIA 4:Time Tested Performance.First studies of the underlying FI method

were made more than 20 years ago.

Today's MAFIA 4 is a modern program

which boasts the know how and experience

of over 50 scientists and engineers.

❏ MAFIA 4: Complete.No other program is required for

structural input, mesh generation or post-

processing. Interfaces do exist, however,

to communicate with other tools.

Over 2000 commands and a huge number

of definition options makes MAFIA 4unique in its diversity of applications.

❏ MAFIA 4: Compatibility.MAFIA 4 allows the import and export of

data from the most popular CAD systems,

such as ProEngineer, I-DEAS, AutoCad.

Solutions can be stored in nearly all

formats for further calculations in other

programs.

❏ MAFIA 4: Application Variety.The MAFIA 4 modules - all compatible

with each other - allow the calculation of

electromagnetic fields in all domains:

statics, low and high frequencies, and

optical applications.

❏ MAFIA 4: Precision.Due to the FI method, the analytical

Maxwell’s equations are translated in a

particularly consistent way into discrete

matrix equations.

It’s no wonder then, that the FI method

has been awarded so many prizes.

Notable

amongst these

are the DPG

Physics Prize

1986, US Accelerator Prize 1986, Leibniz

Prize 1987, Max-Planck Research Prize

1995, and the PM Research Prize 1997.

Moreover, MAFIA 4 has delivered excel-

lent results in several benchmark tests

during the last few years.

❏ MAFIA 4: High Speed.MAFIA 4 calculates very quickly, even

when handling complex structures.

A major advantage is that the computa-

tion time increases almost linearly to the

number of mesh cells.

❏ MAFIA 4: Economical.The RAM requirement increases only

proportionally to the number of grid

points: In electrostatics, 28 MB RAM

are needed per 1 million mesh cells, in

the high frequency time domain about

48 MB RAM.

On today's workstations and PCs, it’s

no problem to calcu-

late structures with

over 10 million cells.

Dual Mode Filter, Benchmark,Microwave Engineering Europe, 1997

Why Choose MAFIA 4?

S-parameter

Frequency/GHz

5

❏ MAFIA 4: Macro Language.All interactions in the graphical user

interface (GUI) are stored in command

files that are easy to alter.

Complex calculation cycles can easily

be automatically executed by the use

of programming structures.

❏ MAFIA 4: Parametric Modelingand Optimization.All geometrical parameters, material

properties and other quantities can

be stored as variables so fully automatic

optimizations can be executed with

predefined strategies.

❏ MAFIA 4: Automatic Mesh Generation..

The grids can be generated fully auto-

matically - without taking hours!

❏ MAFIA 4: Confidence in results.Excellent numerical convergence

means that you can have confidence in

your results.

Time is money…

This is one reason why simulation isbecoming more and more important. Take advantage of the possibilitieswhich a modern software tool likeMAFIA 4 offers:

• Faster development

• Savings due to avoidance of mistrials

• Optimization instead of experimentation

• Simulation results before the 1stprototype

• Field values where measurementsare not possible

• Better comprehension of the physical effects

• Reliable documentation of yourproduct for your clients

Due to the spatial resolution of the fields at 1GHz, physicsrequires more than one million mesh cells for this car simulation. No problem for MAFIA 4, 48 MB RAM, and twohours calculation time!

2D mouse based drawing tool.

User defined menus allow customization

to any specific application. A new model

with altered parameters can be created

and calculated with just one mouse-click.

The extensive macro language allows a structured program-

ming of complex computations, supported by the MAFIA 4

text editor's helpful features.

The GraphicalUser Interface of MAFIA 4…

The GUI is clearly and consistently struc-

tured to help you quickly familiarize your-

self with the complex topic of "Electroma-

gnetic CAE".

The Graphical User Interface

Predefined wizards enable easy broadband

S-parameter and antenna computations.

All simulation parameters can be defined in one

single window.

Features: Pre-Processor MAFIA-M

• Primitives for geometric definition– Bricks, spheres, and ellipsoides

– Circular cylinders, elliptic cylinders, cylinders with arbitrary cross section

– Figures of rotation, washers, torus, filaments

– Boolean operations

• Import and export of CAD data

• 2D drawing tool

• Automatic mesh generation

• Fully parametric modeling

Features: Post-Processor MAFIA-P

• Signal Analysis: DFT, FFT, AR-Filter

• Calculation of energies and losses

• Farfield computation derived from nearfield data

• Computation of subsequent quantities– 1D integral – 2D integral – Various operations on computed fields:

curl, div, grad, crossproduct, surface currents,addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, …

• Force computation

• Touchstone export

• Video recorder

• Different representations of 1D, 2D, and 3D fields

• VRML export

Full control with the clearly structured MAFIA 4 main win-

dow. All the different solvers can be accessed from the pull

down Module menu. The icon bar can be user configured.

Contourplot of the current distribution.

7

Eddy currents in the rail of a contact-

less transformer.

Beside the calculation of the eddy

currents, certain characteristics such

as the inductivity and the scattering

of the transformer are determined.

Static, stationary and low frequency problems...

…can be solved with the modules MAFIA-Sand MAFIA-W3. Typical applications for

magnetostatics can be found in the design

of sensors, electromechanical devices, and

electromagnetic instrument shielding.

Non-linear materials, permanent magnets

and coil systems, can be taken into account

in the computation.

A structure's electrostatic fields are

crucial to the acceleration and the deflec-

tion of electron beams, electrogalvanic

baths as well as to high voltage technology.

The calculation of current fields, which

can be directly connected with the compu-

tation of magnetic fields, also belongs to

the domain of statics. The calculation of

static temperature fields occurring in

transformers and many electromechanical

devices is performed by the heating solver

MAFIA-H3.

As an ideal extension and addition to

the static solvers' applications, the module

MAFIA-W3 enables the calculation of

eddy currents with monofrequent excita-

tion. Typical application areas include in-

ductive heating and the construction of

induction sensors.

Static and Low Frequency Applications

This eddy current sensor demonstrates a

contact-free position sensor as used in dirty environments.

The inductivity of the exciting coil depends linearly on the

position of the secondary coil.

Flux density in a magnetic clutch:

The figure shows a model with eight ma-

gnets. Vector components, contour lines and

surfaces are integrated in one diagram.

Flux density in a bi-directional solenoid.

The force/current characteristic of this device can be precisely

determined with a MAFIA-S simulation. An additional simu-

lation of the structure with the solver H3 calculates the time

dependant temperature distribution.

Features: StaticSolver MAFIA-S

• Electrostatic and electroquasistatic fields

• Magnetostatic fields

• Electric Currents

• Temperature distributions

• Coupled calculations

• Standard and open boundary conditions

• Non-linear, anisotropic material properties

• Basic grids: xyz, rfz, xy, rz

Features: Frequency Domain and Eddy Current Solver MAFIA-W3

• Computation of eddy currents in LF structures

• Complex permeability and permittivity

• Finite conductivity

• Anisotropic material properties

• Standard, open and waveguide boundary conditions

• S-parameter and antenna calculation (for the HF domain)

• Basic grids: xyz, rfz

9

Current field of a circuit breaker:

Due to a coupled computation, first the current field and afterwards the resul-

ting magnet field in the structure are calculated. Forces due to the magnetic

field above a particular current interrupt the connection.

Flux density distribution of a permanent

magnet motor:

The simulation of non-linear material as well

as the possibility of calculating the force and

moments allow an optimal system design.

Features: LF Time Domain Solver MAFIA-TL3

• Computation of transient low frequency fields

• Anisotropic material properties

• Current excitation with almost any time function

• Quasistationary 1D motion

• Standard and open boundary conditions

• Basic grids: xyz

A high speed train's electromagnetic brake:

The braking power is produced by the induction of eddy currents

in the rail. The cut-plane shows the asymmetric displacement

of the magnetic field at a speed of 200 km/hour.

Low frequency problems withparts in motion...

...are solved in the time domain by means

of the solver MAFIA-TL3. Typical applica-

tions are eddy current brakes of high speed

trains and the magnetic recording on hard-

disks. Other applications are characterized

by non sinusoidal processes like switched

or pulsed excitation of solenoids.

Magnetic flux density in a read write unit during recor-

ding. The 2D-cut shows undesired eddy current effects.

Transient Low Frequency Applications

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Wherever energy is consumed, heatis produced…

The heating of electrical devices is often a

limiting factor in their construction.

For this reason, the ability to precisely

predict the temperature distribution and,

more over, its transient behaviour, is im-

portant to the system design.

The solver H3 is used for the calculation of

transient heating processes. H3 can also be

coupled with MAFIA 4's other electroma-

gnetic solvers.

Heat simulations save lives...

One of the most spectacular applications

of heat simulation is the calculation of

temperature distributions in biological

tissue when exposed to electromagnetic

fields, for example by mobile phones.

Furthermore, the design of electromagne-

tic devices for the treatment of cancer can

be improved by means of heat simulations.

With a separate pre-processor, MAFIA 4can import human data sets with a resolu-

tion of up to 350 million voxels.Features: Thermodynamic

Solver MAFIA-H3

• Computation of transient temperature distribution

• Coupled problems, External heatsources

• Biological material properties

• Third order non-linear thermal conductivity

• Temperature, flux and convectionboundary conditions

• Option: Interface for the import ofthe Voxel Man "Hugo"

• Basic grids: xyz, rfz

Heat simulation of a cavity's inductive sol-

dering. The temperature distribution in the

contact region is illustrated.

Heat simulation of a cancer treatment. This contour plot

shows the temperature distribution within a cut plane of

the voxel man "Hugo".

The analysis of temperature fields gives

reliable data on the temperature load

of energy transformers and power se-

mi-conductors.

Temperature Simulation

Features: Eigenmode Solver MAFIA-E

• Anisotropic materials

• Materials with small or large loss angles

• Calculation of eigenmodes withoutspurious solutions

• Selective computation of all modeswithin a specified frequency range

• Automatic quality check and accuracy determination

• Boundary conditions for sym-metric and periodic structures

• Basic grids: xy, xyz, rz, rfz

This power splitter was part of the

1995 Microwave Engineering Europe

benchmark. In a single computation,

hundreds of S-parameter values

were calculated in a broad frequency

range in less than 20 minutes.

S-parameter magnitude

MAFIA 4 provides a variety of solversfor high frequency problems...

… each of which offers a specific solu-

tion strategy.

• The eigenmode solver MAFIA-E is espe-

cially suited to the calculation of resonant

fields in 2D and 3D structures.

Typical applications are the simulation

and optimization of resonators, filters

and wave guides.

• The time domain solvers MAFIA-T2 and

MAFIA-T3 are very efficient in calculating

radiation and scattering problems. The

following list mentions only a few applica-

tions of these versatile tools: Antennas,

single and multi-layered stripline structures,

connectors, filters, cross talk, emission and

immunity of devices, power splitters, direc-

tional couplers, optical waveguides, switches

and many more.

Time domain simulations are capable of

calculating not only the stationary para-

meters (S-parameters, impedances, etc.),

but also the transient signals (e.g. time

domain

reflectometry).

• The frequency domain

solver MAFIA-W3, is very

well suited to lower frequency

applications but can also be used as a

full featured solver in the high frequency

domain.

Field radiation from a roof antenna

at 1 Ghz. Magnetic and electric fields

are shown in the same illustration.

Frequency/GHz

Applications in the High Frequency Domain

By taking advantage of its rotational

symmetry (T2), this horn antenna can

be calculated in only a few minutes.

The results of the simulation are the

near and farfields as well as the input

impedance.

Features : Time Domain SolversMAFIA-T2,MAFIA-T3

• Subgrids (local mesh refinement)

• Lossy and anisotropic materials

• Gyrotropic materials (e.g. ferrite,plasma)

• Broadband simulation of frequency dependent materials

• Boundary conditions for symme-tric structures to increase simula-tion performance

• Excellent absorbing boundaryconditions for free space and variously shaped wave guides

• Excitation by incident plane waves, wave guide modes or superposed electric currents orvoltages

• Simulation of RLC network elements, including current andvoltage sources

• Specialized model for skin effectsimulations of highly conductivematerials

• Specialized models for thin wiresor sharp edges of electric conduc-ting materials

• Extraction of monochromaticfields at arbitrary frequenciesfrom broadband simulations

• Calculation of particle beam wake fields

• Basic grids: xyz, rz

In the 1997 Microwave Engineering Europe benchmark,

MAFIA 4 was the only 3D solver delivering correct results for

this Dual Mode Filter.

13

This calculation shows the penetra-

tion of a mobile phone's radiation

into a human head.

More than one million mesh cells

were used in this discretization ta-

king over 10 different kinds of tissue

into account. The contour plot shows

local hot spots due to the inhomo-

geneous material distribution inside

the brain.

Fourier components of the current along the beam tube.

Particle energy along the tube.

Electron gun simulation. Calculation of space

charge limited current as well as high frequency

particle mode interaction.

The bunching process, produced by the influence of oscillating eigenmodes

on the particles, can be simulated using the port-approximation.

Here, different kinds of fields are taken into account: static magnetic, static

electric, resonant eigenmodes and space-charge fields.

❶ ❷

❸

❹

The interaction...

...of the relativistic motion of charged

particles in the presence of electromagnetic

fields inside all frequency ranges can be

simulated with the Particle in Cell modules

MAFIA-TS2 and MAFIA-TS3.

A vast number of studies on the be-

havior of charged particles in static and

high frequency fields are possible: The

range of applications include various elec-

tron guns, cathodes, devices for beam

focussing and beam deflection as well as

high-power tubes for radar, broadcasting,

and accelerators.

The study of 3D electron/ion guns &

tubes has been greatly improved. A fast,

fully 3D analysis is possible for various

emission schemes (e.g. space charge limi-

ted, temperature limited).

The underlying algorithm is based on the

time domain formulation of the Finite Inte-

gration method, in which a consistent cou-

pling between particles and fields is realized.

This technique guarantees a highly

efficient use of storage space and a short

solution time. Therefore, in terms of un-

knowns, MAFIA-TS2 and MAFIA-TS3 can

handle problems of a size way beyond the

reach of other simulators.

Charged Particles in Interaction with Electromagnetic Fields

Simulation of a RF gun with photocathode,

where short, highly charged electron bunches

are emitted. The particle interaction with the

resonant mode is studied.

A snapshot of the electric field vector with

particle positions.

Illustrations of radial and longitudinal

momentum at different phases and locations.

Longitudinal momentum

Radialmomentum

This PETRA cavity was designed with the help of the MAFIA-E

eigenmode solver, at DESY, Hamburg.

The wall currents and heat sources were derived from the

magnetic field distribution (on the left).

Features: Particle in Cell Solvers MAFIA-TS2, MAFIA-TS3

• Relativistic treatment of particle motion

• Electron / ion gun & tube simulation (2D and 3D)- Space charge limited emission- Temperature limited emission- Examination of high frequency properties

• Particle definition- Flexible definition of cathodes- Separation of particles into different bunches- Various charge to mass ratio for each bunch- Particle emission from curved surfaces

• Boundary conditions- Electric, magnetic, open- Broadband waveguide boundary condition- Interface to previous TS2 simulation

(reduces computation time for large volumes)

• Special features for microwave tubes:- Port-approximation in order to reach steady

state for sharp resonances within a short time

• Fast tracking mode

• Static and dynamic fields as initial condition

• Sophisticated methods to ensure low noise levels

• Basic grids: rz and xyz

In this cavity, trajectories

of low charged electrons

were examined to avoid

secondary emissions.

The produced rf-power is simula-

ted in the most realistic way

using a broadband waveguide-

boundary condition.

Here, the amplitude of the out-

going fundamental waveguide

mode is shown.

Interface to three dimensional

simulation: Particle properties

as well as boundary fields are

handled consistently.

15

Output Power

Output Power

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Technology

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