The actual status of historiographical research concerning the Sarmatian Iazyges within the habitat of the Danube and the Tisa (at the southern confluence with the Mures) between the 1st and the 4th centuries

The actual status of historiographical research concerning the Sarmatian Iazyges within the habitat of the Danube and the Tisa (at the southern confluence with the Mures) between the 1st and the 4th centuries

drd. Bogdan Muscalu

Throughout the time, modern historiography tackled different aspects of the Roman Empires relationship with the Barbarian world. In the fervour of the study of the problems related to Barbaricum, a considerable role belonged to archaeology. These aspects are not unilaterally studied, but also from the barbarian worlds perspective towards the Roman Empire.

Romanian historiography regarding the Sarmatian Iazyges has dealt mainly with the ethnic identification of the barbarian communities who lived beyond the borders of Roman Dacia. Within historical research regarding the habitat between the Danube and the Tisa, notable results were recorded by the Hungarian historians, who made a series of monographic studies after the archaeological research dedicated to the migrators, a main place belonging to the study of the Sarmatians from this area, surrounded by the Danube the Tisa and the Mure.

At the end of the 19th century, the Society of History and Archaeology (SIA) was founded in Banat 1872, which encompassed the entire activity within the historical region, which would lead to the opening of the Banat Museum 1875. Starting from 1886, SIA becomes the Museum Society of History and Archaeology, editing a specialty magazine, which gathered articles about archaeological research of post-Roman Dacia and the period of migrations. Renowned Hungarian historians such as I. Berkeszi, B. Milleker and L. Bhm publish repertoires of archaeological discoveries connected to the Barbarian antiquity. In 1877, historian C. Gooss discusses the problem of the Sarmatians and Bastarns in his article Einbruch der Sarmaten und Bastarner an die untere Donau, issued in Sibiu. So, the beginning of the 20th century may be characterized by the appearance of well-documented synthesis works, among which that of Iosef Hampel regarding the Banat zone.

The inter-war period is characterized by a tendency of servitude towards the Hungarian nationalist policy, as well as the Yugoslavian one, as far as the works regarding the Sarmatians are concerned, but, all in all, the works were a step forward in the post Roman period research, for in the above-mentioned period there is no research in Banat and Transylvania regarding the first millenium period.

Serbian historian, N. Vuli in his work Vojvodina u rimskog doba, issued in 1939 describes all the archaeological sites both Roman and post-Roman, with reference to the south-western area of Romania; R. R. Schmidt completing the latters work with an explicative, detailed map of these sites.

Hungarian inter-war historiography includes important works of some researchers C. Patsch, N. Fettich, A. Alfldi, K. Treidler, G. Csallny, K. Szabo, M. Prducz, which, although containing nationalist ideas, bring forward a new perspective for the research of the Danube-Tisa habitat. Carl Patsch used to consider that Banat was occupied by the Iazyges, and the Romans controlled some areas only, through some guarding points situated on heights. The same historian states, based on Dio Cassius information, that after the first Dacian war, Decebal reconquers from the Iazyges the lost territory, and that in 106 AD, Trajan refuses its return to the Iazyges. This territory, after C. Patsch, included Banat and Oltenia. The author states in his work the belonging of the entire Banat to the Roman Empire, being a strategic unit defended by the Tisa and the Mure rivers. In another work of his, the historian talks about the abandoning of the province of Dacia and the Sarmatian reign over the Banat area, as well as the idea of living together with the Daco-Roman autochthonous population.

Gbor Csallny makes in 1936, a study regarding the New Iazyg Tombs around Szentes , presenting minutely the rich tomb, revealed at Kistke, near Szentes, where they found 27 sarmatic tombs, and later on another 28.

In 1939, A. Alfldi publishes in Berlin the book Die Roxolanen in der Walachei, followed by a retort answer of C. Daicoviciu, named Bnatul i Iazygii, issued in Apulum, I, 1939-1942. Answering A. Alfoldis hypothesis, Daicoviciu specifies about the Tisa Mures Danube territory that it did not belong to the Sarmatian Iazyges from the 1st century AD. The latter entered the West of Dacia in waves, and the fact that they neighbour the Sarmatians, during Claudius reign, with the Germans and the Quadi indicates their presence in the North, in the field near the Slovak Carpathians. A. Alfldi sustained that the Iazyges entered the Hungarian Field through Muntenia and Oltenia, being brought by the Roman emperors, and that in the 1st century AD they occupy the entire Banat, of the Hungarian historian are meaningless, fact proved by Constantin Daicoviciu.

The most important works of the inter-war period connected with the Sarmatian Iazyges are the monographic studies of M. Prducz and N. Fettich, based on the results of archaeological research. M. Prducz, researcher of the sarmatian civilization, distinguishes for the 1st 4th centuries, three periods which are defined among important events and are characterized by modifications in the archaeological inventory. In his opinion, the sarmatic civilization from the Danube-Tisa-Mures area, is divided in three stages: a) from 20 AD until the end of the marcomanic wars, when the relations with the Roxolans are renewed; b) 180-270 AD, when in the Danube-Tisa-Mures area there comes a new sarmatian-iazyg wave, at the end of the period the Roxolans penetrate, fact attested by the bearings in tumuli; c) 270-375, when in the studied space, the Huns penetrate. In his work regarding the oldest monuments of the sarmatic period, a growing importance belongs to the Dacians and their material culture from the Hungarian area. Their influence can be retraced in the archaeological discoveries of the Sarmatians, of the Huns and even those of the Avars. In the first volume, M. Prducz makes a minute description of the tombs and of the isolated discoveries, then analyzing the presented material.

The Hungarian historian completes his work Denkmler der Sarmatenzeit Ungarns, with the minute analysis of some early discoveries of sarmatic origin from the Bnsg area. His article is also a response at the contesting of his chronology by C-tin Daicoviciu. For the establishment of the chronology of the sarmatic epoch in the Alfld area, Prducz insisted of 4 important factors: types of pearls, fibulae that accompany these discoveries, pearls, medallions and Roman coins, and finally, pottery. All these factors helped the subdivision of the three sarmatic periods.

Prducz sustains, based on archaeological evidence that the Sarmatian Iazyges penetrated north of the Mures and east of the Tisa early, living together with the autochthonous Dacians. To sustain this hypothesis, the Hungarian historian brings as evidence the sarmatic discoveries from the east of middle Tisa, dated between the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd centuries.

Within the sarmatic epoch discoveries from Hungary, the author individualised more types of pearls (beads). Among these, the oldest are round, made of chalcedony and carneol, but the most widely spread are the small, round, flat and bitronconic, of different colours. These beads are accompanied by early Roman fibulae, of Aucissa type and fibulae with thickened profile and leg in form of a fan. Alongside fibulae and beads, in the early sarmatic inventory, they found Dacian pottery, very rarely provincial Roman one and the discovery of a denar from the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161) led to a more exact dating. The same thing is to be observed for the Iazyg discoveries of 2nd century from rvny, where there is no pottery, but the other artefacts dont deny this thing. For the 3rd century AD, the prismatic pearls are very widely-spread, then, towards the end of the period, pearls with granulation and pseudo-granulation, of different colours, alongside fibulae in form of crossbow, with the leg turned backwards, being framed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries period. The last sarmatic period of the Bnsg area has the pottery made of fine, grey paste, of small measures, being dated for the 4t century AD.

The Hungarian historian will draw up, based on the funerary and the inventory, a chronology of the tombs from South-East Hungary and the north of Serbia, divided into three horizons: Kiszombor Ernhazay, dated between 270-350, having as characteristics: the burial of the dead flat on the back or bent, south-north oriented and having pots, fibulae, beads as an inventory. The Bajruok Mrahalom horizon 350-450, in which the dead were laid on the back, bent or sitting. Their orientation was west-east, having pots near their heads, the inventory being made up of numerous ornaments: necklaces, bracelets, and rarely, fibulae. The third horizon is Tpe Malajdok, dated in the same period between 350 - 450. The deceased were laid on the back, oriented south north. Within the inventory they found beads, fibulae, weapons, and the pots were laid at their feet. M. Prduczs 40 years of research in the problem of Sarmatians will be continued and upgraded by Hungarian researcher Andrea Vaday.

After WW2, in Yugoslavia, there was a preoccupation concerning the post-Roman periods history and the history of the barbarian peoples from the Danube Tisa Mures area, respectively of the Sarmatian Iazyges: Milutin and Draga Garaanin made the description of all sites from prehistory to the late Roman period from Serbia, known until 1951.

Under the editorship of S. Baraki, a monography was issued Nakit sarmata u Banatu, which follows the line of research concerning the sarmatic period. The same Baraki edited catalogues which treat the sarmatic settlements from the historical Banat: (Sarmatski nalasi is Vrsa. [Katalog], 1961; Nalazi Sarmata u Jushnom Banatu. [Katalog], 1972-1973. ). The Serbian historians sustain the presence of the sarmatic population in the field area, attributing to the latter the majority of the tombs and settlements from the 3rd and the 4th centuries. S. Baraki sustains that this ethnical attributing is due to the existence of a dense sarmatic population, who occasionally had contacts with the Dacian population.

In Hungary, in the last 50 years, there appeared a series of studies and monographies regarding the military and political history of the Sarmatians, the archaeological research, the barbarian populations relations within the Dunare Tisa Mures area with the danubian Roman provinces, as well as the Roman Empire. In this category, we may mention the works of L. Barkczi, M. Prducz, E. Garam, P. Patay, S. Soproni, J. Harmatta, M. Khegyi, . Salamon, A. Mcsy. L. Barkczi debated the problem of the funerary rite within some tombs from Brigetio, as well as the problem of the migration of the Iazyges, the Roxolans in the Danubian basin. In a recent study, the Hungarian historian examined the fragmented hairpins in detail, and reached the conclusion that these have been amputated consciously, and together with the retreat of the Roman army from the Pannonic area, the hairpins gradually disappear, in the 4th century. . Salamon dated the hairpins of the omega type, from the sarmatic site from csa, from the second half of the 2nd c. until the disappearance of this type of hairpin in the 3rd and 4th centuries. L. Balla makes a presentation of the Roman Iazyg war from 107 108 AD. His work being part of the series dedicated to the military history of the barbarians from the middle and lower Danube area. He affirms that Hadrian, following his wars with the Iazyges, due to strategical reasons, will found and organize the border of Dacia Porolissensis province on the alignment of the Mese Mountains. E. Garam, P. Patay, S. Soproni researched the ground walls from the sarmatic limes, pointing some references to the fortification system from the Romanian space. S. Soproni introduced the concept of limes Sarmatiae, which was erected from ground, used as an avanpost in the Roman defensive system. He establishes a relationship of contemporaneity between the walls from the Tisa field and those from the Romanian field. Starting from the 5th c., sarmatic armies, under Roman rule, will defend this limes.D. Csallny researched the problem of Gepides penetration, in Banat a massive population of these migrators not being attested, they having only the political power over the left coast of Tisa and some gepidic and sarmatic enclaves from the lower field from the north- west of Banat: Snnicolau Mare, Felnac, Izvin, Zrenjanin, Bela rkva, Orova in their hands.

In the works dedicated to the Sarmatian Iazyges, J. Harmatta made research regarding their arrival in the Danube- Tisa- Mures area and the problem of their origin, studies on their history and their language, in the work carrying the same name. Harmatta supports the idea of the migration of the Iazyges in the space within Danube- Tisa, through the south, through Oltenia and Banat, the same thing being supported regarding the migration of the Roxolans from the 3rd century AD. Early Iazyg materials from the Hungarian field have correspondents in the area of Pont, wherefrom they were probably brought by these migrators. Regarding the road of the Roxolans within their migration towards the Hungarian space, J. Harmatta considers as a possible route The Iron Gates of Transylvania - Mehadia towards Porta Orientalis, then on to the valley of the Timi River. E. Istvanovits was preoccupied with the study of pottery found in the sarmatic settlements and tombs, but also by the history of the Upper Tisa region. Hungarian historian M. Khegyi made research about the Sarmatians from Alfld and about the sarmatic artefacts.

Large monographic studies were made by A. Vaday, who makes a minute description of the Sarmatian Iazyges and the relationships between them and the Daco-Roman population, going through old bibliography as well as a large number of archaeological discoveries. S. Soproni chronologically presents the history of Roman defence in Pannonia and studies the ground walls between the Danube and the Tisa, establishing analogies with the walls from tha Romanian field. A. Mcsy researched the relationships Roman- barbarian relationships, the periodization of the sarmatic epoch, but also hypothesis on the arrival of the Sarmatians, J. Fitzs studies being included in the same area. Jeno Fitz contributes to the knowledge of the relationships between Pannonia, Dacia and Barbaricum, bringing economical, military and historical details about the Marcomanic Wars and its implications over the barbarian population.

In the last 20 years, a great importance of the studies about the Sarmatians and the Danube Tisa Mures area, was given to the studies of A. Vaday, Zs. Visy, G. Vrs, E. Garam, E. Istvanovits. Renowned Hungarian researcher, Andrea H. Vaday, has the merit of raising the topic of the Sarmatians from the above-mentioned area, on a global level, including in her research the area of Romanian and Serbian Banat.

The Hungarian researcher continues at a superior level Parduczs historical work, including in her works the political history of the migratory Sarmatians, the archaeological repertoire, the historiography from the field, the comparative study of the archaeological material from Barbaricum, the relationships between the Roman Empire and the sarmatic area, as well as the evolution of this habitat in the post - Roman epoch, in the context of the migratory waves. Eva Garam collaborated with A. Vaday, putting together their research about the Sarmatians - Sarmatische Siedlung und Begrbnissttte in Tiszavalk, in Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, 1990, p.171-219.

In the article mentioned above, Hungarian researchers refer to the sarmatic settlement from Tiszavalk, for which they established analogies on the basis of archaeological material, with sarmatic settlements and tombs from Tiszakarad and Tiszadob Sziget.

For the area between Pannonia and Dacia, D. Gabler and A. H. Vaday gathered pottery fragments of the type terra sigilatta. The authors consider that the presence of these pots in the Barbaricum is due to commerce beyond the Pannonic border, province with intermediary role for the goods arrived from Occidental provincial workshops. The comparative and procentual analysis of some types of pots led to the conclusion that the merchandise was brought by tradesmen at order. This trade intensified after the Marcomanic Wars, until 23 AD, when its decay starts. For the area of the east of Pannonia, close to Dacia, the authors appreciated that only the border trade is specific. The iron trade, in flat shape, towards the Barbaricum, may be asserted on the basis of the rescue diggings from the Gyoma area, where a dacian iazyg field settlement was discovered, dated from the second half of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. More workshops and metal ovens were dug out, in a region without iron mineral resources, which determined the Hungarian researcher to suppose that the iron was brought in Dacia on the Mures.

As far as the economical ties of the Sarmatian Iazyges from the Hungarian field and the Roxolans from the eastern Carpathic space, privilege given after the Marcomanic Wars, A. H. Vaday is of the opinion that there was not any economic relationship between the Iazyges and the Roxolans, but a preventive politic-diplomatically measure of Roman authorities, to stop, by military control, an eventual alliance.

Hungarian researchers A. H. Vaday and Pl Medgyesi have brought important information regarding the rectangular pots, hand-made pottery. These are known to us from the discoveries from the sarmatic settlements, but mostly from the tombs from the Hungarian field. Hand-made rectangular pots are known starting from the Neolithic and the bronze epoch. They appear in the sarmatic material from the Tisa field, too. Such pots were discovered in the sarmatic settlement from Hdmezvsrhely Solt Pal, late sarmatic settlements from Tiszafldvr Tglagyr, Szeged, Alstanya, Kenyrvrhalom, Vrac Crvenka, Panevo Vojlovica, Kovaica, Sarkad Krsht.

For the sarmato-hunic period, Vaday observes a continuity of sarmatical existence in the Danube Tisa Mures area, on a much restricted scale compared to the period of 1st 3rd centuries AD, as it was observed in the settlements from Csongrd Kenderfldek, Tiszalk Rzompuszta, Oroshza, Szolnok, Periam.

The division of the sarmatic epoch of M. Prducz is extended by A. H. Vaday, establishing as the inferior limit the period close to the abandonment of the province Dacia, when there appeared a new wave of Roxolans in the Tisa field, who migrated eastward, until the Hunic reign the first half of the 5th century. This is what Iordanes news mentions, when the Sarmatians are evoked as part of the coalition led by Gepidic king Kunimund, against the ostrogoths, in 469. The Sarmatians were still living in the southern part of the Danube Tisa field. Vaday is of the opinion that, in the last third of 3rd c. and in the entire 4th c., one may observe even archaeologically a density of settlements in the Tisa field, and in the last third of the 4th c., there still existing sarmatic kingdoms.

A. H. Vaday, in her article Sarmatians Settlements in the Great Hungarian Plain, offers a new methodology for analyzing the sarmatic sites, using excavation techniques. The researcher proposes a statistic and quantitative study on the archaeological material and offers as a reference the study made on the sarmatic settlements from Gyoma 133, jhartyn i Kompolt , Kistr 14, dated in the 2nd and 3rd c AD. To these, she adds two more later sarmatic settlements, from the hunic period, Endrd 170 i rmnykt 52, from the Bks region. The statistic analysis on the quantity and belonging of the ceramic fragments, on the way of making and using the paste employed, of ceramic types, of form and ornamental motifs bring a series of useful information to research.

The Hungarian researcher, Andrea Vaday, debated the problematic of barbarian peoples from the Hungarian field Iranians, Germans, Celts and Dacians. In her opinion, the Celts and the Dacians, were the populations over whom the Sarmatian-Iazyges settle and who contributed to the development of the Sarmatians material culture. A.H. Vaday made a map of the tombs with weapons discoveries. The most, dated in the 2nd and 3rd c. AD, are concentrated in the area between Cri and Some, in the Romanian space, and between Some and Upper Tisa. In the Banat area, she mentions only the discoveries from Vizejdia and Szeged-Pusztakmpc. For the period of the 4th and the first half of the 5th century, the discoveries of weapons in the tombs are concentrated near the Upper Tisa and the habitat between The Danube and The Tisa, until the confluence with the Mure.

Zsolt Visy was concerned with the problem of the Roman army and its connection with the Barbarians, with the sarmatic limes, editing in 2003 an archaeological guide for Ripa Pannonica The Roman Army in Pannonia. An Archaeological guide of the Ripa Pannonica.

An important addition to the knowledge of the habitat inhabited by the Sarmatians in the Tisa field was brought by Gabriela Vrs. She published the sarmatic material discovered in settlements and tombs from Hungary, and also the articled concerning the migratory populations from this area. We also have to mention a full-of-results collaboration in the field of sarmatic research from the Hungarian field, between Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr, editing studies concerning the religion, the chronology and the contacts of the Sarmatians with the Germans from the above-mentioned area. The Hungarian researchers state that, after the Marcomanic Wars, in the Hungarian field, the first roxolanic groups penetrate, thing retraced in the funerary rite, through the appearance in the tombs, besides the dominant orientation south north, of an east west orientation. The graveyards with a dominant east- west orientation can be dated, from the second half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century., being attested at Hajddorog-Szllsfldek, Kiskunflegyhza Klsgalambos, Hdmezvsrhely Kishomok, Szeged Alskzport.

After this period, this type of orientation vanishes from the sarmatic funerary rite. Specific for this eastern Hungarian area is the funeral in tumuli, common to the eastern Sarmatians as well. Authors observed the changing of the funerary rite, within the tumuli graveyards, by digging some ditches around the tumuli, new clothes ornaments based on beads and the appearance of some new ethnic groups. Valeria Kulcsr observes, after the salvation excavations from 1994-1996, the contacts between the Sarmatians and the Suebi, respectively between the Sarmatians and the Quadi, nomads living close to the limes, for trade exchanges.

International conferences regarding the barbarians from the Carpathic basin helped to the display of the newest research in the plain belonging to Hungarian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovakian and Russian historians. The one to be noted is the International Conference regarding the barbarians from Aszod and Nyiregyhaza in 1999 International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st -5th centuries A.D, and the 18th International Congress about the frontiers of the Roman Empire from Zalu, in September 1997. Within the first one, they presented articles about the entire sarmatic mass, as well as ones about the Danube Tisa area. A series of antique writers and renowned historians sign these articles, but the ones connected to the Sarmatians are: Halina Dobrznska, Contacts between Sarmatians and the Przeworsk Culture community; Alexandr V. Simonenko, On the tribal structure of some migrations waves of Sarmatians to the Carpathian Basin; Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr, Sarmatians through the eyes of strangers. The Sarmatian warrior; Andrea Vaday, Military system of the Sarmatians; Mihaly Khegyi i Gabriella Vrs, Bestattungsbruche in dem sarmatischen Grberfeld von Madaras; Igor N. Khrapunov, On the contacts between the populations of the Crimea and the Carpathian Basin in the Late Roman Period; Sergei I. Bezuglov, Danubian fashion and Tanais (The early phase of the Migration Period). Russian, Polish, Hungarian and Romanian historians attend the Congress, in their articles mentioning both sarmatian branches, the connections between them, rite and ritual elements, military and material aspects of this Iranian population. Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr identified, based on antique sources and some monuments from the Roman Empire, the image of the Sarmatian-Iazyges and the Roxolans. The authors draw attention upon the clothing of the Sarmatians represented on Trajans and M. Aurelius Column, and upon the sarmatian women. One can observe from these monuments the weapons and the harness pieces. Andrea Vaday uses the information from antique writers to remake the image of the sarmatian warrior and his fight tactics. The political and military events alongside the archaeological discoveries area enough to draw the main characteristics, both political and military, of the sarmatic population.

gnes Szekeres researched the sarmatic tombs from Bcstopolya Bnkert, in which they discovered 41 sarmatic burial tombs, which on the basis of the inventory were dated for the end of the 3rd c. and the beginning of the 4th c., analogies being retraced in the tombs from the south of the Hungarian plain and Banat, in Panciova.

Romanian research regarding post-Roman and sarmatic epochs, after WW2, was given its rebirth. The status of this research was presented in the synthesis Istoria Romniei, I, Bucureti, 1960, p. 671-682, and then again in Istoria Romnilor, II (Daco-romani, Romanici, Alogeni), Bucureti, 2001, p. 3-128.

The historical study connected to the sarmatians from the Western territory of Romania had as its basis the archaeological research and isolated discoveries, very few, having a sporadic character and coherenceless. The main focus was on the ethnic identification of the barbarian communities from outside the Roman Dacia. From the historical sketch of M. Macrea on the barbarian neighbors of the Roman Dacia, the subject was no longer globally treated. The work of Coriolan Horaiu Crian, Dacia roman i Barbaricum, tried to treat at a high level the relationship of the province with the neighbor barbarian territories, as well as the history of these peoples. D. Popescu published a catalogue of this research in Transylvania, which included sarmatic materials. An important article regarding a sarmatic discovery is that of N. Chisiodan, who tackles the problems connected to this ethnic group based on the sarmatic graveyard from imand.

A real controversy of the 60s and the 70s was the research of the ground walls from Roman Dacia and the neighboring provinces of the sarmatic penetration area, in which Hungarian researchers got involved. Researches from K. Horedt, E. Drner and V. Boronean, V. Balas, S. Soproni enter this race.

After 1970 we can notice a new stage of sarmatic population studies from Western Romania, owed to the contribution of historical and archaeological research made by E. Drner, M. Barbu, P. Hgel. These were made on the valley of the Mures, attesting the existence of some sarmatic enclaves in the lower plain area close to the rivers. E. Drner observes, in his article based on archaeological discoveries from the Arad area, as well as from the sarmatic traces from the area of the Cris and teh Somes, that there are no sarmatic penetrations known in the hill and intra-mountain areas from Zarand, and the Criul Repede corridor. P. Hgel and M. Barbu observed that in the Arad area, ethnic separation is based on the funerary rite. The Sarmatians signaled through burial tombs are situated on the line of the Mures and in the plain from the west of Arad. The quality of the living together between the Sarmatians and the autochthonous population is attested through the Dacian pottery, in sarmatic context. The living together between the two populations may be observed within the biritual tombs from eitin.

For the central Banat area important contributions are awarded to Marius Moga, prof. univ. dr. Doinei Benea, prof. univ. dr. Adrian Bejan, M. Moroz-Pop, Florin Medele. Marius Moga together with N. Gudea publishes an article based on the Banat archaeological research. The sarmatic discoveries of Doina Benea and her collaborators will be comprised in the work Dacia sud-vestic n sec. III-IV, which encompasses elements of history, chronology, and interpretations regarding the sarmatians from the south-west of the Banat area. In an article issued in sequels, D. Benea tackles the problem of the Limigantes and Argaragantes sarmatians, admitting a series of hypotheses regarding the ethnic origin of the limigantes. The late historian and archaeologist Fl. Medele made some research regarding the ground walls, as well as the sarmatic presence in Banat, sustaining that the latters presence in the Banat plain is attested by a series of isolated tombs and discoveries. N. Gudea and I. Mou analyzed the history of Banat in the Roman epoch, referring to the Sarmatian-Iazyges from the west of the Roman province. In their opinion, the presence of the Sarmatians during the province is negligible, being unable to support the occupation of a part of the province. Adrian Bejan researched, in his turn, things presented later in the work Banatul n secolel IV-XII. The same author, in another general work, referring to the phenomenon of ethnogenesis, dedicates an entire chapter to the migrators from the Romanian space. Adrian Bejan and Liviu Mruia offer details about the sarmatians history, historiographical problems and also a division of the periods of the sarmatic epoch. Within the research, we remark the publishing of the material resulted from archaeological excavations made at Dumbrvia by the CSIATim team and the Banat Museum, regarding the Roman walls directed towards the Barbaricum. This study joins the ones made by Hungarian and Arad historians. Still among synthesis works, which include the problem of the sarmatic ethnic group, is that of Liviu Mrghitan, which treats the post Roman and early feudalism period, appreciating that Banat was organized from 102 as a special Military district, in order to answer better to a Dacian or Iazyg possible attack. Still in that same area of works, we remind those of S. Dumitracu Dacia apusean and the big synthesis of M. Mare, who tackles the sarmatic archaeological discoveries from Banat. In his work, Banatul ntre secolele IV-IX, the Banat historian and archaeologist, revises a short history of this area, focusing on the main political and historical events included in the referred period of time. Among the migratory populations who show up in the Banat space, taking advantage of the internal instability of the Empire, the first will be the Sarmatian-Iazyges, at the beginning of the 4th century.

Sporadic iazyg infiltrations are signaled before the 2nd-3rd c., in the north-eastern corner of Banat. After 275, the area of sarmatic discoveries includes the lower southern Mures plain, towards the south-west, towards the Serbian Banat. There is no attesting of this population in the hill and mountain area of Banat. After Mircea Mare, the Sarmatians have a well-developed material culture, influenced by different cultures belonging to different spaces and peoples with whom the Sarmatians get in touch. Iranian elements as well as Hellenistic Greek from the Pont area are evidenced through the polychromes, in the artistic processing of metal, like the use of the filigree and pseudo-granulation, the richly and beautifully ornate clothing. From the autochthonous they take on elements of material culture (Latin and Roman provincial fibulae).

Based on the latest archaeological research, contributions to the knowledge of the tombs and the sarmatic funerary rite are brought by the Timioara archaeologist from the Banat Museum, M. Mare and Dana Tnase. The same authors researched a controversial problem, that of the penetration of the Sarmatians in Banat, correlating the information already existing with the archaeological discoveries. On the basis of the ceramic inventory discovered at Timioara Pdurea Verde, with analogies in the Serbian area and the Tisa plain, it was considered that in the Banat area there has been a Roman - barbarian interference. D. Tnase sustains that the sarmatic presence in the tombs and isolated settlements is attested in the lower plain area of the rivers, thing already seen in Baka and the Serbian Banat. M. Mare observed that out of all sarmatic tombs in Banat and Crisana and the isolated tombs discovered there, only a third to the period before the Aurelian retreat. So, before the retreat, there have been penetrations in the plain area of Banat, a proof of this being also the discovery of the sarmatic graveyard, 2nd 3rd c. from Foeni. For the 270 480 AD periods, the sarmatic remains cover a large area, between the Danube and the Tisa, and at the east of Tisa they cover the whole plain, including the confluence of the three Cri Rivers until the Mure, and southwards in the Serbian and Romanian Banat.

Within the research of late Roman and post Roman epoch there were some remarked: Gh. Bichir, S. Dumitracu, J. Nemeti, Alexandru C. Matei, Gh. Lazin, C. H. Opreanu, Al. Sianu. Gh. Bichir made a series of studies regarding the provinces relationships with the barbarian peoples neighboring the provincial Dacian area, as well as new hypotheses about the penetration of the Sarmatians, the history of lower Danube sarmatians. Gh. Bichir sustains, in his article, Relations between the Sarmatians and the Free Dacians, the problem of the penetration of the Iazyges in the Pannonic plain in the 1st c. AD, based on the information rendered by ancient authors and archaeological research, which demonstrate their initial settlement in the north of the Pannonic plain, between the Danube and the Tisa. The Romanian historian supports the idea of the penetration of the Sarmatians in the Hungarian territory through the north, going up the Nistru, then up the Prut and not along the Danube. This fact is supported by the discoveries of isolated tombs from Moldova (38), Muntenia (48), Dobrogea (4) and western Romania (Banat-25 i Criana-19), no sarmatic tomb being retraced in Oltenia and Transilvania, belonging to the 1st and 2nd c. AD. In the sarmatic tombs from the Tisa region hand-made Dacian pottery was discovered, as well as in those from Banat and Crisana, fact observed in the sarmatic tombs from Moldova and Muntenia. Gh. Bichir, taking over information from ancient writers, debates the problem of the Argaragantes and Limigantes sarmatians, sustaining the latters belonging to the Daco Roman population.

An interesting work is that of Rusu Mircea, Autochtones et Migrateurs (IIIe siecle IXe siecle), but also that of Ioana Hica Cmpeanu, Rituri funerare n Transilvania de la sfritul secolului al III-lea, pn n secolul al V-lea e.n. About the funerary ritual of the barbarians, an interesting study is the papers of Alexandru Sonoc. He mentioned the assembly between the rituals from Great Hungarian Plain or sarmatian area and some discoveries from Banat or Transylvania. The author extended the study by presenting some new ideas about the presence of flowers and plants in the burial grave, which had related with the diseases of the people who died. We know a few about the ritual, magic and the believes of the sarmatian, and Alexandru Sonocs historical studies, also ethnological studies give us something that classical history doesnt reveled.

In the study of the relationships of the Roman Empire with the Barbaricum, but also the research of the Romanian space in which the Sarmatians penetrate, a special aid is brought by Sever Dumitracu. Besides the mentioned work, in his articles, the historian makes reference to the western border of the Dacia province, as well as to the barbarian population neighboring it, enumerating the sarmatic discoveries from the regions of Arad, Crisana and Banat.

I. I. Russu revises the relations and the wars with the sarmatians from 117-118, based on the ancient and historiographical sources, using the information rendered by the military diploma from 123. Russu presents the reorganization of Roman Dacia and the founding of Dacia Porolissensis, during Hadrians reign.

Historian Al. Aldea researched the sarmatic discovery from Sebe, which contained a metal mirror of the Tamga type, the only piece discovered in western Romania, analogies existing in the Prut area. On the penetration of the Roxolans and the Alans in the Romanian territory, as well as about the Daco-Roman continuity within the migration period, Gh. Diaconu published a series of articles.

The historian Mihai Brbulescu treated in an earlier article, the research of a probably sarmatic tomb discovered in the Roman camp of Potaissa. According to D. Benea, the tomb is Germanic, and in a monographic study about the V Macedonica legion, she presented the campaigns to which the legion takes part against the Sarmatians. Research concerning archaeological discoveries belonging to migratory populations were made by J. Nemeti, identifying analogies between the inventory of the burial tomb from Urziceni, Satu Mare county, imand and some tombs from the Hungarian plain, this one being dated in the 3rd and 4th century. Still from the Satu Mare area, historian Gh. Lazin published the archaeological material discovered in this area.

The study of the relationships between Roman Dacia and Barbaricum reached another dimension, with the attempt of C. H. Opreanu to make a global work regarding this type of research. The latter researches, in some articles, the iazyg problem, the chronology of the late Roman epoch, economic relationships between Roman Dacia and neighbor barbarians, surpassing the study made by Al. Sianu which stopped only at the numismatic discoveries.

The historian from Cluj supports the idea of the settlement of the Iazyges in a first stint, in the north of the Hungarian plain, in the 1st c. AD and the beginning of the 2nd c., fact proven by the archaeological discoveries attributed to the sarmatic population, which are concentrated in the north-eastern part of the Hungarian plain. After Coriolan Opreanu, during Trajans reign, the Iazyges did not live at the south of the Partiscum-Lugio line, and so their territory in the first Daco Roman war must be searched in the space north of the Mures and not in Banat. According to Sever Dumitracu, the earliest sarmatic discovery in Romania is the tomb from Vrand (jud. Arad), the other 9 discoveries from Arad and Bihor being dated in the 2nd and 3rd c. Opreanu talks about the political and military history of the Sarmatian-Iazyges, to whom the re-establishment of the Dacian kingdoms power in the 1st c. AD the western limit on the Tisa was established. Taking advantage of the events from 101-102, they will temporarily set their authority over the territory from the east of The Tisa, as allies of Rome. The military events from 107-108 and then the Iazyges revolt from 117-118 were unleashed probably by the discontempt of the Sarmatians regarding the fact that Trajan refused to return them the territory from the east of the Tisa, but also because of the cessation of the ties between the Iazyges and the Roxolans, once with the organization of the Dacia province. The relationships of the Dacia province with the western Barbaricum, during the Marcomanic Wars, is minutely debated, mentioning the political and economical consequences on the Iazyges, who obtained the right to establish trade with the eastern space and go through the province, only with the approval of Dacias governor. The historian from Cluj considers that the sarmatic bronze mirror with a Tamga type sign from Sebe could be a proof of the occasional transit of the Sarmatians through Dacia.

A special aid was brought by the talks regarding different aspects of the relationships with Barbaricum, from the 17th International Congress on the Borders of the Roman Empire, from Zalu, in September 1997. The volume published after this Congress is structured in five parts, the first three being in connection with the research of the western and north-western sarmatic area. The last part is dedicated to the barbarians from the east of Daciei Porolissensis and Apulensis, of utmost importance being Vitalie Brcs articles on the military equipment and political history of the Sarmatians from the north west of the Black Sea. Clin Timoc makes a possible route of the penetration of the Sarmatian-Iazyges towards the Roman Banat at the beginning of the 2nd c. AD. In the authors opinion, the penetration of the Iazyges was made by crossing the Tisa, at a point situated at the middle of its flow from the overflowing of Mures in the Danube, heading towards the centre of the Roman camp line Lederata-Tibiscum, avoiding the areas of swamps. This is strengthened by the defeat at Vrac of the Iazyg army and the removal of IIII Flavia Felix legion to Berzovia, the most exposed point to barbarian attacks.

Sever Dumitracu tackles the problem of barbarians by using ancient sources, but also archaeological ones, regarding different migratory populations. Among these barbarians we can retrace the Sarmatians as well, who will settle in many waves in the Danube Tisa area and in the western Romanian one, especially in the lower plain next to waterways. They will not live isolated from the autochthonous populations, but will interact, reciprocally influencing each other. Because of the autochthonous Dacian, Daco-Celtic, Daco-Roman populations, the Sarmatians will enter a process of sedentarization.

Alexandru Szentmiklosi and Clin Timoc published the archaeological material from the supposed settlement and tomb in Foeni Slite, establishing analogies of the pieces with sarmatian settlements from Hungary and Serbia.

Late archaeological research from the Serbian Banat and the Baka area have led to some studies which include sarmatic material, the shaping of the analogies of the pieces discovered with those from the Hungarian plain and the Romanian space. In this category we include the works of Sebian archaeologists: D. Batisti-Popadi, M. Djordevi, S. Trifunovi, C. Jorgovi. Daria Batisti-Popadi publishes the archaeological material discovered in the sarmatic tomb from Vojlovica-Panevo, framing it following the orientation of the majority of the bodies south-north-west and the inventory of the tombs, the row of the 3rd and 4th c. AD. The pottery discovered is both Dacian, Roman imitation and Roman provincial. On the basis of archaeological support, the Serbian historian believes that during the 3rd and 4th c., in the researched area there was a mixed population, Dacian- Sarmatic, practicing trade with the Roman provinces.

V. Dautova-Ruevljan elaborated a study regarding the analysis of the sarmatic culture research from the Vojvodina area. The Serbian archaeologist observes, on the basis of ancient writings, the problem of identification of some sarmatic tribes from Baka, Banat and the Pannonic plain. For the 1st and 2nd c. AD the Iazyges are mentioned, whereas for the 3rd and 4th the Roxolans. From the work of Ammianus Marcelinus one can distinguish the Argaragantes, Limigantes and Amicenses sarmatians. M. Prducz sustained that evem the tribes of Royal Sarmatians, the Ugri and the Roxolans could be mentioned. V. Dautova-Ruevljan observes the belonging of the material culture of the Sarmatians from Pannonia to a basis with Bosphoran-pontic elements, while the Baka and Banat area, within the sarmatic culture, daco-celtic and roman-provincial elements were identified. The symbiosis of these elements formed the so-called sarmatic culture, known in the specific literature as such.Maja Djordjevi published the material from the sarmatic tombs belonging to the collection of the museums from Panevo and Vrac, where there are objects from 30 sites from the south west of Banat. On the basis of the research of these sites considerations were made regarding the position of the tombs near the plain rivers, on their terraces, and in the low hill area. Elements of sarmatic rite and funerary ritual may be observed through the positioning of the deceased in burial tombs, the majority south north oriented. In their inventory there were ceramic objects hand- or wheel-made, personal objects of the deceased (weapons, jewels, everyday objects), clothing ornaments (a specificity being the large number of beads, sewn on the garments). Within the same inventory, the Serbian researcher observes two types of objects, connected to clothing, jewels and weapons, brought by the Sarmatians at their arrival from the Pontic area, and objects resulted from their trade with the Romans from the neighboring provinces, mainly Pannonia.

She will use in the research of the tombs from the Serbian Banat, the chronologic framing, on horizons, made by Prducz. gnes Sekeres researched the sarmatic tomb from Subotica Verui, where 17 toms surrounded cu circular ditches were found, out of the 67 sarmatic tombs. The orientation of the deceased is south-north, being laid flat on the back. The majority of these tombs were vandalized, but on the basis of the ritual and archaeological material, the tomb could be dated at the end of the 4th c, - the beginning of the 5th c., there being analogies with the sarmatic and hunic tombs from southern Hungary. Olga Brukner analyzed the roman discoveries from the settlements and tombs from Barbaricum from the Baka and Banat regions, supporting the theory regarding the barbarians trade with the neighboring roman provinces and drew a map of the discoveries. A special place in the trade between the Sarmatians and the roman provinces belonged to Pannonia.

A special contribution to the study of the Danube Tisa habitat and to the study of Sarmatians was brought by the Slovakian and Polish researchers. A monographic study, which refers to the history of the sarmatic population from their appearance in the European space until their disappearance from history, was made by Tadeucz Sulimirski. In his work The Sarmatians, the Polish author makes a presentation of the Sarmatians from the Hungarian plain and the Romanian space. Sulimirski considers the migration of the Iazyges in the north- east of Hungary was made through Bucovina and the North of the Carpathians, and happened immediately after 20 AD, where they would find a Daco Celtic population. The author reminds that the iazyg tombs contain plain monuments and are grouped in large graveyards. They contain a poor inventory in the first period (1st and 2nd c.), mainly due to the lack of resources, as well as the cessation of the connections with the Roxolans from the eastern Carpathic area, by the founding of the Dacia province. The middle sarmatian period in Hungary is characterized by their involvement in the Marcomanic Wars (166-172 d. Chr., 177-180 d.Chr.), thing leading to the enrolment of 8,000 sarmatian knights in the Roman army. For the mentioned period, Sulimirski observes in the inventory of the tombs, objects of Pontic origin with analogies in the area of Low Volga and Kuban, the idea of the penetration a new sarmatian wave, perhaps the Roxolans, being heavily supported. The late sarmatian period, within the 3rd 5th c. AD, is characterized by a migratory ethnic conglomerate in the eastern European area and by repeated attacks on the Roman Empire. The Polish author reminds the military episodes from the 4th c. AD, in which the Argaragantes and Limigantes are involved. For this period we may distinguish on the basis of archaeological research changes in the rite and funerary inventory.

Polish historian K. Godlowski researched the chronology of migrations and the barbarian peoples from the north-west of the Carpathians, the barbarian military history with references to the Sarmatian-Iazyges and the Marcomanic Wars.

The same importance is awarded to the work of historian Halina Dobrzanska, Contacts between Sarmatians and Przeworsk Culture community, which observes elements of material culture common to both populations, on the basis of archaeological research from the tombs, including the rite and funeral habits. Vyaceslav Kotigoroko has a work regarding the Upper Tisa region, which, alongside his articles, contributes to the study of Sarmatians and other barbarian peoples.

Kotigoroko tackles the problem of stamped pottery and workshops from the Polish, Hungarian and Romanian areas. From the acquired data including the analogous excavations, he supports the fact that nowhere else, stamped pottery has had a larger expansion and ornamental riches on the Upper Tisa areas, although this is known in other regions with polyethnic structure as well, like the Cerneahov culture.

L. Szanianeska analyzed the sarmatian problem in Ptolemys Geographia, drawing a series of ethnic maps based on ancient information. A. Kokowski drew the conclusion that the first contact between the bearers of the Pzeworsk culture and the Sarmatians took place at the middle of the 1st c. AD. Later on, during the Marcomanic Wars, the Sarmatians penetrate the area of Upper Tisa, and starting with the end of the 2nd c. AD, elements of material culture belonging to the two ethnicities may be identified within the discoveries near the Sarmatian limes. Beginning with the 3rd and the 4th c., the Sarmatians will assimilate the material culture of those with whom they come into contact.

Richard Brzezinski and Mariusz Mielczarek, in the study The Sarmatians 600 B.C.-450 A.D. present the Sarmatian tribes, the military history of these migrators with reference to the Danube area and the Roman Empire. Polish historians revise the sarmatian offensive and defensive weapons, presenting archaeological discoveries and analogies between the Bosphoran and the Hungarian plain areas. The authors identify influences of the sarmatian armament over the Roman cavalry. Within their work, they try to remake the armor, the equipment and the tactics employed by the Sarmatians, attempt based on ancient information and archaeological discoveries, especially Russian ones.

Archaeological research in settlements and tombs helps to elucidate some yet unclear problems of historiography. Archaeological research from recent years, from the Serbian Banat and the Baka area, Hungary and Romania has led to the development of some studies which include sarmatic material, the shaping of the pieces analogies with the Hungarian plain and the Romanian area.

Among the migratory populations which appear in the Banat space, taking advantage of the inner instability of the Empire, the Sarmatian-Iazyges are the first, at the beginning of the 4th c. Before the retreat, massive infiltrations took place in the field area of Banat. For the period between 270-480 AD, the sarmatian remains cover a large area, between the Danube and the Tisa, to the east of Tisa including the whole field, encompassing the confluence of the Cri Rivers until the Mure, and southwards in the Romanian and Serbian Banat. They could observe the maximum limit of the sarmatian penetration in the Romanian space, finding no traces in the hill and mountain regions, where an autochthonous population continues to exist, enslaved to this barbarian people, politically only. The peaceful living together of these two ethnicities must not be denied, for it is proved by the archaeological discoveries and up-to-date studies.

To have a global image on the sarmatian culture, on interethnic interferences, the continuation of these studies is necessary, the minute analysis of the archaeological material and its publishing. The actual status of research regarding the Sarmatian-Iazyges reached a level at which synthetic works regarding this barbarian people are an absolute necessity, which should include the discoveries of Romanian archaeologists and their studies, as well as those of Serbians, Hungarians. The establishing of some analogies, but also of area differences, owed to the autochthonous population, could set light upon some yet unsolved problems. Rediscussing and reanalyzing of the material from some settlements, only on the basis of the relative chronology of some artifacts have to be done. A regional co-operation in the field could establish if some discoveries from Serbia and Hungary are really sarmatian, daco-roman or if they attest a living together of both ethnicities.

Stadiul actual al cercetrilor istoriografice privind sarmaii iazygi din habitatul dintre Dunre i Tisa (la sud de confluena cu Mureul) n secolele I ~ IV p. Ch.

(REZUMAT)n urma cercetrilor arheologice i studiilor de specialitate, ale informaiilor antice i reprezentrilor de pe monumente se pot reconstitui elementele generale i particulare ale culturii sarmatice din spaiul dintre Dunre, Tisa i pn la confluena cu Mureul.

Studiul istoriografic asupra sarmailor iazygi i aduce aportul la cercetarea culturii i civilizaiei acestui neam barbar. Dac pentru perioada interbelic, istoriografia maghiar a fost pe alocuri sub influena politicului, dup 1950 se nregistreaz progreze n cercetarea istoric barbarilor din vestul provinciei Dacia Roman. Studiile lui M. Prducz i A. H. Vaday se nscriu n rndul lucrrilor de baz pentru studierea sarmailor din arealul Dunre Tisa Mure. Istoricii srbi i-au adus aportul la studierea iazygilor. Tendinele din ultima perioad denot o colaborare ntre istoricii srbi i romni n cercetarea aezrilor i necropolelor din Banatul istoric. Pentru spaiul romnesc, cercetrile privind sarmaii se rezum la studierea necropolelor i descoperirilor izolate atribuite acestei populaii migratoare. n momentul de fa civilizaia sarmailor e cunoscut prin dou componente, prin necropole la care nu se pot anexa aezrile sarmatice adiacente. Exist aezri caracterizate prin ceramic dacic i roman, aparinnd unei populaii sedentare, n acest moment necunoscndu-se necropolele aferente lor. Aceste lucruri reprezint carene de informaii arheologice. Descoperirile de la Foeni, cele mai vechi, atest infiltrri timpurii de sarmai ce nu pot da o imagine de ansamblu a situaiei n vestul Romniei, unde prezena sarmat este documentat odat cu ptrunderea valului roxolan. Pentru conturarea unei imagini globale asupra culturii sarmate, ale interferenelor etnice, este necesar continuarea acestor cercetri, analiza atent a materialului arheologic i publicarea lui.

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articol aprut n Studii de Istorie a Banatului (SIB), nr. XXX-XXXI, 2006-2007, p. 74-93.Article appeared in SIB, XXX-XXXI, 2007, p. 74-93.

Opreanu 1998, p. 8.

Tortnelmi s rgszeti rtesit Temesvrott (TRT), Timioara 1877-1917.

apud Mare 2004, p. 21.

Gooss 1877, p. 441-443.

Hampel 1905.

Mare 2004, p. 21

ibidem.

Patsch 1937; Alfldi-Prducz 1941.

Patsch 1925, p. 196-197, apud Daicoviciu 1942.

Patsch 1929, p. 214.

Csallny 1936; Prducz 1940, p. 45.

Alfoldi 1939.

Daicoviciu 1942, p. 98-99.

Prducz 1940, Prducz (1944), p. 83-85.

Prducz 1940, p. 44.

Prducz 1942, p. 317.

Prducz 1941, p. 68-69; Prducz 1944, p.64; Vaday 1989, p.77-78.

Prducz 1941, p. 35.

Alfldi- Prducz 1941, p. 165.

Prducz 1942, p. 318-319.

Prducz 1950, p. 218, p. 236; Mare 2004, p. 65.

Garaanin Garaanin 1951 apud Mare, M., op.cit, p.22.

Baraki 1975; Baraki 1961, p. 117-143; Baraki 1973; Baraki, 1971, p. 281-305.

Barkczi 1959.

Salamon 1959, p. 75-89; Salamon - Barkczi 1978, p.31-49.

Balla 1969, p. 111-113.

Garam Patay Soproni 1983.

Garam Patay Soproni 1983; Vaday 2003, p. 205-206

Csallny 1961, p. 312 -314.

Harmatta 1970.; Harmatta 1950, p. 1008-1011.

Harmatta 1970, p. 53-55.

Istvanovits 1990, p. 83-133.

Khegyi 1985; Khegyi 1969, p. 97-106.

Vaday 1989.

Soproni 1969, p. 43-53.

Mcsy 1977 a, p. 439-446; Mcsy 1977 b, p. 45-49; Mcsy 1974.

Fitz 1965, p. 73-85; Fitz 1962, Fitz 1989.

Vaday 1989; Vaday 1991, p. 75-83; Vaday 1977, p. 27-31; Vaday 1992, p.81-87 ; Vaday 2003 a; Vaday 2003 b.

Gabler-Vaday 1986; Gabler-Vaday 1992.

Vaday 1989, p.79-80.

Vaday 1989, p. 191.

Vaday-Medgyesi 1993, p. 80-84.

Vaday 1994.

Vaday 1989, p. 208-210.

Vaday 1999.

Vaday 2003 a, p. 222-223.

Vaday 2001, p.178, fig. 3.

The Roman Army in Pannonia. An Archaeological guide of the Ripa Pannonica, editat de Zs. Visy, Pecs, 2003.; Visy 1989; Visy 2000; Visy 1970, p. 5-29.

Vrs 1984, p. 147-154; Vrs 1987; Vrs 1993, p. 173-174.; Vrs 1983; Vrs 1992, p. 11-45.

Istvanovits Kulcsr 1992; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1994, p. 405-416; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1995; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1997, p. 153-188.; Istvanovits Kulcsr 2000, p. 3-27.; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1993, p. 27-35.

Istvanovits Kulcsr 1993, p. 28-29.

Kulcsr 1997, p. 713-715.

International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st -5th centuries A.D., Aszod Nyiregyhaza, 2001.

Istvanovits Kulcsr 2001.

Vaday 2001.

Szekeres 1999, p. 510.

Istorie Romniei, I, 1960; Istoria Romnilor, II, 2001.

Macrea 1968.

Popescu 1956.

Chidioan 1965, p. 443.

Horedt 1965, p.725-730.; Drner Boronean 1968, p. 7-16.; Balas 1963, p.309-336.; Soproni 1969, p. 43-53.

Drner 1971, p. 686-690, Hgel Barbu 1997, p. 571-572.

Moga Gudea 1975.

Benea 1992, p. 143-156.; Benea 1993, p.133-140.; Benea 1996.

Medele 1970, p. 59-63.; Medele 1987.

Gudea Mou 1987.

Bejan 1995.; Bejan Mare 1993, p. 222-232.

Bejan Mruia 2004, p. 153-158.

Draovean-Benea 2004.

Mrghitan 1980.

Dumitracu 1993.; Mare 2004.

Mare 2004, p. 11-19.

idem, p. 50-51.

ibidem, p.63-64.

Tnase Mare 2000, p. 193-208.

Tnase 1998, p. 253-254.

Mare 1998, p. 285.

idem, p. 287; Tnase 2004, p. 237-238.

Bichir 1993, p. 135-169.; Bichir 1973; Bichir 1974.

Bichir 1974, p. 57.; Bichir 1993.

Bichir 1976, p. 117.

Bichir 1974, p. 65; Harmatta 1970, p. 49-51.

Cmpeanu 1979.

Sonoc 2006; Sonoc 2002, p. 121-128.

Dumitracu 1969, p. 483 sq.; Dumitracu 1977.

Russu 1973, p. 47-62.

Aldea 1971, p. 693 700.

Diaconu 1980 a; Diaconu 1980 b, p. 73-81.

Brbulescu 1982, p. 137-142.

Nmeti 1983, p. 144 - 145; Nmeti - Gindele 1997; Lazin 1992, p. 339-346.; Lazin 1981-1982.

Opreanu 1998, p. 48; Opreanu 1993.

Sianu 1980.

Dumitracu 1993, p. 75, p. 110; Opreanu 1997, p. 286-287; Opreanu 1993, p. 235-260.

Opreanu 1998, p. 55-56.

idem, p. 133.

Romani i barbari la frontierele Daciei , n ActaMP, XXI, 1997, ediie special aprut cu ocazia celui de-al al XVII-lea Congres Internaional asupra Frontierelor Imperiului Roman de la Zalu, din septembrie 1997.

Timoc 1997, p. 298.

Dumitracu 1997, p. 335 359.

Szentmiklosi Timoc 2005, p.657-677.

Batisti-Popadi 1985, p. 69.

Dautova-Ruevljan 1990, p. 84-85.

Djordjevi 1994, p. 48-50.

Sekeres 1998, p. 118-119.

Brukner 1990, p. 200-201.

Sulimirski 1970, p. 173-174.

Idem, p. 175-182.

Godlowski 1970; Godlowski 1984, p. 327-346.

Dobrzanska 2001, p. 102-103.

Kotigoroko 1995.

Kotigoroko 1997, p. 813.

Szanianeska 1993.

Kokowski 1998.

Brzezinski 2002.

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