the accuracy of the translation of preposition of …

THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OFPREPOSITION OF IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

OF JANUARY 2009

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

Norie ParamitaStudent Number : 054214085

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2009

i

THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OFPREPOSITION OF IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

OF JANUARY 2009

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

Norie ParamitaStudent Number : 054214085

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2009

iv

Practice makes perfect!

-Anonymous-

v

I dedicate this thesis to

my beloved parents

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I present my deepest gratitude to the Lord Jesus for His abundant grace

and love. This thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents who mean the world!

I am deeply indebted to my thesis advisor Adventina Putranti S.S. M.Hum.

for her assistance and willingness to guide me writing this thesis. Then I would

like to thank Anna Fitriati S.Pd, M.Hum. for her advice and also, the English

lectures for their guidance during my study years. Next I owe a great debt of

gratitude to my relatives: aunts, uncles, cousins. Thanks!

To my sister, Mirna Aryani, thanks for everyhting. I miss you so much!

And through the process of writing this thesis, I have got much support

from wonderful friends like Lia (thanks pinky!), Desy, Ella, Riena, Lusi, Jefry,

Linda, Dite for his accompany, Mba Nate, Ben, Wewen, Ria, Can, Cindy, Cihuy

and friends, Debo (for the morning wake-up call), Agoenk, adude, anak

nongkrong LidahIbu, KKN ngentakers and Atmajaya Cell Community in the form

of prayers and cheers. Thanks guys! Last but not least, I would like to give thanks

for those whom I have not mentioned here. I believe they have also taken a big

part in the completion of this thesis.

Norie Paramita

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. iAPPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................... iiACCEPTANCE PAGE............................................................................... iiiMOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... ivDEDICATION PAGE................................................................................. vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................ viTABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ viiABSTRACT................................................................................................. ixABSTRAK ................................................................................................... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1A. Background of the Study .................................................................. 1B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................ 5C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 5D. Definition of Terms........................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................. 7A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 7B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................. 8

1. English Grammar .................................................................... 8a. Noun Phrase ......................................................................... 8b. Preposition ........................................................................... 11c. Prepositional Phrase .............................................................. 12

1. The Function of Prepositional Phrase ............................. 12d. Preposition of ........................................................................ 13

1. The Meaning ................................................................... 142. Theory on Bahasa Indonesia .................................................... 17

a. Theory of Noun Phrase.......................................................... 17b. Theory of Preposition............................................................ 19

3. Theory of Translation............................................................... 211. Theory Accuracy of Translation ..................................... 25

C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 27

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 28A. Object of the Study............................................................................ 28B. Approach of the study ....................................................................... 28C. Method of the Study.......................................................................... 29

1. Population and Sample............................................................. 292. Data Collection......................................................................... 303. Data Analysis ........................................................................... 31

viii

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 32A. The Translation of Preposition of in the Magazine........................... 32

a. Accurate Translation ................................................................ 33b. Inaccurate Translation ............................................................. 42

B. The Accuracies Maintained in the Translation ................................. 461. Translation Accuracy ............................................................... 472. Relation in Translation Types .................................................. 48

a. Accurate Translation .......................................................... 50b. Inaccurate Translation........................................................ 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.................................................................. 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 59

APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 62

ix

ABSTRACT

NORIE PARAMITA (2009).The Accuracy of the Translation of Preposition ofin National Geographic of January 2009. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language byequivalence textual material in another language. This study mainly discussesabout the translation and the accuracy of preposition of. There are many conceptsof meanings to reach the equivalence of the preposition of. In order to achieveequivalence of the preposition of in Indonesian translation, the writer usestranslation strategy to deal with grammatical differences.

In this study, the writer analyzes the preposition of phrases in the NationalGeographic Magazine. The magazine is chosen because it has updatedinformation of the science and natural environment that are understandable toread. The study of preposition of is purposed to find the meanings in Indonesiantranslation. Then the meanings are analyzed to find the accuracy that aremaintained in the translation.

The study of preposition of was descriptive research, while the methodused here was the random sampling. There were four steps in the collecting ofdata. First, the writer collected the sample of the preposition of phrases. Secondly,the writer analyzed the of-phrases and found the meanings in English andIndonesian dictionaries. Thirdly, the writer classified all data into tables, whichwere dominantly divided into two parts: accurate and inaccurate translations.Lastly, the preposition of was classified into their types: word-for-word, literal,and free translation. Then the translations were analyzed further to make sure theaccuracy is maintained.

The writer comes to a conclusion that literal translation has the mostoccurrences. It is described as following data: article I has 1 accuracy, article IIhas 114 accuracies, article III has 20 accuracies, article IV has 6 accuracies,article V has 41 accuracies, article VI has 1 accuracies of all total number of 186occurrences. Meanwhile, the inaccuracy is fewer than the accuracy; article I has 1inaccuracy, article II has 16 inaccuracies, article III has 6 inaccuracies, article IVhas 5 inaccuracies, article V has 4 inaccuracy and article VI has 2 inaccuracy oftotal number of 34 occurrences. Most of the translations in the magazine areaccurate. There are some changes in the translation to follow the rules in targetlanguage. The translation of preposition of is changed into substitutes, such asdari, dengan, pada, etc. There are also some shifts occur in the structure,grammar and level in the source language and target language. Some additionalwords are also important to maintain the accuracy. Although this study mostly useliteral translation, but it may also use free and word-for-word translations. It doesnot matter what translation type is used, the most important is that translationreproduces the message naturally in the target language.

x

ABSTRAK

NORIE PARAMITA (2009).The Accuracy of the Translation of Preposition ofin National Geographic of January 2009. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

Penerjemahan adalah penggantian material tekstual dalam suatu bahasadengan materi tekstual yang sepadan dalam bahasa lain. Maka studi ini sebagianbesar membahas penerjemahan dan ketepatan kata depan of. Ada sejumlah konsepmakna yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata depan of. Untukmenerjemahkan kata depan of yang sepadan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, makapenulis menggunakan strategi penerjemahan untuk mengatasi perbedaan tatabahasa tersebut.

Dalam studi ini, penulis menyelidiki arti dari kata depan of dalam majalahNational Geographic. Majalah National Geographic dipilih karena menyediakaninformasi terbaru mengenai ilmu pengetahuan dan lingkungan hidup yang mudahdimengerti. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan terjemahan kata depan of dalamBahasa Indonesia. Terjemahan tersebut kemudian dianalisa untuk menjagaketepatannya dalam terjemahan.

Studi kata depan of merupakan penelitian deskriptif, sementara itu metodeyang digunakan ialah metode random sampling. Ada empat langkah yangdigunakan dalam mengumpulkan data. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan contohkata depan of. Kedua, penulis meneliti semua frase of dengan mencari artinyadalam kamus Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Ketiga, penulis membaginya menjadidua bagian: penerjemahan akurat dan tidak akurat. Terkhir, kata depan of dibagike dalam tipenya masing-masing: kata-per-kata, harafiah, dan terjemahan bebas.Selanjutnya penerjemahan tersebut diteliti lebih jauh untuk menemukankeakuratannya.

Penulis menyimpulkan kata depan of banyak menggunakan penerjemahanharafiah. Penjumlahannya adalah sebagai berikut: artikel I mempunyai 1 akurasi,artikel II mempunyai 114 akurasi, artikel III mempunyai 20 akurasi, artikel IVmempunyai 6 akurasi, artikel V mempunyai 41 akurasi, artikel VI mempunyai 1akurasi, semua data berjumlah 182 data. Sementara itu, data yang tidak akuratyaitu artikel I mempunyai 1 data, artikel II mempunyai 16 data, artikel IIImempunyai 6 data, artikel IV mempunyai 5 data, artikel V mempunysi 4 data danartikel VI mempunyai 1 data dari jumlah keseluruhan 34 data. Sebagian besarpenerjemahan di dalam majalah ini digolongkan akurat. Namun ada banyakperubahan penerjemahan yang disesuaikan ke bahasa target. Salah satunya ialahperubahan kata of diterjemahkan menjadi pengganti, seperti dari, pada, dengan,dan lain-lain. Selain itu, terdapat pula perubahan struktur, level dan tata bahasadari bahasa asal ke dalam bahasa target. Penambahan kata sangat membantuuntuk membuat terjemahan tetap akurat dan sepadan dengan bahasa aslinya.Walaupun terjemahan dalam studi ini banyak menggunakan kata harafiah, namunterdapat juga terjemahan bebas dan kata-per-kata. Tidak menjadi masalah apapunjenis terjemahan tersebut, yang terpenting dalam penerjemahan ialah mencaripadanan alami yang semirip mungkin dengan bahasa sasaran.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of four parts. The first part is the background of the

study that gives a description and the reason of the study. The second part is the

problem formulation stating the problems that will be discussed in the study. The

third part is the objective study, based on the problem formulation, is to achieve

the purpose of the research. The last part is the definition of terms to avoid

misunderstanding which appears in the title and problem formulation.

I. Background of the Study

In daily life, human interacts in a social situation to create a language for

communicating and expressing their ideas. There are many languages come from

different cultures which need a device to convey various mindset and ideas.

Translation, as a device for communication, is important to transfer human’s

thoughts. Translation has developed in many material texts and complexity, as

human has gained so much knowledge. Human has used translation world widely

as a device in written and spoken. It has become significant, and many theorists

define translation in different point of views. Commonly, Translation is known as

text or work which has been changed from one language into another. Similar to

the general meaning, Catford defines it as a substitution a text in another text:

“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process ofsubstituting a text in one language for a text in another. Clearly,then, any theory of translation must draw upon a theory oflanguage—a general linguistic theory.”(Linguistic theory oftranslation, 1965:1)

2

In his statement, translation is a branch of a linguistic theory which has many

generalizations. The generalizations are taken from the observation of language

happening in human’s life. The observation closely relates to human social

situations and behavior. Moreover, in the process of translating, translation is

related to the textual material which leads to some classifications of language, so

that the language is operationally equivalent to the text. (1965:20). Differently,

Nida and Taber think that translation does not make a problem out of the

languages used:

“Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language theclosest natural equivalent of the source language message, first interms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” (1969:12).

Translation deals with the meaning and style to give the closest natural

equivalent of target language. Regardless the grammatical and structural levels, it

reproduces message with any style of languages and significance of the source

language to be meaningful and comprehensible. In the further process, it is

important to convey message naturally in the target language. For example, a man

of courage is translated into pria pemberani as the accurate one. There is a change

in the structural level. The translation is not translated grammatically based on the

structure, courage (noun) translated into (noun) keberanian. Instead of using

keberanian as the equivalent of courage, the word pemberani (adjective) is more

acceptable as the closest natural translation. As it mentioned earlier, translation is

never separated from language. There is a particular linguistic feature in language

that can be analyzed. For this study, the writer chooses preposition as the

particular linguistic feature. Preposition is chosen for it is flexible and rich to use.

3

In English grammar, preposition has a basic form to follow noun although they

may also take various forms such as participle -ing or wh-clause (Celce-Muria). In

structural terms there are different types of prepositions. The writer focuses the

study on preposition of for it is simple and almost frequently used spoken and

written. It has many meanings that can be analyzed in the translation. The writer is

concerned to find the structural change in preposition of and translation

equivalences in Indonesian language. The accuracy is analyzed in the study to

give a better understanding of preposition of. There are some facts of of-phrases

in English translated in Indonesian, for example:

1. a bowl of soup

2. University of Indonesia

3. Idol of girls

4. a woman of forty

The first example a bowl of soup is translated into semangkuk sup. The

preposition of is the partition to measure the bowl as semangkuk. The phrase a

bowl of is clearly phrasal quantifier. Thus it is translated literally as semangkuk

sup. Preposition of is not translated because it does not have substitute in target

language. The second example (2) University of Indonesia is translated into

Universitas Indonesia, which of-phrase indicates a name of geographical location

or institutions. The following word after preposition of identifies the location of

the University. The rules in English and Indonesia are similar. Both rules indicate

Indonesia as post modification for denoting place (country, town, district, etc).

Unlike the example (2), Boston University is one of the cases which indicate

4

location, but it is not called University of Boston. However, it can not be

generalized that all location must have of-construction. Each language has

different agreement of reference to name the institution.

It frequently happens that translation may change in target language. The

changes are needed if necessary, as for example in (1) and (2). It is called as literal

translation. Literal translation is word-for-word translated but also makes changes

because there are rules to follow in target language, The example King of kings (3)

in English translated into Raja segala raja. Different from the previous example,

sometimes, it also happens that the equivalent is not formally corresponding term

in the system. The change happens in a specific SL element, in which preposition

of is substituted to segala, as the closest equivalence. There is also a change in the

structure of target language in plural kings (SL) into singular raja (TL). In some

cases, translation equivalence does not always match formal correspondence as

for example of is always translated as dari. The meaning may change differently

as long as it conveys the message in the target language.

Unlike the previous example, another instance (3) idol of girls is translated

into idola para gadis or idola gadis-gadis with no substitutions. Each language

has grammatical rules in numbers, and so do English and Indonesian. There is

adjustment of the structures in the word girls (SL) which matches to the target

languages, translated to be plural para gadis or gadis-gadis. The change is

acceptable and almost formally equivalent in target language. The last example

(4) woman of forty is translated to be wanita yang berusia empat puluh tahun.

There are grammatical differences in English and Indonesian. The phrase in SL is

5

translated into clause yang berusia empat puluh tahun in TL. It can occur in such

translation for Indonesian noun phrase can be modified by yang. The use of clause

yang empat puluh tahun (TL) is equivalent to the source language; even though

the translation is not always translated word-for-word.

The examples are some cases which preposition of changes in target

language. Therefore this study primarily intended to find the meaning of

preposition of and the accuracy in National Magazine January 2009. The writer

wants to know how the meanings can be applied in the target language based on

the rules and contexts. By using translation procedures, the accuracy can be

maintained. There are some translation strategies proposed by Catford (1965),

Nida and Taber (1969). The translation strategies deal with difficulties on

grammar and meaning, such as translation shifts and translation equivalences

(word-for-word, literal, and free).

II. Problem Formulation

Based on the description given in the background, the writer will analyze the

translation of of-phrases found in the magazine The questions are formulated as

below:

1. How is the preposition of translated in the magazine?

2. How is the accuracy maintained in the translation?

III. The Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulations, the first problem is to find the meaning

of preposition of in the National Magazine: Gold on January 2009. The meaning

6

of preposition of is taken from English dictionaries and implemented to theory on

Bahasa Indonesia. The theories help the writer to apply the meaning of of-phrases.

The second problem has a purpose to find the accuracy and maintain the accuracy

of preposition of.

V. Definition of Terms

In this part, some definitions of terms will be given, in order to support the

analysis and avoid misunderstanding on certain terms in the title and in the

problem formulation.

The first term is accuracy, the correct transfer of information and evidence

of complete comprehension. (Munday,2001:30)

The second term is preposition, a word placed before to show relation

between words. (House and Harman, 1950:11).

The second term is noun phrase, a group of words with a noun or pronoun

as the main part (the head) which consists of only one word or it may be long and

complex. (Richards, 1985:197).

The third term is translation, a process of substituting a text in one language

for a text in another language. (Catford, 1965:20).

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

The theoretical review contains three parts: the review of related studies,

the review of related theories and the theoretical framework. The review of related

studies contains a review from other related study. The second part, the review of

related theories contains some theories that will be applied in this study. The

review of related study consists of two theories which are the theory of language

and theory of translation. The theory of language consists of theories of

prepositions, prepositional phrases, preposition of, and noun phrases. The theory

of translation consists of the translation strategy and accuracy. Those theories are

the ground work for the analysis that will help the writer in answering the

problems. The last part which is the theoretical framework concerns with the

related theories and reviews to answer the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

Review related studies are from other related study which was done by

other writer. The writer took the review of related studies from Sanata Dharma

University students.

A thesis written by Endang Dwi Astuti (1995), which entitled a study of

the preposition of and the genitive of, is a study to make a comparison between the

preposition of and the genitive of. The pattern of preposition of makes her

confused using another pattern of genitive of. Astuti then made a clarification on a

case sign, meaning and the significant proportions of the meaning categories

8

between preposition of and genitive of. In her research, Astuti found that genitive

of could modify noun or pronoun in the case sign of a genitive. While the

preposition of modify verbs or adjectives. Astuti’s research has many materials

which is related to this research. However, both studies have different purposes.

Astuti’s research is focused to the distribution of preposition of and genitive of.

While, in this research; the writer analyzes the translations of preposition of into

Indonesian and the accuracy of the translations.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part contains of theories which are related to the study. The theories give

a big contribution in finding the meaning and accuracy of preposition of.

1. English Grammar

a. Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase is a phrase whose head is noun and can also act as a subject,

subject or complement of a clause (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:251). There are

three components to describe a noun phrase:

1. Head, which is typically a noun, becomes the main part. A head noun can be

accompanied by the determiners, such as the, a, his, etc (1975:251), e.g., an

attractive woman. The word woman is the head because it is the noun of the

phrase.

2. Premodification, places the object before the head—usually determiners,

adjectives, and noun, e.g., that tall girl, His really quite unbelievably

delightful cottage, some very expensive office furniture. Determiners have also

phrasal quantifiers that can occur with non-count and plural nouns, such as

9

plenty of students, a large number of students (plural), a lot of furniture, a

great deal of money (non-count). (Quirk, 1973:67). Phrasal Quantifiers have

provided some partitive expressions as general partitives (a bit of information,

two pieces of news), typical partitives (a bottle of wine, a few loaves of bread),

and measures (a pound of butter, a spoonful of medicine).

3. Postmodification, places the object after the head: prepositional phrases,

nonfinite clauses, and relative clauses (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990:360), e.g.,

the road to Lincoln, that is the place where we he was born, the boy that is

playing the piano. Leech has classified the postmodification into some parts:

a) Relative Clause (who, whom, whose, which, that, zero) is used for various

types of subclause. It is linked to part or all of the main clause and points

back to the head of the noun phrase, e.g., the records which he owns are

mostly classical. (1975:285).

b) Prepositional Phrase is the most common type postmodifier. It is a

preposition after the head (noun phrase). A prepositional phrase is divided

into three types of postmodifications: Prep+NP, Prep+ wh-Clause, and –

ing Clause. Preposition, often, related to relative clauses, e.g., the house

beyond the church was for sale, his life after the war was rather dull.

(1975:268).

c) Non-finite clause is equivalent to relative clause, which consists of –ing

participle clauses, -ed participle clauses, and to-infinitive clauses. They

function as postmodifier. (1975:269).

1. The people working in the factory asked for a pay increase last month.

10

2. The question debated in Parliament yesterday was about abortion.

3. The next train to arrive was from Chicago.

d) Appositive clause has a relation to the head similar to apposition. It refers

to the same person or thing. Appositive clause uses that-clauses and to-

infinitive clauses. The head of an appositive clause must be an abstract

noun such as the fact, news, plot, answer, apply, etc. (1975:270).

4. The news that he was resigning his job was proved to be incorrect.

5. The police have been investigating a plot to kidnap a prominent

diplomat.

e) Clauses of time, place, manner, and reason which function as

postmodifying clause in the sentences, connected to the head. There are

three types of postmodifying clauses:

a) Finite clauses introduced by wh-clause, e.g., he is always talking about

the years when he was a student.

b) Finite clauses introduced by that or zero, e.g., I will show you the

place (that) we stayed last year.

c) To-infinitive clauses, e.g., that’s not the way to make an omelette!

d) Adverbs as postmodifiers, some adverbs denoting place or time which

postmodify nouns, e.g., his journey home, the meeting yesterday.

(1975:202). The use of this adverb is more restricted, e.g., the people

outside started to shout. (1975:271).

e) Adjectives and adjectival constructions as postmodifiers follow the

noun, e.g., there was something odd about his behavior, anyone keen

11

on modern jazz should not miss the opportunity. (1975:271).

Adjectives are sometimes postmodifiers to modify the head or the

back-pointing element. The adjective is usually regarded as a reduced

relative clause, e.g., the people (who are) involved were reported to the

police. (1975:194).

b. Preposition

Preposition is very frequent to use in English, as their name, pre and positions.

Preposition means positions placed before (pre) a noun phrase (Leech and

Svartvik, 1975:274). Basically, preposition is divided into two kinds: simple and

complex prepositions (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:251).

Simple preposition is the most common English prepositions which consist of

one word such as about, along, before, by, from, after, at, on, in, of, up, down,

through (1975:275), for example, we had to wait at the airport. The preposition at

indicates to place or denote location (at the airport) where the subject we waited.

The other preposition is complex preposition which consists of more than two

words, for example: along with, because of, on top of, in comparison with and the

likes, e.g., I grinned, feeling supremely on top of. Most of the complex

prepositions are formed in the following categories:

1. Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for, away from, out of, etc

2. Verb/adjective/conjunction/etc + Prep: owing to, due to, because of, etc

3. Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in comparison, etc.

12

c. Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional phrase is commonly used in the English language. According to

Quirk, a prepositional phrase expresses a relation between two entities by a

preposition. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a

prepositional complement (Quirk, 1975:143). A prepositional complement is

characteristically followed by a noun phrase, wh-clause and –ing clause:

1. Preposition followed by noun phrase, e.g., There will be 1400

delegates at the conference. (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:272).

2. Preposition is followed by wh-clause, e.g., No conclusion can be

drawn from what the press reported yesterday. (Leech and Svartvik,

1975:272).

3. Preposition followed by –ing clause, e.g., Warren tried to shake off his

fears by looking at the sky. (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:351).

The example (1), (2) and (3) are prepositional complement. The differences

are signed in (1) the preposition at is followed by noun phrase the conference

because the head (main part) is typically a noun (1975:251). The example (2) the

preposition complement is followed by wh-clause in what the press reported. The

last example (3) the prepositional complement, followed by –ing clause as in by

looking. (1975:249-251).

1. The Function of Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase has many grammatical functions which are different to one

another. Leech has given some main functions of prepositional phrase that are

commonly used:

13

a) Prepositional as adverbial, usually tell something extra about the

action, event and state. It is described by the rest of the sentence. It can

be divided into time, place and manner, e.g., my brother works in an

insurance company. (1975:197-198).

b) Postmodifier in a noun phrase, prepositional phrases as modifier. e.g.,

The people on the bus were singing. (1975:268).

c) Verb complements, some verbs have an adverbial following the

object, in order to complete its meaning, e.g., I want to congratulate

you on your exam. (1975:299,303).

d) Complements of adjectives. Adjectives can have different

prepositional complements such as in, at, of, and the likes e.g., I am

terribly bad at mathematics. (1975:191).

e) Subject, complement. Prepositional phrase may also take a noun

phrase as subject, complement, prepositional complement, e.g., before

breakfast is when I do my homework. (1975:274).

d. Preposition of

Preposition of is the most frequent preposition in English grammar. It has an

important role to connect its complement to another part of the sentences. It has

two entities, premodification and postmodification. The words that precede

preposition of take the forms of a noun, pronoun, verb and an adjective, while the

words that follow the preposition of, usually, take form of a noun phrase.

14

1. The Meaning

In terms of meaning, preposition of has a number of different meanings. The

writer has collected the meanings of preposition of from Collins Cobuild English

Dictionary for Advanced Learners, Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary,

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Encarta Webster’s College

dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford Advanced learner’s

Dictionary of Current English and various text books: The Grammar Book by

Celce-Muria et. al The meaning of preposition of will be explained below:

1. Indicate space:

a) Distance/direction which is used to show the position of something or

somebody in space, e.g., within a mile of the house (Random House

Webster’s College Dictionary, 2003:919), north of Detroit. (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005:1051).

b) It is used to show the names of geographical location or institution, e.g.,

the city of New York, the state of Texas. (Celce-Muria et. al.,1999:410).

2. Indicate deprivation/separation/removal. It is used to deprive something or

somebody or to prevent somebody from having something, e.g., they cheated

him of his rights, he got rid of his cold, robbed of one’s money. (2003:919).

3. Indicate derivation/origin: Somebody or something comes from a particular

background or lives in a place (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

(2005:1051), e.g.,he is of royal blood (Miller, 1955:220), the songs of

Gershwin (2003:19), the mayor of Moscow, the finance minister of

Bangladesh. (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, 2001:1064).

15

4. Indicate cause/reason to indicate the person or thing affected by or performing

an action, e.g., she is afraid of dogs, dead of hunger. (2003:919).

5. Indicate material/ substance. It is used to indicate the materials or things

formed and made from (2003:919), e.g., a dress of silk, local decorations of

wood and straws. (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners,

2001:1064).

6. Indicate possession:

a) Belonging to somebody; referring to somebody, e.g., friend of mine, the

love of a mother, a child of yours, and when it is talking or giving example

about somebody’s work, e.g., a painting of Monet. (2005:1051).

b) Belonging to something (being part of) e.g., the leg of chair, the roof of the

house, property of the church. (2003:919).

c) Group or organization someone belongs to, especially an occupation in

particular work or activity, e.g., a director of a company, the member of a

team. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543).

7. Relationship/association/connection: relating to indicate something or

somebody relates to or is concerned with, e.g., he spoke of you, a long story of

his adventure.(1995:543). Something which is connected to; The master of the

house, Doctor of Medicine. (1974:581).

8. Indicate qualities/attributes: having a particular quality. It is used to indicate a

quality that somebody or something has in a particular, e.g., a man of courage,

a woman of courage, a musician of a great talent. (2003:919). It can also form

16

an adjective phrase a man of genius, a man who is genius, a woman of no

importance, an important woman.

9. Indicate time: activity regularly occurs, e.g., he comes here of an evening, he

can’t sleep of a night, a quarter of eleven night (before the hour of; until: ten

minutes of one, something happened in particular time, e.g., the recession of

1974-75, the great conflicts of the past ten years. (1995:543).

10. Indicate a partition:

a) Measuring quantities referring to quantities or groups of things to indicate

the substance or thing that is being measured, e.g., a collection of essays,

jewelry worth millions of pounds, 25 gallons of water. (Encarta Webster’s

College Dictionary, p.1007).

b) Part of, used to indicate a part of something that is normally considered as

a whole, e.g., a slice of bread, a stick of chalk, a blade of grass. (p.1007).

c) Specifying a particular part of something, to introduce the thing that is

part, e.g., the other side of the square, the end of the street, the beginning of

the year, the care of the problem. (2001:1064).

d) Among from, one or more things among a number of similar ones, or an

inclusion in groups of things and people, e.g., many of the students, one of

his last poems, the first of a series of programs. (1995:543).

e) Containing, referring to a container to form an expression referring to the

container and its contents, e.g., a cup of tea, a box of chocolates, a glass of

juice, another bottle of wine. (1995:543).

17

f) Contents, to indicate something consists of a particular thing, e.g., a book

of poems, gifts of olive, strong feelings of jealousy, a town of 13,000

people. (1995:543).

11. Indicate amount, value or age; e.g., a price increase of 2%, a total of 21 years,

the age of five, a boy of nineteen. (1995:543).

12. Forming genitive: subject and object. The love of God is God’s love

(subjective), a maker of pots is a man who makes pots (objective). (Oxford

Advanced learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1974:580-581).

2. Theory on Bahasa Indonesia

a. Theory of Noun Phrase

Noun phrase in Indonesian language can be subject or object in a sentence.

The structure of noun phrase in Indonesian has similarity as in English noun

phrase. It has head which can be modified by premodification and

postmodification. (Moeliono, 1988:203). The premodification is, usually,

preceded by numbers and classification such as dua buah buku. The head is buku

and the premodification is dua buah, denoting the plural number. The other

premodifications indicate quantifier (dua buah, lima buah), numeral (kelima,

kedua), negation (bukan), and modifier (hanya). According to Chaer,

postmodification after head can be modified by nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The

postmodifier is used to indicate possession, material, origin, location, attribute,

form, size, purpose, etc. (Chaer, 1998:300-314). Furthermore, Moeliono states

that postmodication has main rules (1988:203-207):

18

1. Noun phrase can be modified by nouns, pronouns and demonstrative (ini, itu),

e.g., buku sejarah kebudayaan Indonesia (itu). Each noun explains the word

preceded, for example sejarah explains what book is, kebudayaan explains

what sejarah is and Indonesia explains what kebudayaan is. (1988:204).

2. Noun Phrase can be modified by an adjective, pronoun/possessive,

demonstratives. (1988:204):

a) Baju merah (adjective)

b) Baju merah saya (possessive/pronoun)

c) Baju merah saya (ini) (demonstrative)

3. Noun Phrase can be modified by certain verbs. The noun phrase can be

separated by yang, untuk (1988:205):

d) Ban berjalan = ban yang berjalan

e) Kewajiban bekerja = kewajiban untuk bekerja

f) Hak bersuara = hak untuk bersuara

4. Basically, the word yang is not a preposition, but conjunction in the

Indonesian grammar (Chaer, 1990:101). Noun Phrase can be modified by

yang to give specific explanation to the noun head. Furthermore, yang can

form a specific clause:

a) Adjective:

1. Barang-barang yang baik tersedia disini.

2. Pohon kelapa yang tinggi itu disambar petir.

b) Clause, it is used to link the main clause to modify noun phrase: subject

with the adverb, or the object with its adverb. For example:

19

1. Jembatan yang baru saja dibangun itu sudah ambruk lagi.

2. Masalah yang kita bicarakan kemarin. (1988:206).

According to Moeliono, yang can occur before personal pronoun, for example

anak saya yang nakal, and if necessary, ini and itu are added, such as anak

saya yang nakal itu. (1988:205).

5. Noun followed by apposition. It is the use of noun phrase after another noun

phrase which refers to same person or thing. (1988:206):

g) Indonesia, negara kami yang sangat kami cintai.

h) Jakarta, kota metropolitan yang berkilauan.

6. Noun followed by preposition. The prepositional phrase functions as noun

phrase, which can not be omitted, for example:

i) Petani di Aceh.

j) Perjalanan ke Australia.

k) Uang untuk pondokan.

b. Theory of Preposition

Preposition is a particle since the form does not function as a subject,

predicate, or object in a sentence without any other preposition as complement.

Thus the preposition with its complement can form a prepositional phrase.

(Lapoliwa, 1982:5).

Preposition phrase is followed by a noun or a noun phrase that functions as a

complement. Chaer in his book has found 30 prepositions that are commonly used

in the Indonesian preposition. (1990:7-8). He states that the preposition is divided

into some classifications:

20

1) Indicating place:

a) Source: dari, it is used to denote origin of place, precedes noun or noun

phrase. (Chaer, 1990:35).

b) Destination: ke is used to explain place of destination or action, usually

precedes noun phrase. (1990:33).

c) Position, which is divided into some parts:

i. di, is used to denote places (geographically). It can also be used to

denote place, which is not real, as for example: an institution. The

preposition di should not be used before pronoun, proper name,

occupation, kinship, time, date and year.

ii. antara, is used to denote the distance of two places, things, persons,

times, situations, numbers.

2) Indicating time:

a) relative: it is used to explain the origin of time, e.g., dari, sejak.

b) duration, it is used to explain the limit of time, e.g., sampai, hingga.

c) when (certain time): it is used to explain period of time that happened, e.g.,

dalam, pada.

3) Indicating origin : The points from which something starts.

a) Possession: having or owning of something, e.g., dari.

b) Material/substance: a substance that things can be made from, e.g., dari.

(1990:36).

4) Indicating object: to explain the objective, referring to person or thing that

is affected by the action, e.g., oleh. (1990:43).

21

5) Indicating comparison: a comparison of people or things, e.g., seperti.

(1990:50).

6) Indicating tools: using instrument, e.g., dengan. (1990:44).

7) Indicating purpose: used to show the person or thing that receives

something, e.g., untuk, kepada. Another function is as a purpose to do

something that is affected by an action, usually before noun phrase, persons,

e.g., untuk. (1990:45).

8) Indicating topic/subject matter: is used before the noun phrase to denote the

subject of something, e.g., terhadap, or somebody, e.g., tentang. (1990:35).

9) Indicating cause, reason: used to show a reason or cause. Generally, it is

used as a conjunction instead of preposition, e.g., sebab, karena. (1990:89).

10) Indicating manner: used as an adverb to explain the way things are done,

e.g., dengan, secara. (1990:44).

3. Theory of Translation

Many theorists give definition about translation and its use in language.

Newmark says that translation needs a special skill to give a written message or

statement in one language to another language with the same message. (Newmark,

1981:7). Translating has to be seen as natural language acceptably used in the

language. In the process of exercise, translation tends to have loss of meaning

because of many factors such as the increased detail, generalization, natural

environment, institutions, and culture. Then translation becomes a duty for the

translators to make it as a craft and art which uses a scientific method so it would

be acceptably, flexibly, and clearly used in the context. (1981:17).

22

Nida and Taber, in the Theory and Practice of Translation, establish

equivalence to reproduce the message to the closest natural equivalent in target

language (TL). Furthermore, there are two fundamental types of equivalences:

formal equivalence and another one called the dynamic. (1969:13). Formal

equivalence replaces one word or phrase in the source language by another in the

target language. Formal equivalence has consistency of word, phrase, and clause

order, length of sentences, and classes of words, e.g., translating nouns by nouns

and verbs by verbs. (1969:22).

In contrast, dynamic equivalence aims to naturalness of expression and is not

so concerned with matching the SL message to TL message. The person does not

insist to understand the cultural patterns of SL, as long as the message is the same

between the SL and TL and comprehensible, it would be accepted. (The

Translation Studies Reader, 2004:156). Catford also defines formal

correspondence as any category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc) to

fill almost the same place of SL in the TL and correct in the structure of

languages. While textual equivalence is TL text or portion of text which is

observed to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. (1965:27-32).

The equivalence relations, such as formal or dynamic, is described in terms of

‘adjustment’. Frequently, formal equivalent represent the text word-for-word with

little or no adjustment in order bring the text nearer to target language. However

there are many differences that can not be mixed together in the source language

and target language. Adjustment includes a set of modification techniques to

23

support translation equivalence and to make sure the target language version is

understood. (Hatim, 2001:20). There are some adjustment techniques:

a) Adding or taking away information.

b) Changing the material.

c) Generally modifying the source text by removing any element which is

incomprehensible to the target language.

Translation relates to the rank in grammatical equivalence. It changes sentence-

to-sentence, group-to group, words-to-words. The terms that are usually used:

free, word-for-word, and literal translation. (1965:25). Free translation is always

unbounded and larger units than sentences. It makes equivalences shunt down and

rank down the rank scale. Word-to-word translation is rank-bound which is

closely connected to the words, usually translated one-by-one. The last, literal

translation changes at any rank, lies between word-for-word and free translation

which starts word-to-word, but make changes in conformity with TL grammar (by

adding some words). It tends to remain lexically word-for word. This is the

example:

1. SL Text can I have your name?

TL Text Bisa saya memperoleh namamu? (Word-for-word)

Boleh saya tahu namamu? (Literal)

Siapa namamu? (Free)

Dealing with the grammatical and structural levels, Catford uses shifts to give

a brief systematic changes occurring in translation. (1965:73). Translation shift

has two types: level shift and category shift. Level shift occurs when source

24

language item at one linguistic level is translated into a target language translation

equivalent at a different level, e.g., words are translated into phrases, phrases into

sentences. On the other hand, category shift translates a source language item into

a different class of a target language, e.g., a plural form is changed into a singular

form. Category shifts are illustrated in the following examples:

2. SL text. What is your name?

TL text. Siapa namamu

The most frequent shift occurs at all ranks in translation. The previous example

(2) is the English-Indonesian happens when the source language grammar cannot

be implemented in the target language grammar. The English word what is

translated into siapa. Although it is not a formal correspondence, the assumption

appears that Indonesian translation siapa is equivalent of English what.

3. SL text. medical faculty

TL text. fakultas kedokteran

In example (3), it occurs when translation equivalent of SL is a member of

different class from the original item, e.g., medical faculty is translated as fakultas

kedokteran (Indonesia). The translation equivalent of the adjective medical is

translated into kedokteran which function as noun. There is lexical equivalent of

the adjective medical is the noun kedokteran. (1965:79).

4. SL text. I am looking for scissors

TL text. Saya mencari gunting

It occurs internally within a system, especially for the SL and TL which almost

formally equivalent to the structure, the example (4) I am looking for scissors is

25

translated as saya mencari gunting. The translation is a non-corresponding term in

the TL system which the equivalent of English plural scissors is translated

singular in Indonesian gunting. (1965:80).

a. Theory Accuracy of Translation

Historically, translation was introduced as fidelity (word-for-word) referring

to how accurately a translation translates the meaning of the source text. (Munday,

2001:24). But the judgment is vague and subjective because it sets standards to

translate the text. In the process of translating, the original text should be written

clearly and communicate the same message as the original text within the

linguistic (i.e. context, rules of grammar, idioms). Translation should reach both

clear and succinct in order to convey the message correctly in the target language.

Thus the translator must have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated

to have a full understanding of the subject matter to produce both accurate and

easy translation to read. Nida, in the theory and practice of translation, states that

the new focus in translating should be the in form of response of receptor rather

than in the form of message. Correctness makes certain that the reader in target

language understand it correctly. Hence, the translators often need to change their

view of the languages to produce texts which achieve the equivalent response.

There is a shift of attitudes with respect to receptor language:

1. Each language has its own genius; it has different characteristics which

give a special character. Some languages are rich in figurative language,

but others are rich in modal particles. For example word-building

26

capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for linking clauses

into sentences, etc. Rather than force the formal structure of one language,

it would be better to reproduce the message in the different structural

forms of the receptor language. (1974:4).

2. To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed. All

languages differ in forms, and then the forms must be altered to preserve

the content. The changes depend on the linguistic and cultural distance

between languages, for example, white as snow. The word snow is not

familiar to people who do not know snow, so it is translated as egret

feather, in another language. (1974:5).

For Nida, the success of the translation depends on achieving equivalent

response which are making sense; conveying the spirit and manner of the original.

It should have a natural and easy form of expression and produces a similar

response. Nida’s principle of equivalent effect emphasizes the relationship

between receptor and message. The relationship should be significantly the same

as between the original receptors and message (Munday, 2001:42). It aims at

complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida.

This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon, and

of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness.

C. Theoritical Framework

This part explains the contribution of the theories and studies to solve the

problems of study. Basically, preposition is divided into two kinds: simple and

27

complex prepositions. Preposition of is classified as simple preposition. The

problem formulation is to find the meanings of of phrases in the magazine and

identify the accuracy of the translations in Indonesian. To answer the first

problem, the writer uses the theory of noun phrase, English prepositional phrase

and Indonesian preposition noun phrase. The noun phrase is divided into head,

premodification, and postmodification. The categorization is used to identify the

structure of the phrase. Furthermore, the noun phrase theory is conducted by

another theory of preposition of, taken from various dictionaries, to explain the

meaning of the phrases. Those theories help the writer to find out the meanings in

selected phrases. In some cases, the translations change in target language. To

explain the occurrences, theory on Bahasa Indonesia is required. The last problem

uses the theory of accuracy to analyze the accuracy of translation. The theory of

shifts is used to analyze the change in translation. The shift includes structural

strategies to find accurate and inaccurate phrases in the translation. All theories

and reviews are required and have big contribution in solving the problems of the

study.

28

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is preposition of taken from the National Geographic

Magazine: Gold January 2009. The study of language is based upon linguistics to

see the language as “descriptive of the phenomenon” to say how language is

actually used (Roger, 1991:4). The discussion gives comparison of two languages,

English and Indonesian, through observation of linguistic facts. The research

examined preposition of-phrases in the magazine originally presented in English

and their translation version in Indonesian. The writer chooses the National

Geographic because the articles are readable and contains updated information of

the science and natural environment. The edition, chosen by the writer, was

published on January 2009 which had six articles. The articles which are selected

in the magazine: science, gold, the sparrows of Merrit Island are no more,

Indonesia-harmony in diversity, and flashback. These articles will be compared to

Indonesian National Geographic. The comparison will be analyzed in the latter

findings.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach of the study is based on the theory of language and the theory of

translation. The theory of language discusses noun phrase which acts as a subject,

object or complement of a clause and has component: premodifier, head and

postmidifier (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:251). The writer uses theory of noun

29

phrase functions as the prepositional complement in of-phrases. Preposition of is

important role to connect the head and modifiers. Preposition of has a number of

different meanings. The writer took all the meanings from various dictionaries.

The meanings as for example: partitive, origin, material, possession, distance,

relationship, cause and deprivation.

The writer took theory on Bahasa Indonesia to conduct the study. Theory on

Bahasa Indonesia included theory noun phrase and theory of prepositions. Similar

to English, the theory of noun phrase is composed by head, premodifer and

postmodifier (Moeliono, 1988:203-207). Theory on Bahasa Indonesia was used to

translate the English preposition. The Indonesian preposition were various, such

as: dari, untuk, pada, tentang, and the likes (Chaer, 1990:7-8). Theory of

translations was used to give explanation of the changes in translation. The writer

took theory accuracy of translation in order to find the accuracy in translation.

Theory of accuracy became the basic of analyzing the phrase and maintaining the

accuracy. Since the study dealed with the grammatical and structural differences,

the writer used translation strategies such as shifts and translation equivalences by

Catford (1965), and Nida and Taber (1969).

C. Method of the Study

1. Population and Sample

Population is defined as entire group of persons, things or events that share at

least one common trait (Sprinthall, 1991:27). The writer examined the population

in the magazine: Gold on January 2009. Instead of examining the entire

population, the writer observed the small group that is called a sample. Sample is

30

a smaller number of observations taken from the total number which is combined

in a given population (1991:28). The writer took a number of phrases of noun

phrases which have preposition of in the magazine and included them in a smaller

sample as a random sampling. Random sampling is the representative of the

defined population, which has been selected before. Simple random sampling is

an appropriate way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results

from the sample back to the population.

2. Data Collection

This study is descriptive research, which is designed to obtain information

concerning the current status of phenomena (1990:381). It describes to” what

exists” with respect to conditions. This study was done by investigating and

reporting the preposition of in the magazine. The sources were taken variously

from internet and library by using some dictionaries, grammar and translation

books of two languages, English and Indonesian. The writer has collected two

hundred and twenty phrases containing of-phrases, but it was impossible for the

writer to analyze entire prepositional phrases. The data collection was restricted to

smaller amount of numbers. Of the numbers, the writer only took one or two

examples to analyze. For the analysis, the writer classified data into some

classifications. First, accurate translation is divided into word-for-word, literal,

and free translation. Second, the writer classified the inaccurate translations. The

last, the writer counted all data by making a table. This table is purposed to

analyze the accuracy of preposition of. For the result, the writer identified the

accuracy maintained in translations and drew a conclusion.

31

3. Data analysis

The writer took some steps to analyze the data which was based on the

research problems. There were two problems discussed in the study. The first

problem was the translation of the preposition of and the second problem was the

translation strategy applied in the magazine. There were several steps to answer

the problems in the study. First, the writer identified the phrases in the articles

which contained preposition of. Then the writer classified the preposition of based

on their meaning.

In the processing activities, data collection took four steps. First the writer

determined the sample to analyze and selected the noun phrases which contained

the preposition of based on the pages and articles in the magazines. Secondly, the

writer identified all the data in preposition of and searched the meanings of the

preposition of in the theory. Thirdly, the writer classified the data into two parts:

accurate and inaccurate translations. The writer specified all data by using theory

on prepositions, both in English and Indonesian. The writer classified the

preposition of into their types and analyzed the data effectively and practically by

putting them in a table constructed. Lastly, the writer took the most accurate

article. The selected article was for analyzing the accuracy of preposition of.

32

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this part, the writer will discuss the problem formulations based on the

previous chapter. This part contains of two parts. The first part discusses the

translations of preposition of into Indonesian. The second part discusses the

accuracy of preposition of in the translation.

A. The Translation of Preposition of Phrase into Indonesian

The first problem discusses the preposition of, which is translated into

Indonesian. The writer translates the phrases based on the meaning of preposition

of in dictionary, both English and Indonesian. The meanings are analyzed

according to translation types and accuracy. Translation types are classified into

word-for-word, literal, and free translations, while the accuracy is divided into

accurate and inaccurate translation.

In the process of translating, the of-phrases have some changes. The

changes may in form of substitutes. Substitutes replaces preposition of in the

target language (such as, dari, dengan, pada). Another change is called structural

shifts explaining the change of grammatical structure. All the changes are not

always correct therefore it needs an evaluation. The criterion of evaluation is

called accuracy. Accuracy may occur when achieving equivalent response

proposed by Nida, which are making sense; conveying the spirit and manner of

the original, having a natural and easy form of expression and producing a similar

response. (2001:42)

33

I. Accurate Translation

No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes

Accuracy

1. II Many of hisInca

Ancestors(p. 41)

Sejumlah besar(Ø) leluhurnyadari suku Inca

(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The example (1), the of-phrase indicates partition to include one or more group

(of similar ones). The target language sejumlah besar leluhurnya dari suku Inca is

accurate. The word many of is already quantifier thus it is translated as sejumlah

besar. The preposition of is not translated. Based on context, the writer uses literal

translation to give natural equivalence. Literal translation may add some words,

such as, dari suku Inca to show the origin of the people.


Accuracy

2. II A wad ofCoca

leaves (p.41)

Segumpal (Ø)daun Koka

(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The English prepositional phrase in example (2) a wad of coca leaves here is a

partition, as in example (1), but it has different meaning. The premodifier a wad of

is partition which indicates a part of thing considered as a whole. The noun phrase

a wad of coca leaves is typical partitive and regarded as one unit (Quirk,

et.al.,1973:67). Segumpal (Ø) daun koka is literally translated without any

substitutes in TL. There is no shift occurs. The difference only occurs in the

34

structure. The change occurs in plural leaves but in the target languages the

number is translated to be singular daun.


Accuracy

3. II This countryof billionpeople(p.53)

Negara (Ø)berpenduduk

satu milyar jiwaini(p.44)

LiteralTranslation

Accurate

In example (3) the of-phrase in this country of billion people indicates the country

which consists of billion people. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary,

1995:543). The phrase this country of billion people is translated into negara

berpenduduk satu milyar jiwa ini. There is a category shift translating a source

language item into a different class of a target language. The translator changes

the word of into another equivalent translation berpenduduk which functions as

verb. (1965:79). The phrase is modified by demonstratives ini or itu. (1988:204).

Although English demonstrative determiners have singular this/that and plural

these/those. Indonesian demonstrative ini or itu can be used both singular and

plural after the head.


Accuracy

4. II The mines ofLa Rinconada

(p.58)

Tambang (Ø)La Rinconada

(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The example (4) the mines of La Rinconada is translated tambang La Rinconada.

The meaning of preposition of indicates location where the mines are. The phrase

is translatedby word-for-word but makes changes accord to the TL grammar. The

35

preposition of is not translated or Ø. The deletion is adjusted to fulfill the

requirement in the target language. The mines is translated as tambang and La

Rinconada is not translated since it is already a name of place. There is no shift,

only a change in the structure in the word the mines translated from plural mines

(SL) into singular tambang (TL).


Accuracy

5. V A fair rate ofinterest(p.154)

Tingkat bungayang ringan

(p.14)

Literaltranslation

accurate

The example (5) a fair rate of interest is translated into tingkat bunga yang

ringan. The of-phrase indicates partition showing a fixed of amount of money that

is charged. The preposition of is not translated and adjusted to keep the phrase

natural. The phrase is literally translated and has level shift which SL item has a

TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level. (1965:73). The adjective

fair is changed into a clause yang ringan to achieve the equivalence. The addition

of yang is obligatory to explain the adjective ringan.


Accuracy

6. II The town ofChickmagalur

(p.53)

Kota (Ø)Chickmagalur

(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The English noun phrase (6) the town of Chickmagalur indicates the names of a

geographical location or institution. (Celce-Muria et. al.,1999:410). The phrase is

translated literally, which starts word-for-word, but makes changes to follow the

36

rules in TL. The preposition of is not translated as a consequence of the structure

in TL (Catford, 1965:25) The word Chickmagalur is not translated for it already

indicates name of a place. The translation is accurate since it reaches both clear

and succinct translation. The phrase has reached equivalence in the target

language.


Accuracy

7. II The west ofthe country

(p.156)

Bagian barat(Ø) negara

(p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The English noun phrase (7) the west of the country indicates distance or direction

which is used to show the position of the country. The translation is translated

literally without substitution, to replace the words in the target language (Catford,

1965:25). The phrase is translated by adding some words. There is only additional

information bagian to modify the direction barat. Then preposition of is not

translated to keep the linearity of the phrase.

Most of the given examples are acceptable in the target language. They are

translated without substitutes. Substitute basically means words serve for another

meaning in the target language. The preposition of is not translated as a

consequence of adjustment in the target language. The adjustment occurs to

maintain the linearity of the phrase so that the translation would be acceptable.

Next, there is another classification of the of-phrases using substitutes. The

translations are accurate but also change to fulfill the requirement of TL grammar.

The substitutions replace English preposition of in Indonesian words, such as dari,

37

dengan, pada. The substitutes help the writer to find the closest equivalence in

the translation. The first substitute is preposition dari preceding noun or noun

phrase. There are many functions of preposition dari. it indicates place as a

source, origin of place, indicates time, the points from which something starts,

indicates possession of having something, and indicates the material or substance

which a substance that things can be made from. (1990:35-36). The second

substitute pada indicates time to explain period of time that happened. The third,

dengan, indicates tools or instrument. On the other hand, in some cases, dengan

functions as an accompany, the quality, or the way things are mentioned.

(1990:44). The last one, tentang or mengenai which indicates a topic or a subject

matter before noun phrase. to denote the subject of something. (1990:35).


Accuracy

8. I DouglasWiens of

WashingtonUniversity

(p. 32)

Douglas Wiensdari

WashingtonUniversity

(p. 17)

Word-for-word

Accurate

The first example (8) Douglas Wiens of Washington University is translated into

Douglas Wiens dari Washington University. The of phrase indicates Douglas

Wiens is associated to Washington University where he used to study (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (2005:1051). The translator uses word-for-word

translation. The preposition of can be translated into dari. The word dari is to

explain a certain place, not seen geographically but an institution or a university

38

where Douglas Wiens studied. The phrase in source language is equivalent to the

target language.


Accuracy

9. III The sparrowsof Merrit

Island(p.90)

Pipit dari pulauMerrit(p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

Next example (9) the sparrows and postmodifier Merrit island. The of phrase

indicates origin of the sparrows which come from Merrit island (2005:1051).

Literal translation is used as the translation strategy by adding some words to

follow the structure in TL. There is substitution dari as a consequence of of

meaning in the target language. In Bahasa Indonesia, the preposition dari also

indicates a place as a source. (Chaer, 1990:35). Another change occurs in the

plural sparrows (SL) is translated into singular burung pipit (TL).


Accuracy

10. V The first offour steps(p.155)

Pertama dariempat langkah

(p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

Another example prepositional phrase (10) indicates partition, to introduce the

first steps before other similar steps (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

2005:1051). The preposition of is translated into dari to show the start of the step.

There is no shift, only the plural steps in the source language is translated into

singular langkah in the target language. The quantifier empat denotes plurality. If

the quantifier is already plural therefore the noun should be in the singular form.

39

On the other hand, if noun does not have quantifier, it may use repetition, e.g.,

langkah-langkah.


Accuracy

11. II The deadlyeffects of the

mercury(p. 44)

Efek mematikandari merkuri

(p. 46)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The example in the deadly effects of mercury (11) indicates the mercury which has

deadly effects on the small-scale miners. (Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary, 2003:919). The translator uses literal translation which tends to

translate word-for-word but also makes an additional word such as dari. The

translator substitutes of into dari as additional word to explain the effect of

mercury. There is no shift, only the word effects is translated from plural in source

language into singular efek in the target language.


Accuracy

12. V Landmassesof various

sizes (p.154)

Wilayah denganukuran yangberbeda-beda

(p. 14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The English noun phrase (12) landmasses of various sizes is translated into

wilayah dengan ukuran yang berbeda-beda. Then the meaning of of-phrase

describes different sizes of landmasses (Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary, 2003:919). The translator uses literal translation by adding the word

dengan to substitute the preposition of. The word various is an adjective therefore

40

it is translated into an adjective in the target language. The translation various

sizes becomes ukuran yang berbeda-beda to describe the landmasses. There are

some changes adjusted to target language. It occurs in the plural landmasses (TL)

into singular wilayah and another plural sizes into singular ukuran (SL).


Accuracy

13. V The Asianfinancial

crisis of 1998(p.153)

Krisis keuanganAsia padatahun 1998

(p. 14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The example (13), the of phrase indicates time showing the year when the

financial crisis happened. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543). The

translator uses literal translation which starts word-for-word but also has addition

word pada. The translation is acceptable to use pada as the substitute to show the

time of the event (Chaer, 1990:35). There is also a change in the category shift

when the category of the SL is translated into TL. (1965:73), for instance in the

word financial as adjective changes into noun keuangan.


Accuracy

14. V The seat ofthe revolution

(p.152)

Tempat yangakan membawakemajuan pesat

(p.13)

Freetranslation

Accurate

The example (14) the seat of the revolution indicates the seat which connects to

the revolution era. The phrase is assumed as free translation since it is unbounded

and may have a larger unit than sentences (1975:25). It makes equivalences shunt

down and changes the meaning. The change involves level shift. Level shift

41

occurs when source language, at one linguistic level, is translated into a target

language and it is equivalent at a different level (1965:73). The change occurs in

noun the revolution into clause yang akan membawa kemajuan pesat in order to

describe the seat, as the head (1988:206). Free translation can be used to make the

translation more comprehensible. Therefore, the translator attempts to give closest

equivalence to maintain the accuracy.


Accuracy

15. IV The memoryof two famous

explorers(p.122)

Kenangantentang duapenjelajahterkenal(p.88)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

The English noun phrase (15) the memory of two famous explorers indicates the

memory which concerned with two famous explorers. The translator uses the

literal translation and translates preposition of into tentang. Grammatically, the

word tentang is used to denote somebody (1990:35). The phrase tentang in

kenangan tentang dua penjelajah terkenal is accurate for it is equivalent to the

preposition of. There is no shift, but there is a change in the structure of language.

The plural explorers (SL) is changed into singular penjelajah (TL).


Accuracy

16. II The price ofgold (p.34)

Harga yangdituntut emas

(p.27)

Freetranslation

Accurate

The example (16) the price of gold is translated into harga yang dituntut emas.

The translator translates the price of gold into harga yang dituntut emas which

42

idiomatically means the unpleasant things to do to achieve gold. Structurally, the

phrase can be changed into harga emas. It is translated out of the structure, the

translation tends to be free because it shunts down and ranks down the rank scale.

II. Inaccurate Translation

In this part the writer analyzes the inaccurate translations. The inaccurate

translation may happen because it does not achieve the equivalent response. The

translation does not convey the spirit and manner of original setting, and it also

does not have a natural and easy form of expression. After analyzing the

inaccurate translations, the translation may involve some changes and substitutes.

The changes are adjusted to the structure, while the substitutes are used to replace

words from source language into target language. All the changes are intended to

maintain the linearity of the translation. These are the following examples:


Accuracy

17. II Dozens of barsstone (p.36)

Belasan batubatang (p.28)

Literaltranslation

Inaccurate

The English prepositional phrase (17) dozens of bar is translated as belasan batu

batang. Seeing the meaning of the of-phrase, dozens of bars indicates quantities of

bars measured. ((Encarta Webster’s College Dictionary, p.1007). The preposition

of is not translated because it has no equivalent in TL. The translation dozen of

into belasan is not accurate since the quantifier dozens of should be translated as

lusin. The measurement of lusin in (TL) is 12 kilograms, while belasan is not

clear because it might be 11 until 19. The word dozens is translated as berlusin-

43

lusin instead of belasan, since prefix ber- in Bahasa Indonesia indicates amount,

number or measurement of something, such as bermeter-meter,berpuluh-

puluh.(Keraf, 1984:97). Thus it would be translated as berlusin-lusin batu batang.


Accuracy

18. II Flecks ofoverlooked

gold(p.58)

Emas yangmungkin luput

dari penglihatan(p.50)

- Inaccurate

In the example (18) flecks of overlooked gold is translated as emas yang mungkin

luput dari penglihatan. The preposition of indicates partition, which refers to

quantities. It measures gold as very small pieces (Encarta Webster’s College

Dictionary, p.1007). The word overlooked functions as postmodifer. It is

equivalent to -ed participle (1975:269). Thus the word overlooked is translated as

yang mungkin luput dari penglihatan in TL. But the translation is not complete

since the word flecks of is not translated. It should to be clear therefore that it

would be translated as serpihan kecil emas yang mungkin luput dari penglihatan.


Accuracy

19. III The idealismof 1973(p.93)

Idealisme()1973

(p.71)

- Inaccurate

In the example (19) the idealism of 1973 indicates time when the act is firmed

(Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543). Seeing the TL phrase, the

translator tends to translate it structurally. The phrase should be translated

coherently. The word idealism leaves question, thus it should be connected to

44

some events in 1973. Since 1973 was about the act to preserve endangered

species, the translation should be clear. The phrase is translated literally by adding

some words, pada tahun 1973 (1990:35). The writer adds undang-undang to

make the phrase more understandable in the target language. Therefore the

translation would be idealisme dari undang-undang pada tahun 1973.


Accuracy

20. V SBY's visionof a modernIndonesia(p.152)

Visi SBYadalah

Indonesia yangmodern(p.12)

- Inaccurate

The English noun phrase (20) SBY’s vision of a modern Indonesia indicates the

vision to build a modern Indonesia (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

2005:1051). The translation is literally translated by adding word mengenai. The

word mengenai concerns to the vision of SBY (Chaer, 1990:35). The word

modern (SL) is adjective, thus it is translated as adjective (TL) yang modern. In

Indonesian structure noun phrase can be modified by yang to give specific

explanation to the noun head. The translation would be visi SBY mengenai

Indonesia yang modern


Accuracy

21. II Part of a 111-vehicle fleet

(p.45)

Bagian darisebuah armada

111 wahana(p.37)

- Inaccurate

45

The example (21) shows of as specifies a particular part of 111-vehicle fleet. The

TL phrase bagian dari sebuah armada 111 wahana is not clear. The translator

does not choose the appropriate vocabulary in translating the TL. The word

sebuah armada 111 wahana is not clear because it does not reach closer meaning

in the target language. (2001:30-31). The words 111-vehicle fleet are a kind of

armies which have 111 (truck) vehicles, thus it should be translated as termasuk

dalam armada yang yang memiliki 111 kendaraan.


Accuracy

22. III Some ofinherent

difficulties(p.92)

Contoh sulitnyaproses tersebut

(p.69)

- Inaccurate

The example (22) some of inherent difficulties indicates partition, showing a

number of difficulties which have existed in the list. The translator uses free

translation to give natural expression. (1965:25) by changing noun difficulties into

sulitnya adjective, which is, as the matter, could be changed to beberapa

kesulitan. The writer changes translation to be beberapa kesulitan yang sudah ada

as the closest equivalence.


Accuracy

23. III A fewsurvivingpatches of

saline marsh(p.93)

Sejumlah petakrawa air asin

(p.71)

- Inaccurate

46

The English noun phrase (23) indicates the patches which are part of the saline

marsh. The SL phrase a few surviving patches of saline marsh translated to be

sejumlah petak rawa air asin is not accurate since the phrase is not complete. It is

because there is a loss of word surviving. The word surviving should be translated

so it would give correct information in the target language. Therefore the writer

changes the translation into sejumlah petak rawa air asin yang masih tersisa as

the closest equivalence.


Accuracy

24. IV The distantcoast of Eva-

liv island(p.123)

Di kejauhanadalah pantaiPulau Eva-liv

(p.89)

- Inaccurate

The prepositional phrase in example (24) the distant coast of Eva-liv can be

paraphrased as a remote Eva-liv coast. There is category shift because the

category in SL changes when translated into TL. The phrase di kejauhan adalah

pantai pulau Eva-liv directly describes the coast. It should translate the coast first.

The translator used free translation and changed preposition of into clause Pantai

Eva-liv yang jauh terpisah so it would be comprehensible and sound natural in

target language.

B. The Accuracy Maintained in the Translation

The writer has collected data and analyzed the accuracy of the preposition of

among six articles in the magazine. The first table is the translation occurrence of

47

of-phrases. The writer divided the accuracy into two classifications: accurate and

inaccurate translations. Here is the following table:

Table 1Translation accuracy

No. Name of article Data ofoccurrence

Accuracy Inaccuracy

I Science 2 1 1

II Gold 133 117 16

III The Sparrows of MerritIslands are no more

26 20 6

IV Chasing Nansen 11 6 5

V Indonesia-Harmony inDiversity

45 41 4

VI Flashback 3 1 2

Total 220 186 34

Table 1 consists of 220 data of preposition of. The accurate number is 186

and the inaccurate number is 34. Article I has 2 data: 1 accurate and 1 inaccurate

translation. Article II has 133 data: 117 accurate and 16 inaccurate translations.

Article III has 26 data: 20 accurate and 6 inaccurate translations. Article IV has 11

data: 6 accurate and 5 inaccurate translations. Article V has 45 data: 41 accurate

and 4 inaccurate translations. The last one, article VI has 3 data: 1 accurate and 2

48

inaccurate translation. It can be summarized that most of the translations are

accurate. Then the next table explains the accuracy related to translation type:

Table 2Accuracy in Relation to Translation Type

Accuracy in Translation

AccurateNo. Name of article

Data ofOccurrences

Word-for-

wordLiteral Free Inaccurate

I Science 2 1 - - 1

II Gold 133 - 114 3 16

III The Sparrows ofMerrit Islands areno more

26 - 20 - 6

IV Chasing Nansen 11 - 6 - 5

V Indonesia -Harmony inDiversity

45 - 41 - 4

VI Flashback 3 - 1 - 2

Total 220 1 182 3 34

Table 2 shows the accuracy in relation to translation type. Table 2 is the

combination of the first table which gives more specific data on accuracy. The

accuracy is divided into three parts: word-for-word, literal and free translation.

49

Meanwhile, the inaccurate part is not classified since it is already inaccurate and

has no type of translation.

The writer summarizes 6 articles and counts the accurate and inaccurate

data. Article I has 2 occurrences. There is 1 word-for-word, no literal and free

translation. It has 1 inaccurate data (table 2.Inaccurate). Article II has 133

occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 114 literal, and 3 free translations. It

has 16 inaccurate data. Article III has 26 occurrences. There are no word-for-

word, 20 literal, and no free translation. It has 6 inaccurate data. Article IV has 11

occurrences. There are no word-for word, 6 literal, and no free translation. It has 5

inaccurate data. Article V has 45 occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 41

literal, and no free translation. It has 4 inaccurate data. Article VI has 3

occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 1 literal, and no free translation. It has 2

inaccurate data. The total number of accuracy in all articles is 220 occurrences.

Based on data accuracy (table 1) and translation type (table 2), there are

two articles which have the most accurate translations: article II and article V. In

translating the phrases, the translator tends to use literal translation. But the

translator also uses free and word-for-word translations in smaller numbers. Here

is the following data:

Literal strategy is found dominantly in article II and V. Article II has 114

accurate numbers and article V has 41 accurate numbers. Meanwhile, the second

place is free translation in article II. It has 3 free translations of 133 occurrences.

The third place is article I. It has 1 word-for-word translation of 2 occurrences.

The total number of accurate translation (word-for-word, literal, and free) is 186

50

data. After analyzing the number of accuracy in table 1 and 2, then the writer

discusses the accuracy by giving some examples in the following discussion.

a. Accurate Translation

Accuracy, in modern linguistics is called as ‘truth’, ‘faithfulness’. In the

translation text there is a closer definition of accuracy which is called as correct

transfer and complete comprehension. Accuracy is needed to give evaluation of

good and error translations. There are some criterions in determining accuracy.

The accuracy occur when there is an equivalent response which makes sense,

conveys the spirit and manner of the source language, also it has a natural and

easy form of expression and produces a similar response. When conveying the

message, it should give a complete naturalness of expression. (Munday, 2001:42).

To achieve naturalness, the translation may need adaptations of grammar, of

lexicon, and of cultural references. The adaptations are intended to make the

reader understand the message in the target language.

The accuracy and translation types are divided into accurate and inaccurate

translation. In this part the writer collects some examples based on the translation

types and accuracy. The translator used literal translation to maintain the

accuracy. The translation starts word-for-word but also makes changes to follow

the accepted rules in the target language. (Catford,1965:25). The changes may add

and delete some words. In most of the phrases, of is not translated because there is

adjustment to fulfill the requirement of structure, for instance preposition of is not

translated since it does not have corresponding in Indonesian structure. Some

relations may need adjustment, for instance partition and measurement, for

51

example (131) two grams of gold is translated dua gram emas. Secondly, the

relation is related to the of-meaning as possession that someone or some belongs

to, for example (33) the trunk of the SUV. Thirdly, the relation is related to

direction or location, for example south of Cochin is translated as selatan Cochin.

Meanwhile, there is also word-for-word translation if the translation is

already clear and need no change at all, for example (92) one-third of merkuri

translated sepertiga dari merkuri. The other strategy is free translation which is

not concerned with matching to the SL message. It is accurate if reaching the

natural equivalence to target language, for example (no.146) one thirtieth of an

ounce is translated 1,1 gram. There are differences for every culture to measure

weight, in Bahasa Indonesia, gram is more recognized rather than ounce, and then

free translation is required to give the same message in TL.

In the process of translating, addition of words is needed. The addition of

words may in form of substitutions and structural shifts. The changes relate to the

meaning of the of-phrases, for instance, if the of- phrase means origin it may use

dari to explain the place where the person lives. There are some examples of-

phrases (by adding some words) to follow the rules in the target language. First,

the of-phrase is related to possession, which somebody or something belongs to,

for example (56), the eldest daughter of a coffee plantation owner translated into

anak perempuan tertua dari pemilik perkebunan kopi. The example previously is

the translation of substituted into dari. The substitute is necessary to help the

translator explain the possession. Secondly, the of-phrase is related to origin,

somebody or something comes from, for example (13) most inhabitants of

52

Sumbawa is translated into kebanyakan penduduk sumbawa to explain the people

who come from Sumbawa. Thirdly, the of-phrase is related to cause or reason, for

example (24) the financial burden of that million tones of imports translated into

beban financial dari 2 juta ton impor. The of-phrase is paraphrased million tones

of imports that make a financial burden. of is translated into dari because it is

related to meaning as a cause or reason. There are still many other substitutes

such as untuk, pada, etc. The changes are acceptable as long as they convey the

message naturally in target language.

Noun phrase can be translated in a wider context when there are modifiers

explaining the head, for example (19) the shame of an unmarried daughter

translated as rasa malu karena anak perempuan yang tak menikah, it is clear that

an unmarried daughter is a daughter who is not married yet, thus it needs literal

translation. The other example (18), the financial burden of a daughter translated

beban keuangan jika anak yang dilahirkan perempuan. The second example tends

to be free because it is unbounded. There is a change in the translation. The units

become larger and make equivalences shunt down. It changes of a daughter to be

jika anak yang dilahirkan perempuan. The translation is based on the

comprehension of the text. When translated into target language, it needs to see

the area of discourse analysis. The discourse explains in India where most families

have a financial burden if they have a daughter. When the daughter grows up, her

parents can not afford for her expensive marriage. Thus the message is connected

to the text which explains the burden, if one family has a daughter.

53

b. Inaccurate Translation

Besides the good translation, there is an error translation which does not

convey the message naturally in the target language. The error might occur

because the message is not comprehensible. Therefore it needs to have correct

transfer and complete comprehension. The aim of accuracy is to reach clear and

succinct translations. Translation does not reach the accuracy when it does not

achieve the equivalent response in the target language. It means that the message

does not have a natural and easy form of expression and produce a similar

response.

After analyzing the inaccurate translations, the writer corrects the words.

Inaccurate translation occurs in the magazine. The reason of the inaccurate

translation caused by an incomplete message, for example (143) several pounds of

liquid mercury is translated into merkuri cair. The translation does not produce

the same response in the target language since the word several pounds is omitted.

It makes the equivalences shunt down, as the word several pounds of mercury into

merkuri cair. The word several pound is important to explain the unit for

measuring weight. The quantifier is to make the reader understand the message.

The translation would be translated, literally, sedikit merkuri cair to show the

measurement of the mercury.

The second inaccuracy occurs when the lexicon is inaccurately translated,

for example (154) a huge channel of black water translated into sebuah kanal

raksasa yang berwarna hitam. The misunderstanding occurs in yang berwarna

hitam which says that the huge channel has black color. The translator does not

54

reproduce the meaning of a passage as understood by the writer in the source

language. The translation is translated without seeing the of-phrase meaning,

which should be paraphrased as the huge channel consisting of black water. The

black color does not belong to the channel, but instead belongs to the water.

The other inaccuracy occurs when the translation is structurally translated

but losing some necessary meaning, as for example (42), the final resting of place

of the last dusky seaside sparrows translated into tempat persitirahatan terakhir

pipit pantai bulu gelap. The translation is not complete since the word last is

actually is not translated. (Munday, 2001:30). The word last should modify the

dusky seaside sparrows to describe the sparrows which are almost extinct. So the

writer tries to translate it as tempat peristirahatan terakhir pipit pantai bulu gelap

yang hampir punah in order to have the natural form of expression in the target

language.

The other inaccuracy occurs when the choice of vocabulary does not achieve

the equivalent response in the target language (Munday, 2001:42). The message

may be conveyed differently in the target language. The incorrect use of lexicon

can cause an incomplete comprehension:

“The Coral Triangle Initiative supported by the World Wildlife Fund…. aims tobalance the needs of the environment with the need to preserve commercial fishstocks, and thus the livelihoods of locals.”

The example (55), the livelihoods of the locals is translated into kehidupan

penduduk lokal. Since the main living in Tual, eastern Indonesia, is fishermen.

Thus the Initiative tries to preserve the livelihood of local people by making a

fishery industry. The word livelihoods refers to a means of earning to live, but the

55

translation does not show the work of the locals. It shows the life of locals, which

lead to different meaning. Thus livelihoods should be translated as mata

pencharian or penghidupan penduduk lokal to approach the closest meaning in

the target language. Another example (219) the lack of ice sea is translated into

ketiadaan es laut in he following sentence:

“The only other residents were thousands of seabirds nesting on cliffs and ahungry polar bear and cub, stranded by the lack of ice --- a consequence of recentclimate change. “

Structurally, it is correct, but it is not accurate since the word lack does not

mean having no ice at all. The translation does not make sense because of the

word lack translated as ketiadaan (2001:42). There is still little ice remaining. The

translation is suggested to change lack into berkurangnya es laut. The translation

would be Penghuni lainnya hanyalah ribuan burung laut yang bersarang di

tebing dan seekor beruang kutub lapar dan anaknya, yang terdampar karena

semakin berkurangnya es laut.

The last example of inaccuracy (186) in the forefront of the debate is translated

as barisan terdepan. The inaccuracy is caused by the incoherence of the

translation. The incoherence does not produce similar response. Therefore, the

choice of vocabulary is important to give equal meaning as in the target language.

Before translating, there must be a context, or discourse because the translation is

connected to the situation (2001:31). There is an incorrect choice of word debate

translated as barisan. The situation, if it is related to the whole sentence, is

different, as stated below:

56

“It also addresses international concerns. Indonesia has at times been ranked theworld’s largest carbon emitter, behind the US and China. This is not because ofits industry or transport but because deforestation and forest fires which can causemassive spikes in global levels of the greenhouse gas, carbondioxide. In generalthe emissions are very low, but the phenomenon draws attention to the importanceof tackling climate from both ends-limiting human impacts while protectingnature’s own solutions. SBY launched the Bali Summit on the climate change in2007 to position Indonesia at the forefront of the debate.”

The sentence explains Indonesia becomes the main topic of the discussion in

Bali Summit on the climate change. Forefront means the most forward part; a

leading position in a particular group or activity (Hornby, 2005:606), which in

target language translated as utama. (Shadily,1965:253). The word debate means

a formal discussion of an issue at public meeting, which in target language is

translated as perbincangan or pembahasan. (1965:176). The translation barisan

terdepan is not appropriate to show Indonesia as the main topic of the discussion.

The translation pembahasan utama is more coherent to the text. The whole

sentence is comprehended as SBY meluncurkan pertemuan puncak Bali mengenai

perubahan iklim tahun 2007 menempatkan Indonesia sebagai pembahasan utama.

57

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The writer has collected data and analyzed the preposition of among six

articles in the magazine. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the

translation of preposition of are changed into substitutes, structure shifts operating

at grammatical and structural level. In some conditions, of is not translated to

fulfill the requirement of target language. All changes follow the rules and

adjustments in the target language.

Similar to English, preposition of has different meanings in Bahasa

Indonesia. The writer has collected the meanings of preposition of based on the

analysis. These are translations of preposition of in Indonesian:

1. Dari,e.g., the eldest daughter of a coffee plantation owner. Anak

perempuan tertua dari pemilik perkebunan kopi.

2. Disebabkan oleh, e.g., the brutal calculus of gold mining. Bahaya besar

yang diakibatkan oleh kegiatan penambangan emas.

3. Di antara, e.g,. the concerted effort of scientists. Kerjasama di antara para

ilmuwan.

4. Dengan, e.g,. a place of such startling contradictions. Tempat dengan

kontradiksi yang mengejutkan.

5. Berupa,e.g.,. gifts of jewelry. Hadiah berupa emas.

6. Pada,e.g., any other day of the year. Di hari lain pada tahun itu.

7. (Merupakan) bagian dari,e.g., a share of the mine. Bagian dari tambang

58

8. Tentang, e.g., the memory of two famous explorers. Kenangan tentang

dua penjelajah terkenal.

9. Untuk,e.g., a love of extravagance. Kesukaan untuk bermewah-mewah.

10. Yang, e.g., the sleeve of his waterproof. Lengan bajunya yang tahan air.

Yang menjadi, e.g. object of desire. Benda yang menjadi dambaan.

Based on the analysis of accuracy, the frequent use of of-phrases is 220

occurrences while the accuracy is 186 and the inaccuracy is 34. Article I has 1

accuracy of 2 occurrences, article II has 114 accuracies of 133 occurrences, article

III has 20 accuracies of 26 occurrences, article IV has 6 accuracies of 11

occurrences, article V has 41 accuracies of 45 occurrences, and article VI has 1

accuracy of 3 occurrences. Most of the articles are accurate, some are not. There

are two articles which represent the accurate translations: the first article V

entitled Indonesia-Harmony in Diversity (V) and article II entitled Gold.

Based on the analysis (table 1 and 2), it is assumed that literal translation

is commonly applied in the translation. It has the largest occurrences. However,

the other translation types such as free and word-for-word are also used in the

accuracy. The accuracy is maintained by making some changes and strategies. It

is purposed to produce a similar response and convey a natural form of expression

in the target language.

59

Bibliography

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Astuti, Endang Dwi. a Study of the Preposition -of and the Genitive -of.Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press,1995.

Bell, T. Roger. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York:Longman, 1991.

Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1965.

Celce-Murria, Marriane and Diane Larsen Freeman. The Grammar BookESL/EFL Teacher’s Course, 1999.

Chaer, Abdul. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Bharata KaryaAksara, 1988.

Chaer, Abdul. Penggunaan Preposisi dan Konjungsi Bahasa Indonesia. Flores:Nusa Indah, 1990.

Chaer, Abdul. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,1998.

Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. Harper CollinsPublishers, 2001.

Echols, M. John and Hassan Shadily. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Jakarta: PTGramedia Pustaka Utama.1976.

Encarta Webster’s College Dictionary, second edition.

Hatim, Basil. Teaching and Researching Translation. London: Pearson Education,2001.

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book.New York: Routledge, 2004.

House C. Homer and Susan Emolyn Harman. Descriptive English Grammar.Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall., Inc, 1950.

60

Intelligent Investor. “Indonesia – Harmony in Diversity”. National Geographic.January 2009, pp.151-156.

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.Hongkong: Oxford University Press. 1974.

___________. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press,2005.

Lapowila, Hans. Frasa Preposisi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: DepartemenPendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1992.

Larmer, Brook. “Gold”. National Geographic. January 2009, pp.34-61.

Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Startvik. A Communicative Grammar of English.London: Longman Group Ltd., 1975.

Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Startvik. A Communicative Grammar of English.London: Longman Group Ltd., 1994.

Keraf, Gorys. Tata Bahasa Indonesia; Sekolah Menengah Tingkat Atas. Flores:Penerbit Nusa Indah.1984.

Klinkenborg, Verlyn. “The Sparrows of Merrit Islands Are No More”. NationalGeographic. January 2009, pp.90-107.

Miller, Peter. “Chasing Nansen’s Ghost”. National Geographic. January 2009,pp.122-128.

Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.London: Routlege, 2001.

Moeliono, Anton M. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka,1988.

Nida. Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965.

Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.

O’Neill, Tom. “Science”. National Geographic. January 2009, pp.32.

Quirk, Radolph and Sidney Greenbaum. A Student’s Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. Hongkong: Longman Group, 1973.

61

_________________________________. A Comprehensive Grammar of theEnglish Language. . London: Longman, 1985.

________________________________. A Student’s Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. Pearson Educated, 1990.

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. Random House., Inc, 2003.

Sprinthall, C. Richard. Understanding Educational Research. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1979.

Salim, Peter. Advanced English-Indonesia Dictionary. Jakarta: Modern EnglishPress. 1989.

__________. The Contemporer English-Indonesia Dictionary. Jakarta: ModernEnglish Press. 2002.

Suryawinata, Zuchridin and Sugeng Hariyanto. Bahasan Teori dan PenuntunPraktis Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003.

Richards, Jack, John, Platt and Heidi Weber. Longman Dictionary of AppliedLinguistics. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group Limited, 1985.

Venuti, Lawrence. ed. The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge,2004.

Zackowitz, G. Margaret. “Flashback”. National Geographic. January 2009,pp.160.

62

APPENDICES

A. DATA

1. Indicate Space : Location/Direction


Accuracy

1. II the town ofChickmagalur(p.53)

kota Chikmagalur(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

2. II the southwesterncity of Cochin(p.53)

di barat daya kotaCochin(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

3. II south of couchin(p.58)

selatan Cochin(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

4. II the outskirts ofCochin (p.58)

di luar kotaCochin (p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

5. V the island ofeastern Indonesia(p.155)

pulau-pulau diIndonesia bagiantimur (p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

6. IV the northern coastof Franz Josef(p.122)

pantai utaradaratan FranzJosef (p.88)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

7. IV northern part ofthe archipelago(p.127)

di utara kepulauan(p.93)

- Inaccurate

8. V the west of thecountry(p.156)

bagian baratnegara ini (p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

9. II the mines of LaRinconada (p.58)

tambang LaRinconada(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

63

10. IV the distant coastof Eva-liv island(p.123)

di kejauhan adalahpantai pulau Eva-liv (p.89)

- Inaccurate

11. II the springtimefestival ofAkshaya(p.53)

pesta musim semidi Akshaya(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

12. II the coast of LakeTiticaca(p.60)

pantai danauTiticaca (p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

2. Indicate Derivation/Origin


Accuracy

13. II most inhabitantsof Sumbawa(p.51)

kebanyakanpenduduksumbawa(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

14. III the sparrows ofMerrit island(p.90)

pipit dari pulauMerrit (p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

15. VI the thirdpresident of theUnited States(p.160)

presiden AmerikaSerikat ketiga(p.128)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

16. V the southern tipof Sumatra(p.156)

ujung selatanSumatra (p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

64

3. Indicate Cause/Reason


Accuracy

17. II the brutalcalculus of goldmining(p.44)

bahaya besar yangdiakibatkan olehkegiatanpenambanganemas (p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

18. II the financialburden of adaughter (p.58)

beban keuanganjika anak yangdilahirkanperempuan (p.50)

Freetranslation

Accurate

19. II the shame of anunmarrieddaughter (p.58)

rasa malu karenaanak perempuanyang tak menikah(p.50)

- Inaccurate

20. II the convergenceof rising goldprices (p.59)

perpaduan antaranaiknya hargaemas (p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

21. II the dull certaintyof low wages(p.59)

kepastian surammendapatkanupah kecil (p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

22. III the unintendedconsequences ofour actions(p.93)

imbas dariperbuatan kita(p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

23. IV consequence ofrecent climatechange(p.127)

akibat perubahaniklim yang terjadibelakangan ini(p.93)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

24. V the financialburden of thatmillion tones ofimports (p.152)

beban finansialdari 2 juta tonimpor (p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

65

25. II the deadly effectsof the mercury(p.44)

efek mematikandari merkuri(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

4. Indicate Possession


Accuracy

26. II the price of gold(p.41)

harga yangdituntut emas(p.27)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

27. II armadas ofsupersizemachines (p.44)

sejumlah armadamesin berukuranraksasa(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

28. II the cab of acaterpillar 793(p.45)

kabin Caterpillar793 (p.37)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

29. II the first cut ofmine itself (p.45)

galian pertama dipertambangan itu(p.37)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

30. II profitably minemicroscopicflecks of gold(p.51)

menambang emasdalam bentukbercakmikroskopiksecaramenguntungkan(p.43)

- Inaccurate

31. II batu hijau'smountains ofwaste rock(p.51)

timbunan limbahbatu hijau yangmenggunung(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

66

32. II the only son ofanother coffeeplantation family(p.52)

putra tunggalkeluarga pemilikperkebunan kopilainnya (p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

33. II the trunk of theSUV(p.53)

bagasi mobil SUV(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

34. II the risingprosperity of anemergingmiddle's class(p.53)

meningkatnyakemakmuranmasyarakat kelasmenengah yangsedang muncul(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

35. II any other day ofthe yearthoroughly theworld (p.53)

di hari lain padatahun itu diseluruh dunia(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

36. II the price of themetal (p.58)

harga logam mulia(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

37. II the families ofbride and groom(p.58)

antara keluargapengantin wanitadan pengantin pria(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

38. II the neighboringstate of TamilNadu (p.58)

negara bagiantetangga TamilNadu (p.45)

- Inaccurate

39. II the uncertainty ofthe mine'slottery-system(p.59)

ketidakpastiansistem loteretambanglah (p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

40. II the glint ofrooftops(p.59)

bubungan atap(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

67

41. II the floor of thefamily's stone hut(p.60)

lantai batu digubuk keluarga(p.52)

- Inaccurate

42. III the final restingplace of the lastdusky seasidesparrow (p.90)

tempatperistirahatanterakhir pipitpantai bulu gelap(p.68)

- Inaccurate

43. III the salt marshesof Florida'sMerrit (p.90)

rawa air payaupulau Merrit diFlorida (p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

44. III the purpose of thelaw (p.90)

tujuan undang-undang tersebut(p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

45. III the status ofspecies (p.92)

status spesies(p.69)

- Accurate

46. III the concertedeffort of scientists(p.93)

kerjasama diantara parailmuwan (p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

47. III the needs of therest of the lives(p.93)

kebutuhanmahkluk hiduplainnya (p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

48. V the needs of end-users(p.154)

kebutuhan parapetani (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

49. V landmasses ofvarious sizes andpopulations(p.154)

wilayah denganukuran danproduksi (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

50. V people's qualityof life (p.155)

kualitas hidupmasyarakat(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

68

51. V the sense ofbelonging (p.155)

rasa memiliki(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

52. V the risks of life(p.155)

resiko kehidupan(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

53. V the Pasific's ringof fire (p.155)

lingkaran gunungberapi pasifik(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

54. V the needs of theenvironment(p.156)

kebutuhanlingkungan (p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

55. V the livelihoods ofthe locals(p.156)

kehidupanpenduduk lokal(p.16)

- Inaccurate

56. II the eldestdaughter of acoffee plantationowner (p.52)

anak perempuantertua dari pemilikperkebunan kopi(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

57. III indicators ofecosystem health(p.104)

indikatorkesehatanekosistem (p.83)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

58. II the deadly effectsof the mercury(p.44)

efek mematikandari merkuri(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

5. Indicate Relationship/Association/Connection


Accuracy

59. I Douglas Wiens ofWashingtonUniversity (p.32)

Douglas Wiensdari washingtonUniversity (p.17)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

69

60. I the study of howglaciers move(p.32)

mempelajaribagaimana gletsermembuat gempa(p.17)

- Inaccurate

61. II the Democraticrepublic ofCongo (p.41)

Republikdemokrasi Kongo(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

62. II the morning ofher arrangedwedding (p.52)

pada pagi hari dipernikahannyayang diatur olehkeluarga(p.44)

- Inaccurate

63. II the epicenter ofgold consumption(p.53)

pusat konsumsiemas (p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

64. II object of desire(p.59)

benda yangmenjadi dambaan(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

65. II Peru's ministry ofenergy and mines(p.59)

kementrian energidan pertambanganPeru (p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

66. II the drumbeat ofdeath (p.60)

genderangkematian (p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

67. IV the memory oftwo famousexplorers(p.122)

kenangan tentangdua penjelajahterkenal(p.88)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

68. V the minister ofagriculture(p.153)

Menteri pertanian(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

69. V a symbol ofprosperity(p.152)

lambangkemakmuran(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

70

70. V the seat of therevolution(p.152)

tempat yang akanmembawakemajuan pesat(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

71. V minister ofinformation andcommunication(p.155)

menteri informasidan komunikasi(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

72. V times of crisis(p.156)

keadaan krisis(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

73. V the role ofinternationalagencies(p.155)

peran badan-badaninternasional(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

74. V a fleet of mobileeducation centre(p.155)

armada pusatpendidikanbergerak (p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

75. V global levels ofthe green housegas(p.155)

tingkatan globaldari gas rumahkaca (p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

76. V SBY's vision of amodern Indonesia(p.152)

visi SBY adalahIndonesia yangmodern (p.12)

- Inaccurate

6. Indicate Partition


Accuracy

77. II dozens of barsstone(p.34)

belasan batang(p.28)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

71

78. II sacks of moneystone (p.35)

Berkarung-karung"batu uang" (p.28)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

79. II many of his Incaancestors (p.38)

sejumlah besarleluhurnya darisuku inca(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

80. II a wad of cocaleaves (p.41)

segumpal dauncoca (p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

81. II many of hisfellow miners(p.41)

banyak rekansesamapenambang (p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

82. II a sack of rock(p.41)

sekarung batu(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

83. II a stroke of luck(p.41)

keberuntungan(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

84. II thousands ofyears (p.42)

ribuan tahun(p.34)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

85. II one of the world'smost covetedcommodities(p.42)

salah satukomoditas yangpaling diidam-idamkan di dunia(p.34)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

86. II two-thirds of thedemand (p.42)

dua pertigapermintaan (p.34)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

87. II millions of smallscale miners(p.43)

jutaan penambangberskala kecil diseluruh dunia(p.35)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

88. II part of thechallenge(p.43)

sebagian daritantangan (p.35)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

72

89. II 161.000 tons ofgold (p.43)

161,000 ton emas(p.35)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

90. II one end of thespectrum(p.43)

ujung spektrumyang satu (p.35) - Inaccurate

91. II 25 percent of theworld'sgold(p.44)

25 persen emasdunia (p.35)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

92. II one-third of themercury(p.44)

sepertiga darimerkuri(p.36)

Word-for-word

Accurate

93. II the other hand ofspectrum(p.44)

ujung lain darispektrum(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

94. II three-quarters ofthe world's gold(p.44)

tiga perempatemas dunia (p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

95. II massive amountsof waste rock(p.44)

sejumlah besarlimbah batu (p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

96. II the head of pin(p.44)

kepala jarumpentol (p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

97. II a single ounce ofgold (p.44)

satu ounce(31gram) emas(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

98. II vast quantities ofgold(p.44)

sejumlah besaremas (p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

99. II one of the world'slargest truck(p.45)

salah satu trukterbesar di dunia(p.37)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

73

100. II part of that forceitself(p.45)

bagian daridaya itu(p.37)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

101. II part of a 111-vehicle fleet(p.45)

bagian darisebuah armada111 wahana (p.37)

- Inaccurate

102. II million of years(p.45)

jutaan tahun (p.42) Literaltranslation

Accurate

103. II a speck of thegold(p.50)

sedikitpun emas(p.42) - Inaccurate

104. II the ends of theearth(p.50)

ujung bumi (p.42) Literaltranslation

Accurate

105. II tens of thousandsof jobs (p.50)

puluhan ribulapangan kerja(p.42)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

106. II thousands ofvillagers(p.50)

ribuan warga(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

107. II 25 percent ofworld's gold(p.50)

25 persen emasdunia (p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

108. II some 2,000 of themines's 8,000employees (p.51)

sekitar 2,000 daritotal 8,000pegawai tambang(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

109. II the bottom of thesea (p.51)

dasar laut (p.43) Literaltranslation

Accurate

110. II the heaps ofdiscarded rock(p.52)

timbunan batubuangan itu (p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

74

111. II ten feet of soil(p.52)

tanah setebal 3meter (p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

112. II another 79 acresof rain forest(p.52)

32 hektar lagihutan hujan (p.43) - Inaccurate

113. II a share of themine (p.52)

bagian daritambang (p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

114. II the merger of twowealthy indianfamilies (p.52)

perpaduan duakeluarga kaya diIndia (p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

115. II this circle ofcoffee growers(p.53)

di kalanganperkebunan kopi(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

116. II the millions ofdollars of goldjewelry (p.53)

jutaan dolar dalambentuk perhiasanemas (p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

117. II this country ofbillion people(p.53)

negaraberpenduduk satumiliar jiwa ini(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

118. II 773,6 tons ofgold(53)

773,6 ton emas(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

119. II 20 percent of theworld goldmarket(p.53)

20 persen pasaremas (p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

120. II 18,000 tons of theyellow metal(p.53)

18,000 ton logamkuning(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

121. II a gram of gold(p.43)

satu gram emas(p.35)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

75

122. II the quantity ofgold jewelryIndians purchase(p.53)

jumlah perhiasanemas yang dibeliorang India(p.45)

- Accurate

123. II 3 percent of thecountrypopulation(p.53)

3 persen daripopulasi negeri(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

124. II subsequent wavesof colonizers(p.53)

arus para penjajah(p.45) - Inaccurate

125. II the largestportion of thedowry (p.53)

bagian terbesardari mas kawin(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

126. II a drop of theliquid (p.58)

setetes cairan(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

127. II gifts of goldjewelry (p.58)

hadiah berupaperhiasan emas(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

128. II the best form ofsecurity (p.58)

alat pengamanterbaik (p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

129. II the backs of herhands (p.58)

punggungtangannya (p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

130. II flecks ofoverlooked gold(p.58)

(serpihan kecil)emas yangmungkin luput daripenglihatan (p.50)

- Inaccurate

131. II two grams ofgold (p.59)

dua gram emas(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

132. II piles of discardedrock(p.59)

tumpukan batubuangan(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

76

133. II the six or eightgrams of gold(p.59)

6 atau 8 gramemas (p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

134. II the number ofmines (p.59)

jumlah tambang(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

135. II a handful of cops(p.59)

beberapa petugas(p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

136. II the 1,9 grams ofgold (p.59)

1,9 gram emas(p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

137. II the highest formof offering (p.60)

bentuk tertinggipersembahan(p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

138. II the tons ofmercury (p.60)

berton-ton merkuri(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

139. II every gram ofgold (p.60)

setiap gram emas(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

140. II five grams ofmercury (p.60)

lima gram merkuri(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

141. II part of theendless routine(p.60)

bagian darikegiatan rutinyang tak pernahberakhir(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

142. II two sacks of ore(p.60)

dua karung bijih(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

143. II several pounds ofliquid mercury(p.61)

merkuri cair(p.52) - Inaccurate

144. II one of severalhundred (p.61)

salah satu dariratusan (p.53)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

77

145. II a tiny kernel ofgold (p.61)

sebuah inti emassangat kecil (p.53)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

146. II one-thirtieth of anounce (p.61)

1,1 gram (p.53) Freetranslation

Accurate

147. III a bill of rights(p.90)

undang-undanghak asasi (p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

148. III the rest ofcreation (p.90)

semua mahklukhidup (p.68)

- Inaccurate

149. III some of inherentdifficulties (p.92)

(beberapa) contohsulitnya prosestersebut(p.69)

- Inaccurate

150. III the best measureof the act's value(p.93)

cara pengukuranterbaik terhadapnilai undang-undang tersebut(p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

151. III the thousands ofspecies (p.93)

ribuan spesies(p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

152. III many of thesescavengers (p.94)

banyak di antarapemakan bangkaiini (p.72)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

153. IV one of 14 visits(p.122)

salah satu dari 14kunjungannya(p.88)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

154. IV a huge channel ofblack water(p.126)

sebuah kanalraksasa yangberwarna hitam(p.92)

- Inaccurate

155. IV thousands ofseabirds(p.127)

ribuan burung laut(p.93)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

78

156. V the size ofwestern Europe(p.151)

seukuran Eropabarat (p.11)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

157. V a quilt of fields(p.152)

di tengah lahanpertanian (p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

158. V 35 million tonesof rice(p.152)

35 juta ton beras(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

159. V 2 percent ofIndonesianfarmers(p.153)

2 persen petaniIndonesia (p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

160. V two other typesof institution(p.154)

dua lembagalainnya (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

161. V another of thefirst lady's socialprograms(p.154)

beberapa programsosial ibu negaralainnya (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

162. V a number ofambitious plans(p.154)

sejumlah rencanaambisius (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

163. V 80 percent of thecountrypopulation(p.154)

80 persen daripopulasi Indonesia(p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

164. V the first of foursteps(p.155)

pertama dariempat langkah(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

165. V 20 percent of itsspending(p.155)

20 persenpengeluaran (p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

79

166. V a number ofcomplementaryeducationinitiatives(p.155)

sejumlah inisiatifpendidikantambahan(p.15)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

167. V half the size ofthe United States(p.156)

setengah kaliAmerika Serikat(p.16)

- Inaccurate

168. VI The side of SouthDakota MountRushmore(p.160)

Gunung RushmoreDakota Selatan(p.128)

- Inaccurate

169. V 66 percent ofIndonesians(p.156)

66 persenpendudukIndonesia (p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

7. Indicate Quality/ Attribute/


Accuracy

170. II a transcendentsymbol of beauty(p.42)

lambangkecantikan yangmemukau(p.34)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

171. II the mine's mind-bendingdisparities ofscales(p.44)

skala disparitastambang yangmemerihatinkan(p.36)

- Inaccurate

172. II a two-mile stretchof Cochin's mainthoroughfare(p.53)

jalan utama cochinsepanjang 3 km(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

80

173. II the speed andeasy accessof"privatefinanciers" (p.58)

kecepatan dankemudahanmenghubungirentenir (p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

174. II a place of suchstartlingcontradictions(p.59)

tempat dengankontradiksi yangmengejutkan(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

175. II the nearbymining town ofAnanea (p.60)

kota tambang didekatnya (Ananea)(p.52)

- Inaccurate

176. II an unknownquantity of gold(p.61)

emas yang takdiketahuijumlahnya (p.53)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

177. III a few survivingpatches of salinemarsh (p.93)

yang hidup disejumlah petakrawa air asin(p.71)

- Inaccurate

178. III the test ofpriorities (p.93)

ujian prioritas(p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

179. IV the sleeve of hiswaterproof(p.125)

lengan bajunyayang tahan air(p.91)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

180. IV the ruins of themiserable stonehut (p.126)

puing-puing gubukbatumenggenaskan(p.93)

- Inaccurate

181. V the production offood(p.153)

produksi pangan(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

182. V different types ofrice (p.153)

berbagai tipe padi(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

81

183. V a valuable sourceof foreignexchange(p.152)

sumber devisayang berharga(p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

184. V a fair rate ofinterest (p.154)

tingkat bunga yangringan (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

185. V efficientmovement ofpeople (p.154)

pergerakanmanusia menjadiefisien (p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

186. V the forefront ofthe debate(p.156)

barisan terdepan(p.16) - Inaccurate

187. VI 14 years ofconstruction(p.160)

Konstruksinyamemakan waktu14 tahun (p.128)

- Inaccurate

188. III reduced use oflead ammunition(p.94)

penguranganpemakaianamunisi timbal(p.72)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

8. Genitive: Subjective


Accuracy

189. II the allure of gold(p.38)

daya pikat emas(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

190. II sweat of the sun(p.41)

keringat matahari(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

191. II the neardisappearance ofyellow-crestedcockatoo (p.52)

nyaris punahnyaburung kakaktuajambul kuning(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

82

192. II the rising price ofgold(p.58)

kenaikan hargaemas (p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

193. II the rest of her life(p.58)

sisa hidupnya(p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

194. II the perfidy ofmany men(p.59)

pengkhianatanbanyak pria (p.50)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

195. II the arrival ofelectricity(p.59)

masuknya aliranlistrik (p.51)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

196. II the dust of thecity streets(p.60)

debu jalanan kota(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

197. III the plummetingof migratory birdpopulations(p.91)

berkurangnyapopulasi burungmigrant (p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

198. III one population ofthe grizzly bear(p.93)

satu populasiberuang grizzly(p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

199. III the protection ofthe law(p.93)

perlindunganhukum (p.71)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

200. III the protection ofthe 1973 (p.106)

perlindungan dariundang-undangtahun 1973(p.84)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

201. V clusters of human(p.154)

kelompok-kelompokmasyarakat(p.14)

Literaltranslation Accurate

83

202. V the backing ofresidents(p.156)

dukunganpenduduknya(p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

203. V the breaking upof national unity(p.156)

pecahnyakesatuan nasional(p.16)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

9. Genitive: Objective


Accuracy

204. II the conquest ofthe new world(p.41)

penaklukan dunia(p.33)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

205. II buyers of goldjewelry (p.43)

pembeli perhiasanemas (p.34)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

206. II control of goldmines (p.44)

menguasaitambang emas(p.36)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

207. II the depletion ofdeposits (p.50)

menipisnyacadangan emas(p.42)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

208. II the forcedrelocation ofvillagers (p.50)

merelokasipenduduk desadengan paksa(p.43)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

209. II first ingestion ofsolid food(p.58)

pertama kalimenyantapmakanan padat(p.45)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

210. II the brunt ofdestruction(p.60)

akibat kerusakan(p.52)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

84

211. III the pillaging ofocean fishingstocks(p.91)

penjarahan ikanlaut secara besar-besaran(p.68)

- Inaccurate

212. IV the chances ofsurvival(p.127)

kesempatanuntuk bertahanhidup(p.93)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

213. II a love ofextravagance(p.53)

kesukaan untukbermewah-mewah(p.44)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

10. Indicate Amount, Value


Accuracy

214. II a total of 100million people(p.44)

kehidupan sekitar100 juta orang(p.36)

- Inaccurate

11. Indicate Time


Accuracy

215. V the Asianfinancial crisis of1998 (p.154)

krisis keuanganpada tahun 1998(p.14)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

216. III the directness andidealism of 1973(p.93)

ketegasan danidealisme 1973(p.71)

- Inaccurate

85

12. Complex Preposition


Accuracy

217. III a kind ofprotective legalcustody (p.90)

semacam statusperlindunganhukum(p.68)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

218. III at risk ofextinction(p.93)

terancam punah(p.70)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

219. IV the lack of ice sea(p.127)

ketiadaan es laut(p.93) - Inaccurate

220. V a sort of botanicalspeed-dating(p.152)

semacampersilangan cepatbotanical (p.13)

Literaltranslation

Accurate

Articles:I. Science (p.32)II. Gold (p.34)III. The Sparrows of Merrit Islands are No More (p.90)IV. Chasing Nansen (p.122)V. Indonesia-Harmony in Diversity (p.151)VI. Flashback (p.128)

the accuracy of the translation of preposition of …

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