the acceleration of the universe expansion
TRANSCRIPT
Yoav Weinstein – [email protected] ; Eran Sinbar – [email protected]
024649014 13.March.2016
• Distance of stars can be measured by standard “candles” called type 1a supernova.
• These supernova explosions have a standard behavior regarding the explosion decay time Vs. the illumination intensity.
• By measuring the supernova illumination Vs the expected illumination (based on the relaxation time of the explosion signal ),the distance to the “candle” can be defined.
• Based on the measurements of the redshift behavior of distant and near by galaxies it is a well known theory today that space is expanding, and even accelerating ,because of Dark Energy.
• The above is detailed in Professor Brian Schmidt’s beautiful presentation “the accelerating universe”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55pcpTjd3BY
The acceleration of the UNIVERSE expansion
The expansion of space based on the redshift effect
Edwin Hubble discovered on 1929 that the universe is expanding based on the redshift effect. Brian Schmidt (together with Adam Riess and Saul Perlmutter ) and his team discovered the acceleration of the universe expansion on 1998
https://www.google.co.il/search?q=type+1a+supernova&rlz=1T4LENP_en___IL491&biw=1518&bih=712&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjysoSQt77LAhWHkywKHRSKBxUQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#imgrc=9UlI9kUuxVQ8xM%3A
white dwarf (on the left) swallowing its neighbor star ,and when reaching 1.4 times the mass of the sun it explodes to a type 1a supernova
The redshift effect https://www.google.co.il/search?q=redshift&rlz=1T4LENP_en___IL491&biw=1518&bih=712&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-7cvuw77LAhVCLZoKHfP8B8cQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#imgrc=k7_52_pPLn2_VM%3A
Red shift when the object is travelling away from the observer
blue shift when the object is travelling towards the observer
Scaling the “candles”
https://www.google.co.il/search?q=type+1a+supernova+decay+vs+time&rlz=1T4LENP_en___IL491&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixn_SduL7LAhVFBywKHdHXCL4Q_AUIBygB&biw=1518&bih=712&dpr=0.9#imgrc=DTaiIB98SBr5cM%3A
The magnitude of the type 1a supernova brightness is a function of the decay period. The longer the period, the higher the magnitude (see top graph below). This universal phenomena enables scaling for applying the type 1a supernova as a standard Candle for distance measurements (see bottom graph below).
Our thoughts about time and the expansion of the universe
• The fabric of space and time are curled together based on the general relativity.
• Near heavy mass and strong gravitation, time slows down compared
to open space. For example, near a black hole time nearly stands still compared to open space. • Based on the same logic ,before the big bang there was no space
and no time. During the first phase of inflation ,time moved much slower than today and this can explain the huge inflation of space in an infinite short time (this infinite short inflation time, during the beginning of time, might seem much longer if scaled to our present time scale).
• As space stretched, time started to move faster and faster. Based on that logic, the decay period of the type 1a supernova, which are farther away and happened billions of years ago should seem to us today, slower than the nearby ones because time moves faster today as the universe expanded. • If this time scaling is not taken in account ,the far away supernova
decay may be assumed by mistake longer than it really was ,based on the slower clock ticks during the time of the supernova explosion (billions of years ago) and scaled by mistake to a higher illuminating supernova than the real explosion .
• The candle scaling which is applied today, assuming by mistake that it was illuminating stronger light than it truly did ,will conclude by mistake that the explosion happened farther away than the real supernova.
Our thoughts about time and the expansion of the universe
Acceleration of the universe expansion
• Based on their redshift measurements ,because they are located closer to us than the candle scaling based conclusion, they will have a lower rate of the red shift effect, than expected ,and be assumed by mistake to expand away slower than the near by galaxies.
this can result in the wrong conclusion that the expansion of space is accelerating. • What really is accelerating today vs the past , is not the expansion of space because of
some kind of dark energy ,but the acceleration in the “ticking” of time caused by the expansion of the space – time fabric .
Gravity and the expansion of space • We assume that nature is looking to slow time and reduce power consumption by
applying gravity on matter. See our presentation : http://www.slideshare.net/eransinbar1/gravity-and-time
• Based on that assumption gravity (from matter and dark matter ),will eventually
balance and stop the expansion of space and the acceleration of time.
How can we test the theory? • If truly, the only parameter that is accelerating because the expansion of space is the
”ticking” of time, and not the space expansion itself, than we expect that type1a supernova from distant galaxies ,which illuminated their light towards us, billions of years ago ,when time was “ticking slower, will seem statistically with a longer decay period than the near by ones.
• If that is not the case , than it might mean that expansion of space is not influencing the “ticking” rate of time.
but space- time is a united fabric ,and that will seem odd that expanding the one (space) does not influence the other (time). • This can be explained by our QUT (Quantized Universe Theory) and the GRID dimensions
theory : http://www.slideshare.net/eransinbar1/quantized-fabric-of-space-and-time-theory if the expansion of space time is done by adding new4D quantum’s of spacetime units (like in a LEGO blocks building game ), and not by expanding the fabric of space itself, the growth of space – time can happen without influencing the “ticking” of time. if there is a correlation between the number of quantum’s of space time (space cells) generated so far, and the number of new generated space cells, than the acceleration in the expansion rate of space can be explained by this correlation.