the 2nd workshop on air quality modeling challenges chemical composition of aerosols in the vmap...
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The 2nd Workshop on Air Quality Modeling Challenges
Chemical Composition of Aerosols in the VMAP Network over Japan during the ACE-Asia Field Campaign 2001:What we need from modeling studies
Mitsuo Uematsu ¤⁄ ‹›Center for International Cooperation
Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo
Nakano, Tokyo Japan
At Tsukuba Convention Center Epochal, Tsukuba, Japan
10 March 2003
SeaWiFS image (19 March 2002)
Volcanic PlumeFrom Miyake Is.
Region with High Marine Productivity
Biomass Burning
Biomass Burning
Asian Dust Storm
With Anthropogenic substances
Western NorthPacific Region
Rishiri
Sado
Hachijo
Chichijima
Seoul
Kosan
Amami
30oN
40oN
20oN
10oN
50oN
60oN
160oE100oE 140oE120oE 180o
Midway
ACE-Asia Ground Station Network over East Asia
Fukue
Tango
Hong Kong
Beijing
Qingdao
Linan
Zhenbeitai
Lan-yu
Dunhuang
Rishiri45.12˚N, 141.20˚E
Sado38.25˚N, 138.40˚E
Hachijo33.15˚N, 139.75˚E
Chichi-jima27.07˚N, 142.22˚E
VMAP Ground Measurement Network
・Determine the latitudinal (along the 140˚E line) and the seasonal variability of chemical composition of aerosol from the Asian continent to the western North Pacific region.
・Determine the interaction among natural aerosols, anthropogenic aerosols and gasses during transport over the marginal seas and the western North Pacific region.
・ Reproduce the observation data by a regional chemical transport model (CFORS). Then estimate the outflow fluxes to eastward (AQPMS).
Measurements
Aerosol PM2.5 OC/ECFine &Coarse Major IonsFine &Coarse Trace ElementsBulk Organic CompoundsBlack CarbonAerosol Number ConcentrationOzoneCOSO2RadonParticle Mass PM2.5 or 10 TEOMWeather Condition(Temp, Humid, Pres, Wind D&S, Ppt)
Rishiri
●●●
●○○
○△●
Sado
●●(2001.11-)●(2001.11-)
△
●△△
Hachijo
●●●○○○●
●○●●
Chichi-jima
●●●○○●○
○△●
● (in operation by ORI); ○ (by others); △ (from EANET)
Instruments information
(1) Organic Carbon/Elemental Carbon (Series 5400 Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor R&P Co. Inc.)
(2) Number concentration of particles (KC-01, KC-18, Rion Co. Ltd.; TS-400 Hitachi Co.)
(3) Mass concentration of particles (Series 1400 TEOM, R&P Co. Inc.)
(4) Soluble ions and trace metals in particles (ACS21, AS9, Kimoto Electric Co Ltd.)
(5) Black Carbon (Aethalometer, Magee Scientific Co.)
(6) Ozone (Model1150, Dylec, Inc.)
(7) Sulfur dioxide (SA-631, Kimoto Electric Co Ltd.)
(8) Radon (Spectrum Analyzer)
(9) Dimethylsulfide (GC with cryo-trap system)
(10) Meteorological data
Present Status until June 2003
HVDVI( High Volume Dichotomous Virtual Impactor)
air
Filter
To pump
Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor
Flow Schematic
With or without Denuder
Particulate Org. Cor Reactive Org. C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
filter_coarse
Na_C_tef
K_C_tef
Mg_C_tef
Ca_C_tef
Cl_C_tef
NO3_C_tef
SO4_C_tef
C_what
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
fine
Na_f_tef
NH4_f_tef
K_f_tef
Mg2_f_tef
Ca2_f_tef
Cl_f_tef
NO3_f_tef
SO42_f_tef
f_whatWhatman 41 Filter
Tef
lon
Fil
ter
Tef
lon
Fil
ter
Whatman 41 FilterCoarse Particles Fine Particles
Urban Aerosol in Tokyo
-2
0
2
4
6
8
4/1 4/11 4/21 5/1 5/11 5/21 6/1
HachijoChichi-jima
-2
0
2
4
6
8
4/1 4/11 4/21 5/1 5/11 5/21 6/1
RishiriSado
Co-variation of EC Concentration
in the Spring of 2001
Uno et al., in press, JGR
Effect of Biomass Burning
Assuming nss-SO42- from biomass burning is negligible compared with f
ossil fuel combusion
[EC]measured = [EC]fossil + [EC]biomass
[EC]fossil = [EC/ nss-SO42- ] Episode 1, 2, 4 x [nss-SO4
2- ]measured
[EC]biomass = [EC]measured - [EC]fossil
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
4/1 4/3 4/5 4/7 4/9 4/11 4/13 4/15 4/17 4/19 4/21 4/23 4/25 4/27 4/29
EC Conc. (µgC/m3)
biomassfossil fuel
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Episode1Episode2Episode4.17Episode3Episode4
nss-SO4
2- Conc. (µg/m3)
58-71% of OC and 66-76% of EC are contributed by biomass burning during Episodes at Rishiri
0
2
4
6
8
TC Conc.(
µ
gC/m
3)
0
2
4
6
8
TC Conc.(
µ
gC/m
3)
0
2
4
6
8
TC Conc.(
µ
gC/m
3)
0
2
4
6
8
TC Conc.(
µ
gC/m
3)
Carbonaceous Aerosol Concetrations in the VMAP Network Through One Year From 2001
Rishiri
Sado
Hachijo
Chichi-jima
4/1 6/1 8/1 10/1 12/1 2/1 4/1
-2
0
2
4
6
8
7/1 7/11 7/21 8/1 8/11 8/21 9/1
RishiriSado
Co-variation of EC Concentration
in the Summer of 2001
Al and nss-Ca Concentration in the VMAP NetworkRishiri
Hachijo
Chichi-jima
Al C
onc.
[μ
g/m
3]
nss-Ca Conc. [μg/m3]
〔 R1〕
〔 R2〕〔 R3〕〔 R4〕
〔 R5〕
〔 H1〕
Coarse Al
Coarse nss-Ca
Size Distribution and Variability of Enrichment Factor at Rishiri
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ÅkR1Ål ÅkR2Ål ÅkR3Ål ÅkR4Ål ÅkR5Ål
AlCo
arse
/Al To
tal
0
0.5
1
1.5
ÅkR1ÅlÅkR2ÅlÅkR3ÅlÅkR4ÅlÅkR5Ål
Coarse FeEnri
chm
ent
Fact
ors
Takla MakanDesert
Mongolia
Mu- us DesertTenggerDesert
JunggarDesert
China
Comparison of Enrichment Factors of Ca in the Sources and Aerosols at Rishiri an Hachijo
Takla Makan-Gobi
Ocher Plateau
[Kanamori et al., 1991]
(〔 R1〕除く)(〔 H1〕除く)
Atmospheric Al Concentration over East Asia
[Makra et al., 2002] [Zhang et al., 2002]
[Ho et al., 2003] [Orlic et al., 1999]
[Yin et al., 2003]
Takla Makan
Singapore
Hong Kong
XiAn
Beijing
Atmospheric Al Concentration Around Japan
Rishiri
Okushiri
Hachijo
Chichi- jima
Wajima
Isumo
Onna
Rishiri
Okushiri
Hachijo
Chichi- jima
Wajima
Isumo
Onna
[Tsunogai et al., 1985] spring period 1981 and 1982
Results of VMAP observations
The 2002 IOC Western Pacific Cruise
Western N. PacCentral N. Pac
Subtropical N. Pac
Midway
Enewetak
Fanning
Oahu
Shemya
Western N. PacCentral N. Pac
Subtropical N. Pac
Midway
Enewetak
Fanning
Oahu
Shemya
Results of IOC2002 Cruise
Over the North Pacific
[Uematsu et al.,1983]
Event 1: May 4~8Event 2: May 12~14Event 3: May 17~19
May 16-17 2002
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
IOC1IOC2IOC3IOC4IOC5IOC6IOC7IOC8IOC9IOC10IOC11IOC12IOC13IOC14IOC15IOC16IOC17IOC18IOC19IOC20IOC21IOC22IOC23IOC24IOC25IOC26IOC27IOC28
Al conc. [µg m
-3]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
NO
3- conc. [µg m
-3]
CoarseAl FineAl CoarseNO3- FineNO3-
Aluminum and Nitrate
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
IOC1IOC2IOC3IOC4IOC5IOC6IOC7IOC8IOC9IOC10IOC11IOC12IOC13IOC14IOC15IOC16IOC17IOC18IOC19IOC20IOC21IOC22IOC23IOC24IOC25IOC26IOC27IOC28
Al conc. [µg m
-3]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
nss-SO
42- conc. [µg m
-3]
CoarseAl FineAl Coarsenss-SO42- Fine nss-SO42-
Aluminum and Sulfate
ng m -3 Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
Event 1 762 108 125 106 635 295 269 2354Fine (%)Event 2 263 43 10 53 221 156 143 1739Fine (%)Event 3 105 65 32 49 330 110 265 1861Fine (%)Normal 39 28 6 20 123 41 104 523
Fine (%)
Al
12
38
NO3- nss-SO 4
2-nss-Ca 2+
32 90
14 84 41 92
46
25 88
42 77 25 83
60
Average Concentrations of Each Event
Prospero et al., J. G. R. (2002)
Midway Is.
SO4
NO3
Mineral
MSA
Anth-SO4 in Mar.With Dust.65% of Total SO4
Nat-SO4 in May75% of Total SO4
NO3 background conc. =0.20µg m-3
Anth-SO4
Nat-SO4
NO3
Sakai, Osaka: (1986-1995): Ito and Mizohata (2000)
nssSO4: From 4.0 to 5.6 µg m-3 (x 1.4) NO3: From 2.16 to 2.57 µg m-3 (x 1.2)
Midway: (1981-1995): Prospero et al., (2002)
Anthro SO4: From 0.24 to 0.65 µg m-3 (x 2.7) Total NO3: From 0.38 to 0.58 µg m-3 (x 1.5)
Japan to Midway:
nssSO4: 6%-12% remained at Midway NO3:18%-23%
What we need from modeling studies
•Identify new emission sources for aerosols •How to model sporadic events•Volcanic emission and its effects•Nitrate distribution and its deposition flux•Biogenic sulfur emission from sea surface•Long term trends of aerosol distribution•Reproduce rain events•Regional Models vs Global Models
●
●
7/8
Case1
Case1 利尻島 , 佐渡島 低濃度
7/31 8/1
●
●
●
●
Case3
Case3 利尻島 低濃度 佐渡島 高濃度
Case2
7/127/11
●
●
●
●
Case2 利尻島 , 佐渡島 高濃度
地上天気図
3. 炭素質エアロソルの発生源< 利尻島 >
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140130120 150 160
30
40
50 SIB
CHI
OKH
PAC-JPN
Longitude (ºE)
Lati
tude (
ºN)
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (%)
OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPNTrajectory Pathway
規格化濃度 (N): N = (mi - Mi) / Mi
(mi: 各セクターの成分 i の平均濃度 , Mi: 成分 I の平均濃度 )
Trajectory Pathway Trajectory Pathway
OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN
OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN
OC EC
Particle Number O3
利尻島における輸送経路と濃度の関係
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ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB
140130120 150 160
40
30
20
Longitude (ºE)
Lati
tud
e (
ºN)
PAC
JPN
S-CHI
CHI-JPN
< 八丈島 >
0
20
40
60
80
Frequency (%)
PAC CHI-JPN JPN S-CHITrajectory Pathway
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
Normalized Conc.
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
-0.5
0
0.5
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
Normalized Conc.
Trajectory Pathway Trajectory Pathway
OC EC
Particle Number O3
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
PAC CHI-JPN JPN
八丈島における輸送経路と濃度の関係
EC = 0.21NO3 + 0.06R2 = 0.49
EC= 0.04SO42- + 0.04
R2 = 0.82
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Fine NO3-, SO4
2- [µg m-3]
EC [µg m
-3]
FineNO3- Fine nss-SO42- N S
y = 0.14 x - 1.05R2 = 0.65
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 20 40 60 80
Total Acid (Bulk NO3- + Bulk nss-SO4
2-) [neq m-3]
Total Soluble nss-Ca neq [neq m
-3]