THE 2nd RED SCARETHE 2nd RED SCARE& McCARTHYISM& McCARTHYISM

CHAPTER 26, SECTION 3CHAPTER 26, SECTION 3

FEAR OF COMMUNISMFEAR OF COMMUNISM ORIGINS: ORIGINS:

– World War I Era / Russian RevolutionWorld War I Era / Russian Revolution– 1917 Bolshevik Revolution1917 Bolshevik Revolution– The creation of the “Comintern”The creation of the “Comintern”

Define: “Comintern”: Define: “Comintern”: – Soviet-led organization with the stated purpose of Soviet-led organization with the stated purpose of

cultivating and spreading communism cultivating and spreading communism internationallyinternationally

– Result? THE “RED SCARE” OF 1917Result? THE “RED SCARE” OF 1917 Define: “The Red Scare”:Define: “The Red Scare”:

– Period following Bolshevik Revolution during Period following Bolshevik Revolution during which American society grew fearful of which American society grew fearful of communist influence in the UScommunist influence in the US

FEAR OF COMMUNISMFEAR OF COMMUNISMORIGINS (CONT’D.)ORIGINS (CONT’D.)

1930’s: DEPRESSION-ERA U.S.: Some 1930’s: DEPRESSION-ERA U.S.: Some support for the USSR and communism support for the USSR and communism develops in U.S. due to Depression-develops in U.S. due to Depression-related troubles (high unemployment, related troubles (high unemployment, business & banking failures, etc.).business & banking failures, etc.).

Some Americans lose confidence in Some Americans lose confidence in Capitalism.Capitalism.

FDR’s NEW DEAL remedies some of this. FDR’s NEW DEAL remedies some of this.

WORLD WAR II CONCERNSWORLD WAR II CONCERNS World War II causes mixed feelingsWorld War II causes mixed feelings

– WHY?WHY? USSR IS US ALLY; THEY’RE NEEDED TO DEFEAT GERMANYUSSR IS US ALLY; THEY’RE NEEDED TO DEFEAT GERMANY BUT…THEY ARE KNOWN TO STILL BE A THREAT TO BUT…THEY ARE KNOWN TO STILL BE A THREAT TO

DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISMDEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM EXAMPLE?EXAMPLE?

– BY 1945, COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP IN U.S. REACHES BY 1945, COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP IN U.S. REACHES 80,00080,000

– GOV’T KNOWS USSR IS TRYING TO STEAL ATOMIC SECRETSGOV’T KNOWS USSR IS TRYING TO STEAL ATOMIC SECRETS

TRUMAN KNOWS US GOV’T. HAS TO DEAL TRUMAN KNOWS US GOV’T. HAS TO DEAL WITH THE NEW SOVIET THREAT.WITH THE NEW SOVIET THREAT.– RESULT?RESULT?

1947: GOV’T ESTABLISHES 1947: GOV’T ESTABLISHES “LOYALTY REVIEW BOARD”“LOYALTY REVIEW BOARD” PURPOSE? TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE COMMUNIST PURPOSE? TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE COMMUNIST

SYMPATHIZERS & ORGANIZATIONS SYMPATHIZERS & ORGANIZATIONS

ANTI-COMMUNIST ACTIONSANTI-COMMUNIST ACTIONS 1947: HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN 1947: HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN

ACTIVITIES (ACTIVITIES (H.U.A.C.H.U.A.C.) BEGINS HOLLYWOOD ) BEGINS HOLLYWOOD INVESTIGATIONS:INVESTIGATIONS:– PURPOSE? TO INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL PURPOSE? TO INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL

COMMUNIST INFILTRATION INTO U.S. SOCIETYCOMMUNIST INFILTRATION INTO U.S. SOCIETY– HOLLYWOOD INVESTIGATIONS: WHY?HOLLYWOOD INVESTIGATIONS: WHY?

Pro-Soviet films had been produced during WW IIPro-Soviet films had been produced during WW II Some communist sympathizers did work / act in HollywoodSome communist sympathizers did work / act in Hollywood

– RESULTS? RESULTS? – The The ““HOLLYWOOD TENHOLLYWOOD TEN”” ARE INVESTIGATED / ARE INVESTIGATED /

PROSECTUED, SENTENCED TO PRISON TERMS.PROSECTUED, SENTENCED TO PRISON TERMS. WHO?WHO?

– 10 HOLLYWOOD INDUSTRY ACTORS / EXECUTIVES WHO 10 HOLLYWOOD INDUSTRY ACTORS / EXECUTIVES WHO WOULDN’T COOPERATE WITH INVESTIGATIONSWOULDN’T COOPERATE WITH INVESTIGATIONS

– WHY? THEY BELIVED INVESTIGATIONS WERE WHY? THEY BELIVED INVESTIGATIONS WERE UNCONSTITUTIONALUNCONSTITUTIONAL

– HOLLYWOOD HOLLYWOOD ““BLACKLISTSBLACKLISTS”” ARE CREATED ARE CREATED DEFINE:DEFINE:

– LISTS OF ACTORS, WRITERS, ETC. WHO ARE CONDEMNED FOR LISTS OF ACTORS, WRITERS, ETC. WHO ARE CONDEMNED FOR SUPPOSEDLY HAVING A COMMUNIST BACKGROUNDSUPPOSEDLY HAVING A COMMUNIST BACKGROUND

THE THE HOLLYWOOHOLLYWOO

D TEND TEN& LAWYERS& LAWYERS

OTHER ANTI-COMMUNIST OTHER ANTI-COMMUNIST ACTIONSACTIONS

1950: McCARRAN INTERNAL 1950: McCARRAN INTERNAL SECURITY BILL ( McCARRAN ACT)SECURITY BILL ( McCARRAN ACT)– DID WHAT? DID WHAT?

IT IS UNLAWFUL TO PLAN ANY ACTION THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO PLAN ANY ACTION THAT MIGHT LEAD TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MIGHT LEAD TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A TOTALITARIAN STATE INSIDE THE U.S.TOTALITARIAN STATE INSIDE THE U.S.

– TRUMAN VETOES THE BILL ON TRUMAN VETOES THE BILL ON CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDSCONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS

– CONGRESS OVERRIDES (OUTVOTES) CONGRESS OVERRIDES (OUTVOTES) THE VETOTHE VETO

SPY CASES SPY CASES 1948: ALGER HISS CASE1948: ALGER HISS CASE

– OTHERS INVOLVED IN CASE:OTHERS INVOLVED IN CASE: WHITTAKER CHAMBERSWHITTAKER CHAMBERS RICHARD M. NIXONRICHARD M. NIXON

– RESULT? HISS CONVICTED OF PERJURY, RESULT? HISS CONVICTED OF PERJURY, NOT ESPIONAGENOT ESPIONAGE

1950: 1950: THE ROSENBERG CASETHE ROSENBERG CASE– ACCUSED OF PASSING ATOMIC SECRETS ACCUSED OF PASSING ATOMIC SECRETS

TO SOVIETSTO SOVIETS– CONVICTED, SENTENCED TO DEATHCONVICTED, SENTENCED TO DEATH

Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers

ALGER HISS GIVING ALGER HISS GIVING TESTIMONYTESTIMONY

JULIUS & JULIUS & ETHEL ETHEL

ROSENBERGROSENBERG

McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM WHO? WHO?

– SENATOR JOSEPH P. McCARTHYSENATOR JOSEPH P. McCARTHY, R.,WISC., R.,WISC.– 1950: MINOR FIGURE IN CONGRESS1950: MINOR FIGURE IN CONGRESS– NEEDS AN ISSUE TO HELP IN 1952 RE-ELECTION NEEDS AN ISSUE TO HELP IN 1952 RE-ELECTION

CAMPAIGNCAMPAIGN DOES WHAT?DOES WHAT?

– USES ANTI-COMMUNIST FEAR AS A METHOD TO GAIN USES ANTI-COMMUNIST FEAR AS A METHOD TO GAIN POPULARITYPOPULARITY

– ACCUSES OTHER GOV’T. WORKERS, ESPECIALLY INSIDE ACCUSES OTHER GOV’T. WORKERS, ESPECIALLY INSIDE THE STATE DEPARTMENT, OF COMMUNIST SYMPATHY, THE STATE DEPARTMENT, OF COMMUNIST SYMPATHY, EPSIONAGE, ETC.EPSIONAGE, ETC.

– ORGANIZES SENATE HEARINGS TO INVESTIGATE ORGANIZES SENATE HEARINGS TO INVESTIGATE COMMUNIST INFILTRATION INTO US GOV’T.COMMUNIST INFILTRATION INTO US GOV’T.

RESULT?RESULT?– MANY INNOCENT PEOPLE SMEARED, CAREERS RUINEDMANY INNOCENT PEOPLE SMEARED, CAREERS RUINED– McCARTHY EVENTAULLY CONDEMNED BY SENATE WHEN McCARTHY EVENTAULLY CONDEMNED BY SENATE WHEN

INVESTIGATIONS ACCUSE THE US ARMY OF BEING TOO INVESTIGATIONS ACCUSE THE US ARMY OF BEING TOO RPO-COMMUNISTRPO-COMMUNIST

– 1957: McCARTHTY DIES OF ALCOHOLISM-RELATED 1957: McCARTHTY DIES OF ALCOHOLISM-RELATED ILLNESSESILLNESSES

SEN. JOSEPH McCARTHYSEN. JOSEPH McCARTHY

ANTI-ANTI-Mc CARTHYMc CARTHYCARTOON,CARTOON,

1953 1953