The 2003 AAPS Annual Conference National Police University, Korea, 15-18 December, 2003

Paper Presentation

Abstracts for the session of [Police & National Security]

1. “Securing the Homeland in the United States: A Preliminary Policy Analysis and Interim Impact Assessment” -----------------------------------2

By Kam C. Wong, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Public Affairs – Criminal Justice, University of Wisconsin (Oshkosh), USA 2. “Terrorism in China” ---------------------------------------------------------4

By Prof. Hangsheng Zheng, Chair of the General Sociology Centre, People’s

University of China, Beijing Prof. Chunli Zhang Chinese People’s Public Security University, Beijing, China Jianming Mei, PhD, Chinese People’s Public Security University, Beijing, China 3. “Challenges Associated With Immigration Laws Against Human Smuggling In The United States” ----------------------------------------------5

By Kevin Ryan, John Song and James Gillham, Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY, USA 4. “Russian organized Crime – Ethnographic Study” ---------------------6

By Minu Yun, Sam Houston State University, TX, USA

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The 2003 AAPS Annual Conference National Police University, Korea, 15-18 December, 2003

Paper Presentation

Abstract

Session : Police & National Security Presenter : Kam C. Wong, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Public

Affairs – Criminal Justice, University of Wisconsin (Oshkosh), USA Title : Securing the Homeland in the United States: A Preliminary Policy Analysis

and Interim Impact Assessment

On November 25, 2002, President Bush signed the "Homeland Security Act of 2002" into law. In a little less than one year (since October 8, 2001) the Office of Homeland Security has grown from a small contingent of staffers in a back office at the White House into a Cabinet level Department of Homeland Security (DHS) coordinating 22 departments, commanding 170-200,000 staff, and spending $37.7 billion in FY2003.

A cursory review of the legislative history shows that there were little debate over the wisdom of establishing such a department. For example, can terrorism (formless, resourceful, indigenous, adaptive, hidden) from abroad be fought and security at home be guaranteed with a colossal federal law enforcement agency (bureaucratic, traditional, centralized, inflexible, open)?

A more thorough research of public records reveals that there were still less discussion as to how to make the DHS work in the most effective and efficient manner and as intended, i.e. mobilizing the nation and coordinating the government in preventing, detecting, deterring, and recovering from terrorist attack on domestic soil.

This project is a first effort to analyze the strategic vision and assess the policy implications of DHS. The project will variously report on the following issues:

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(1) How was the (National Strategy of Homeland Security (July 2002) developed? Particularly, what fundamental assumptions inform and which material factors drive the DHS strategy?

(2) Does the “National Strategy of Homeland Security (July 2002)” offer a coherent, and defensible strategy to achieve its ultimate objectives, i.e. “Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, Reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur”? How might any noted strategic shortcomings and operational difficulties be remedied?

(3) Six months after establishing the DHS, what has been done to make the United States more secure? Particularly what are some of the more important lessons learned, i.e. issues raised, difficulties encountered and problems confronted?

(4) Finally, in conclusion, the paper will discuss the overall implications – current impact and future prospect - of DHS in the near and long term.

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The 2003 AAPS Annual Conference National Police University, Korea, 15-18 December, 2003

Paper Presentation

Abstract

Session : Police & National Security Presenter : Prof. Hangsheng Zheng, Chair of the General Sociology Centre,

People’s University of China, Beijing Prof. Chunli Zhang Chinese People’s Public Security University,

Beijing, China Jianming Mei, PhD, Chinese People’s Public Security University,

Beijing, China Title : Terrorism in China Traditionally, political terrorism is viewed as a phenomenon in democratic countries, because most theorists argue that democratic countries are more vulnerable to political terrorism. As a changing authoritarian state, China was exempt from the affliction of terrorism for

many years. However, partly as one aftermath of the “9·11”, discourse on

terrorism becomes active in China. The discourse on terrorism not only refers to terrorism in other countries, but also to China. For many outsiders, it seems unbelievable that there are terrorists in China, especially when we think about points of those who think that the regime of Communist China is a type of state-organized terrorism, or that the ethnic separatism in western China is not terrorism at all. This paper attempts to explore the issues of terrorism in China and to address policy measures against terrorism based on literature collected from public sources.

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The 2003 AAPS Annual Conference National Police University, Korea, 15-18 December, 2003

Paper Presentation

Abstract

Session : Police & National Security Presenter : Kevin Ryan, John Song and James Gillham

Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY, USA Title : CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH IMMIGRATION LAWS AGAINST HUMAN SMUGGLING IN THE UNITED STATES

In the United States in recent years, the economy has become more interdependent with those in other countries, communications technology has improved, and immigration has increased in volume and heterogeneity. All of these factors have stimulated transnational crime, which includes the smuggling of humans. Some of these people come to the United States to pursue employment opportunities, while others are part of criminal or terrorist enterprises that can threaten national security. This paper seeks to (1) improve understanding of law enforcement’s problems in enforcing immigration laws on human trafficking and (2) examine the perceptions and attitudes of law enforcement personnel, immigration advocates and the media on the apparent effectiveness of current policies on human trafficking. A variety of law enforcement officers, prosecutors, immigration advocates and representatives of the media will be interviewed in the United States and Canada, and results reported.

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The 2003 AAPS Annual Conference National Police University, Korea, 15-18 December, 2003

Paper Presentation

Abstract

Session : Police & National Security Presenter : Minu Yun, Sam Houston State University, TX, USA Title : Russian organized Crime – Ethnographic Study Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the new phenomenon of Russian organized crime has been increased. For last ten years, Russian organized crime has dominated Russian economy, politics, and daily life and threatened the world order. However, the phenomenon of Russian organized crime has been little understood. The causes of such dynamic process have not been satisfactorily estimated. Most researches of the phenomenon still exist in narrative manner. This research is a genuine attempt to uncover the dynamic process of the increase of Russian organized crime. For doing so, the researcher designed a theoretical frame. Four independent effects, the weakening of the dominant belief, the weakening of the physical force, the incapability of the economic feeding, and the disturbance of the conventional social success are identified. The researcher hypothesizes that these four main effects and the interaction effects between them impacted on the increase of Russian organized crime. Ethnographic method is used for this research. The researcher spent approximately 8 months in a middle size city in Russia. Local residents were interviewed qualitatively. Accidental and snowball sampling method were adopted. In addition, Russian journal articles were also used to complement the research purpose.

The findings and limitations are discussed.