*The Sounds: PhoneticsProf. Dr. Necdet OSAM

*PhoneticsThe study of spech soundsVariety of sounds/phones are producedThe structure and the inventoryPhonetics : Two approaches The study of the physiological mechanisms of speech sounds ARTICULATORY Phonetics

*PhoneticsHow speech sounds are perceived, heard is studied by ACOUSTIC Phonetics. The physical properties of sound waves are measured Phonetic TranscriptionHuman speech sounds are transcribed through symbols in inverted brackets []IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet 1888

*IPASome diferences can be observed between the British and North Americn use of IPAMain difference: Shark, DjinnUnits of Representation: IPA represents speech sounds in segments; individual sounds Ex:[p] [b] [m] [n]

*IPASegments have smaller units: Featuresex: [m] [n] the segment [m] has a different feature than[n] ex: [b] [d] the segment [b] has a different feature than [d] All speech sounds/phones are segments which have specific FEATURES

*Speech Sound ProductionWhen air is set in motion, speech sounds are prouced.Organs are worked in an harmonious way in the production od speech sounds.Organs/SystemLUNGS-air supplyLarynx-set of muscles/vocal cordsPharynx-the tube of the throat betwen larynx and oral cavityCavities-oral, nasal

*LungsAir supplyMuscles: two typesA. Intercostals: muscles between the ribs-they are the primary in producing speech airB. Diaphram: sheet of muscle that seperates the chest cavity from the abdomen

*The LarynxLarynx: It is located on the wind pipe. It is formed of thyroid cartilage. The thyroid cartilage is located on the criocid cartilage.The vocal cords are locaded in the larynx. They are attached to thyroid cartilage at the front and the arythenoid cartilage at the back.Glottis: a small organ at the end of the wind pipe at the begining of the oral cavity.

*Glottal StatesAccording to the air flow and the glottal state, the sound production can have 4 states. These states are:VoicelessnesVoicingWhisperMurmur (p23)

*Glottal StatesVoicelessness: Vocal cords are pulled apart while the air is passing through the glottiss without any vibration on the vocalcords. [f] [p] [t] [s]Voicing: The vocal folds are not pulled apart completely while the air is passing through the glottis. Vibration occurs on the folds. [z] [v] [th] [g]

*Sound ClassesAccording to phonetic properties of sounds are grouped into classes.These are:VowelsConsonatsGlides (share the properties of both vowels and consonants)

*Properties

Vovels and consonats are reflecting different properties on the basis of articulation , acoustics and forming nucleus.

*Major Differences Between the Vowels and ConsonantsVowels are produced with little or no obstruction in the vocal tractConsonants are produced with narrow or complete closure in the vocal tractVovels are more sonorousConsonants are less sonorousVowels are syllabicConsonants are not syllabic

*Consonants and Vowelstake, cart, feel, jump, think,bell- CONSONANTS

at, above, eel, it, ugly, open- VOWELS

*GlidesThese are the sounds which reflect both the properties of consonants and vowels. They are produced like the vowels; hovewer, they move very quickly to an other articulation as in Yet; Wet.Although glides are articulated like vowels, they can not form nucleus. Their pattern of function is like consonants.

*Consonant ArticulationAir flow is shaped in the oral cavity with the placment of the tounge and the position of the lips. The Tounge is the primary organ in the process of Articulation. The tounge moves very quickly and easily. It is agile.It can be raised, lowered, thrust forward, drawn back, and rolled. The sides of the tounge are raised and lowered.

*The ToungeAccording to phonetic description, there are various areas of the tounge. These are:Tip of the toungeBlade-just behind the tipBody- the main massDorsum-the body and back

*Places of ArticulationThe places/points of articulation are found at the: LipsOral CavityPharynx Glottis.

*Lips: LABIAL SOUNDSSounds which are produced with the closure or near closure of the lips are called LABIAL SOUNDS.If both lips are involved in the production of a sound this is called BILABIAL SOUND,If the lower lip and the upper teeth involved in sound production, we produce LABIODENTAL SOUND

*LABIAL SOUNDSBilabial sounds: [p] [b] [m]Labiodental sounds: [f] [v]

*Dental SoundsAny sound produced with the tounge placed near or against the teeth called Dental Sounds. [s] [z]If the toungue is placed between the teeth INTERDENTAL sounds are produced.Thin [th]Thing [th]

*Alveolar SoundsThe toungue may come closer or touch the back part of the upper front teeth, a small cavity, the ALVEOLAR RIDGE. TopDeerSoapZipneck

*Alveopalatal/Palato-alveolarJust behind the alveolar ridge lies the highest part of the roof of the mouth called Palate.The sounds produced here are called Palatal sounds.(the plade of the tongue is raised up near the palate or even touches it)Show, measure, chip, judge,Yes. Palatal glide (sides of the tounge raised and touches the palate)

*Velar SoundsThe back area of the palate is called Velum. It is a very soft area. Sounds produced tongue touching or near of the soft part is called Velar sounds.CallGoHangWet (labiovelar)

*Uvular SoundsThe sounds produced the toungue near or touching this area is called UVULAR sounds. English has no uvular sounds.

Uvula is a flesh flap hanging on the velum.

*Glottal SoundsSounds which are produced by using vocal cords as primary articulators are called glottal sounds. Hug and heave. [h] is the primary glottal sound in English

*Pharyngeal SoundsThe area between the uvula and larynx is called Pharynx. The sounds are modified here by means of modifying the air through retracting the tongue or constricting the larynx. English has no pharyngeals.

*Manner of ArticulationThe manner of articulation is based on the position of the LipsVelumGlottis

*Manner of ArticulationOrality- Nasality: This is based on the position of the VELUM. If the velum is raised, the air cannot pass through the nasal cavity as a result Oral Sounds are produced.It the velum is lowered, the air goes through the nasal cavity resulting in NASAL sounds. Sun, sum, sung, bank,wink-nasals

*Manner of ArticulationStops: They are produced with complete momentary closure of the air flow through the vocal tract. Stops are classified as:Bilibial DentalAlveolarPalatalVelarUvular Glottal

*Manner of ArticulationGlottal stops are clearly heard in Queens English in words likeBottle bolButter buerWater waer

*English Stops and their TranscriptionBilibialTranscription

Voielessspan[p]Voicedban[b]Nasalman[m]

*English Stops and their TranscriptionAlveolar Transcription

Voiceless stun[t]Voiceddot[d]Nasalnot[]

*English Stops and their TranscriptionVelarTranscription

Voiceless skill[k]Voiced gap[g]Nasal wing[]

*English Stops and their Transcriptionbilibial alveolar velar glottal

Voiceless [p] [t] [k] [?] Voiced [b] [d] [g] Nasal [m] [n] []

*English FricativesGlottal state Place of ArticulationTranscriptionlabiodentalVoicelessfat [f]Voicedvat [v]interdentalVoicelessthin []Voicedthose []alveolarVoicelesssing [s]Voicedzip [z]palatoalveolarVoicelessship []Voicedazure []glottalVoicelesshat [h]

*FricativesEnglish fricatives are produced in two ways:1. apex is raised towards the alveolar ridge and the air passes through the spaces in both sides2.apex is lovered towards the lower front teeth and the blade is raised, the air passes through the sides

*AffricatesWhen a stop articulation is released the tongue moves quickly from the point of articulation and the result is Affricates.English employs two affricates:Church[t] Voiceless palatoalveolarJump[d] Voiced palatoalveolar

*Stridents and SibilantsThe degree of noise or hissing sound produced during the production fricatives and affricates subdivides as Stridents and Sibilants. The criterion is the acoustics.Fricatives and Affricates are noisier thererfore they are referred to as STRIDENTS.Lless noisier ones are SIBILANTS

*Stridents and Fricatives in English

Place of Articulation Voiceless Voiced

Alveolar [s] [z] Palatoalveolar [] [][t] [d]

*Aspirated and Unaspirated Consonants in EnglishAspirated Unaspirated[pht] pat [spt] spat[thb] tub [stb] stub[khd] kid [skd] skidAspiratrion is a brief delay before the voicing of a following vovel as in /pat/, /tub/ and /kid/.

*[l] and [r] LiquidsLiquids are easily produced sounds.The tip op the tongue/apex touches the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge and at the same time air escapesfrom the sides of the blade.Liquids are Laterals. They are usually voiced therefore the term lateral is used as in the palece of voiced laterals.Please [pli:z] Clear [kliyr]

*English [r] soundsThere are varieties of r sounds.In British English RP [r] is post-alveolar approximant.Approximant: Frictionless Continuant means: articulators are brought closer but at the same time a sufficient space is left for the air to escape.

*English [r] sounds

Retroflex: []It is still approximant however the place of articulation is further back the tounge is curled back and touches the hard palate-.[] /ride/ /car/

*English [r] soundsEnglish [r] : flapFLAP is produced when apex strikes the alveolar ridge.North American English: butter ; bitter; very

*Syllabic and Nasal Liquids

Liquids and Nasal sounds are so sonorous than the consonants. They may even function as a syllabic nuclei. When they function in this way, there called Syllabic Liquids and Syllabic Nasals.Vertical line is put underneath the sound.

*Syllabic Liquids and Nasals in EnglishSyllabicNon-syllabicBottle [bat]liftFunnel [fn]pillSudden [sd]netButton [bt]tent

*GlidesNon syllabicRapid articulationIn English there are 3 glides [y] [j] [w]Yes YellWellWetWing

*Glides[j] is a palatal glide. It is sometimes cited as palatoalveolar since it is articulation is identical to [i] in see.[w] is a labiovelar glide. Produced with the toungue raised and pulled back near to velum. [w] is a rounded sound and its production is similar to [u] in who. Since it is rounded, it is also called as labiovelar.

*GlidesWhenWhereWhich[]English has also got voiceless labiovelar glide as transcribed above in the words when, where and which.

*Summary

Sounds are produced by means of the speech organs.The characteristics of the produced sounds (consonants)are based on the (i) Places of Articulation and (ii) Manners of Articulation.Quality of sounding

*Places of Articulation

LabialLabio-dentalInter-dentalPalatalPalato-alveolarAlveolarVelarGlottal

*Manners of Articulation[lips, velum, glottis]StopNasalFricativeLiquidGlide

Quality of Sounding:Voiceless;Voiced

*VowelsSonorous (than consonants and glides)Vocal tract is wide openThe placement of the body of the toungeThe shapes of the lip roundingThe height of the velumVocal tract constriction (tensenes, laxness)

*Classification of VowelsA. Simple vowels (pure vowels or monopthongs)B. Diphthongs

A. Simple vowels: Their quality in the production reflect no noticable change. Ex: pit, set, cat, dog, but, put, suppose

*Classification of VowelsDiphthongs: They reflect changes in vowel quality due to tongue movement (away from the initial vowel articulation towards another vowel position)Ex: say,[e] buy [a], cow [aU], Diphthongs are classified as (i) Centering Diphthongs and (ii)Rising Diphthongs or Closing Diphthongs.In English, there are 9 diphthongs which fall in these two categories.

*VowelsVowels are sonorous syllabic sounds made with the vocal tract more open then the consonant and glide articulation.Their production is much easier than the consonats since there is no obstruction in the air flow

*Parameters in Vowel DescriptionVowels are described according to the a.the height of the toungue b. Backness/frontness of the toungue c. Lip roundingHeight of the tongue : The toungue height can be classified as High (mid high); Mid (mid low) Low.

*Vowels, ParametersBackness: The tounge position can be: a.frontb. centralc. BackThe Position of the Lips:UnroundedRounded

*Vowels[i:] sheet high front unrounded tense vowel[e] set mid (high) unrounded lax vowel[u:] shoot high back rounded tense vowel[] mad low front unrounded lax vowel[:] puur mid central rounded tense [:] caught mid back rounded tense[] cot mid(low) back unrounded lax[a:] cart low back unrounded tense vowel

*Vowels[u] push high back rounded lax vowel[] cut mid(low) back unrounded laxIt should not be forgotten that the diphthongs carry the characteristics of vowels; therefore, they have the quality of being either tense or lax as well.

*Suprasegmental featuresAll phones have suprasegmental futures.These suprasegmental features are also called Prosodies.The ProsodiesLenghtStressPitch Tone

*Suprasegmental featuresLenght: As we have seen in the the phones, some of them are longer than the others. The lenght of a phone is shown as [:] . For example: bookcase [buk:eis]Park [pa:k] ; park cars [pa:ka:s]

*Suprasegmental featuresPitch: The tension on vocal cords and the heavy air stream/preassure results in higher pitch on vowels and sonorant consonants.Pitch: Classified as (i) TONE and (ii) INTONATION(iii) TONE: The tone is a meaning chanege specification in TONAL languages. Chinese, Mandarin. This is an autosegmental notation. English is not a tonal language.

*Suprasegmental features(ii)Intonation: It is not a meaning changing function. Intnation is classified as (1) Rising Intonation Contour-non ternminal intonation contour. Did you have a nice time? RIC

*Suprasegmental featuresStress : It is the combination of pitch, loudness and lenght. English stressed vowels are higher in pitch, longer and louder.In English there are 3 stress types: Primary Stress; Secondary and Tertiary Stress.Primary stress falls on the first syllable

*Process of ProductionSpeech production is not carried in isolation. It is carried out in a very rapid and in affecting the other sounds.All speech sounds are produced through complex harmony of the speech organs. This is called Co-articulation. All the sounds whether consonants or vowels, are all produced in coarticulation.

*Articulatory ProcessIn the process of articulation, all the vocal organs are interacting in harmony. This is called coarticulation.In the process of articulation, variability in speech sounds takes place.Assimilation is a process by which one segment influences the other. In otherwords assimilates the other in its peculiarities.

*Assimilation

Nasalization : It is a process of assimilation.Pan n is a nasal sound and it assimilates the mid back rounded vowel [a]Progressive assimilation: The process in which the nasalization of vowels move progressively onto other vowels. Peculiar with Gealic English.

*AssimilationVoicing assimilation:A process in which voiceless liquids and glides occur after voiceless stops in words like:Please [pli:z]Proud [praud]

*AssimilationPossible >impossible i is assimilated by m as in the place of articulationTolerable > intolerable i is assimilated by n as in the place of articulationTangible > intangibleAssimilation takes place in rapid speech as well.

*FlappingFlapping: It is a kind of change from dental or alveolar stop articulation to flap[]Butter Fatter WaiterWader

*DissimilationDissimilation is the opposite of assimilation. In other words, a sound becomess less like in articulatory or acoustic terms. The result of dissimilation makes the hearer and the producer easier understanding and accurate production. This process is functional than the assimilation. Dissimilation is noticed in words ending with three consequtive fricatives as in fifths [fs]

*DelitionDelition: A process in which a segment is deleted/removed from a context. Delition takes place in a rapid speech. Parade [prd] [] is deleted when the next vowel is stressed.[prd]Suppose [spuz] [spuz] [] is deleted in the first syllable boundary

*EpenthesisEpenthesis :It is a process of inserting syllabic or non syllabic segment within an existing string of segments.Something[sm] insertion [smp] Warmth [w:rm] insertion [w:rmp]