the 1960s were marked by john f. kennedy’s new frontier and lyndon b. johnson’s great society...

The 1960s were marked by John F. Kennedys New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society 1960: Kennedy (JFK) and Johnson (LBJ) are the leading DemocraticPartycandidates for President

Kennedy (JFK): 43-year-old senator from Massachusetts Massachusetts Roman Catholic Very wealthy family World War II Navy hero hero Kennedy: the nation was adrift; promised was adrift; promised to get America moving again to get America moving again

Johnson (LBJ): Senator from Texas Majority Leader of the U. S. Senatethe most U. S. Senatethe most powerful Majority Leader powerful Majority Leader in over 100 years in over 100 years Kennedy narrowly wins the Democratic nomination at the convention; selects Johnson as V. P. candidate to help win the South

Republicans nominate Vice- President Richard M. Nixon of California Kennedys Catholic religion: early campaign issue Kennedy overcame by reassuring a meeting of Protestant ministers in Houston, TX I will make my decisions...in the national interest, and without regard to outside religious pressure...

The first election of the television age. September 26, 1960first televised presidential debate in history Kennedy won the image battlelookedmorepresidential

A second major event in the campaign: Dr. Martin Luther King arrested in Atlanta, GA, sentenced to 4-months in jail. Eisenhoweradministration does not get involved Kennedys brother & campaign manager, Robert Kennedy, arranges for King to be released on bail. Many African-Americans support Kennedy

Kennedy/Johnson defeat Kennedy/Johnson defeat Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.Kennedyinaugurated Jan. 20, 1961. ChallengesAmericans: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

Kennedy selects a cabinet of the best and brightest. Dean Rusk as Secretary of State Ford Motor Co. presidentRobert McNamara, as Secretary of Defense

Kennedy selects a cabinet of the best and brightest. Brother, Robert Kennedy, as Attorney General as Attorney General Foreign policy: Trumans containment, and Eisenhowers massive retaliation, is followed by Kennedys flexible response.

Camelot Kennedy brought new energy to the office of the President Did things with vigor and energized the American people 50-mile hikes Touch football Glamorous wife Jacqueline Bouvier Jackie Kennedy brought grace and glamour as First Lady Televised White House tour

Camelot First president to widely use the television to promote his agenda Regular press conferences showcased the Kennedy wit Stories of his young, beautiful family intrigued Americans

Kennedys Social Programs The New Frontierlegislative agenda to be pioneers and explore uncharted areas of science and space...un- conquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus. Congressional coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats does not support Kennedys domestic reforms

Kennedys Social Programs To get America moving again, used deficit spendingspending more used deficit spendingspending more than the government takes in (by than the government takes in (by taxes and tariffs) taxes and tariffs) Lowered taxes giving people more money to invest and spend to invest and spend Increased minimum wage to $1.25 Increased defense spending for more nuclear missiles, nuclear submarines, nuclear missiles, nuclear submarines, and a larger force and a larger force

Kennedys foreign policy included extending helping hands to extending helping hands to neighbors neighbors Created the Peace Corps, led by R. Sargent Schriver (Marias father and Kennedys brother-in-law) The Alliance for Progress offered economic and technical assistance to help Latin American countries improve their living standards

Camelot ends November 22, 1963 President & Mrs. Kennedy travel to Dallas, TX for political speeches Around 1:00 p.m., Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally are shot. Connally survives, but Kennedy dies Connally survives, but Kennedy dies

Johnson is sworn in as the nations 36 th President aboard Air Force 1 The nation, The nation, and the free and the free world, are world, are in shock in shock All All commercial commercial TV stops for TV stops for three days three days

Former U. S. Marine, Lee Harvey Oswald, with ties to the Soviet Union, is arrested for the murder of Kennedy and Dallas policeman J. D. Tibbets.

Sunday, November 24, 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald is shot dead by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, in the basement of the Dallas Police Department, live on national television. Ruby is later Ruby is later convicted of murder convicted of murder dies in jail. Was dies in jail. Was there a conspiracy? there a conspiracy?

Monday, November 25, 1963, JFKs funeral is attended by the worlds leaders and watched on National television Later, Johnson appoints the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination.

Dont let it be forgot Dont let it be forgot That once there was a spot That once there was a spot For one great, shining moment For one great, shining moment That was known as That was known as Camelot. Camelot. Lyrics by Frederick Lowe Music by Alan J. Lerner Camelot

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) very powerful politician What ever Lyndon really wants he gets in the end. wants he gets in the end. Protg of Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn of Texas.

Elected to Congress 1937 energetic legislator; caught the eye of President Roosevelt Brought many Federal projects to his district district Elected to the Senate from Texas 1948 Democrats elect him Majority Leader of the Senate in 1955 of the Senate in 1955

Famous for political arm-twisting technique known as the Johnson technique known as the Johnson treatment treatment

At 63, the quintessential Tall Texan Tall Texan Spoke with pronounced Texas drawl Married to Claudia Taylor Lady Bird Johnson As a Southerner, in a time of Southern hostility to civil rights, Johnson emerged as a champion of civil rights.

Through LBJs leadership as president, he pushed through Congress: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 of 1964 A Federal tax cut of $11 billion in 1964 $11 billion in 1964 Initiated the War on Initiated the War on Poverty with the Poverty with the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964: Head Start, VISTA, and the Job Corps

1964, Johnson defeats Republican Senator Barry M. Goldwater (AuH 2 0) of Arizona in a landslide 61% of popular vote; 61% of popular vote; 90% of electoral votes 90% of electoral votes An ultra-conservative, Goldwater felt that the Government should not promote programs to overcome poverty and racial discrimination

May 1964, at the University of May 1964, at the University of Michigan, Johnson initiates the Michigan, Johnson initiates the phrase The Great Society: phrase The Great Society: The Great Society The Great Society demands an end to demands an end to poverty and racial poverty and racial injustice. injustice. Secondary Education Act of 1965: over Secondary Education Act of 1965: over $1 billion to help Americas schools $1 billion to help Americas schools

1965: Congress passed legislation 1965: Congress passed legislation enhancing Social Security with enhancing Social Security with Medicare (hospital insurance and low Medicare (hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for Americans cost medical insurance for Americans over 65) and Medicaid (health insurance over 65) and Medicaid (health insurance for welfare recipients) for welfare recipients) Passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment Passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964, ending poll taxes in federal in 1964, ending poll taxes in federal elections elections Passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated literacy tests for voting eliminated literacy tests for voting The Great Society

The Great Society aided by the Warren Court Chief Justice Earl Warren (former governor of California) governor of California) Banned prayer in public schools public schools (Engel v. Vitale (1962)) (Engel v. Vitale (1962)) Declared state- required loyalty oaths unconstitutional

No president in the post-World No president in the post-World War II era extended the power War II era extended the power and reach of the federal and reach of the federal government more than government more than Lyndon B. Johnson. Lyndon B. Johnson. Poverty fell from 25% in 1962 to 11% in 1973 The Great Society did increase the federal budget deficit and led to more conservative Republicans

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro, NC, Feb. 1960 Founded by Ella Barker as a student adjunct of the Southern Christian Leadership Conf. Kept spirit of resistance alive

1961Freedom Riders take bus caravan from Washington, D. C. to the South Anniston, Alabama, one bus is firebombed Anniston, Alabama, one bus is firebombed Other freedom riders are attacked by a white mob and beatenpolice refuse to intervene

President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy, aided by Attorney General aided by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, sends Robert F. Kennedy, sends 400 U. S. marshals to 400 U. S. marshals to protect the riders protect the riders Robert Kennedy also issues an order banning segregation in all interstate travel facilities.

September 1962, Air Force veteran James Meredith wins federal court case allowing him to enroll at all- white University of Mississippi

Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, blocks entry President Kennedy orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrars office. Sep. 30campus Riots 5,000 troops needed.

June 11, 1963Alabama June 11, 1963Alabama Governor George Wallace Governor George Wallace copies Barnett at the University copies Barnett at the University of Alabama. Kennedy, again, uses federal of Alabama. Kennedy, again, uses federal troops troops Kennedy addresses nation that evening: Kennedy addresses nation that evening: Are we to say to the worldand much Are we to say to the worldand much more importantly, to each otherthat this more importantly, to each otherthat this is the land of the free, except for is the land of the free, except for Negroes? Then demands that Congress Negroes? Then demands that Congress pass a sweeping civil rights bill. pass a sweeping civil rights bill.

In Jackson, MS, shortly after midnight, June 12, 1963, a sniper shot and killed NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers White supremacist White supremacist Byron de la Beckwith Byron de la Beckwith arrested; released arrested; released after hung juries in after hung juries in two trials. Finally two trials. Finally convicted 1994 convicted 1994

August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 people, including about 75,000 whites, people, including about 75,000 whites, march on Washington. march on Washington.

Rally at the Lincoln Memorial For three hours, several speakers demand immediate passage of the Civil Rights Bill

Final speaker is Dr. Martin Luther King, who gives his now famous I have a dream speech.

On July 2, 1964, based on the leadership of President Johnson, who was the only politician in the U. S. who could have persuaded enough Southern Members of Congress to vote Aye!, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Black Power Movement Stokely Carmichael member of SNCC first called for Black Power instilling of racial pride in African- Americans Black Panthers (Oakland, CA)

Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Eldridge Cleaver Semi-military lines; wore weapons openly and proudlywilling to fight for justice

Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) Taught Blacks to take responsibility for their own lives, to be disciplined to live by strict codes of behavior and to reject any dependence on Whites Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X (Little) Excellent oratory skills; insisted that blacks had the right to defend themselves, violently if necessary

The worst days of the Nuclear Age: The Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962

Cuba is 90 miles from Florida. Fidel Castro becomes Communist dictator of Cuba in 1959. Expels many non- Communists to the U. S.

After Kennedy becomes President on January 20, 1961. He becomes aware of a plan by Cuban a plan by Cuban refugees in the U.S. refugees in the U.S. to invade Cuba and to invade Cuba and oust Castro. oust Castro.

April 17, 1961, Bay of PigsApril 17, 1961, Bay of Pigs invasion. invasion. Cuban army defeats invasion.Cuban army defeats invasion. Castro fears U. S.-led overthrow.Castro fears U. S.-led overthrow.

Castro appeals to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev for help. Nikita Khrushchev for help. Khrushchev has told the U. S.: We will the U. S.: We will bury you! bury you! The Soviet military is concerned that is concerned that they are trailing the they are trailing the United States in United States in the nuclear arms race. the nuclear arms race.

October 14, 1962, U. S. reconnaissance aircraft... reconnaissance aircraft...... sight Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.

Kennedy places all U. S. military forces on full alert and... on full alert and... orders a naval blockade of Cuba. orders a naval blockade of Cuba. The world is at the brink of nuclear war.

Kennedy inner circle works feverishly to devise options to deal with the crisis. Brother Robert emerges Brother Robert emerges as key advisor. as key advisor. U. N. ambassador U. N. ambassador Adlai E. Stevenson Adlai E. Stevenson Im prepared prepared to wait to wait until hell until hell freezes over exchange freezes over exchange with Soviet delegate Zorin with Soviet delegate Zorin

Oct 22, 1962: Kennedy addresses the American people: any missile attack from Cuba on the U. S. or its allies would trigger an all-out attack by the U. S. on the Soviet Union.

We have no wish to war with the Soviet Union, for we are a peaceful people who desire to live in peace with all other peoples...The cost of freedom is always high, but Americans have always paid it. And one path we will never choose, and that is the path of surrender, or submission.

Finally, Khrushchev orders the missiles removed. removed.

1961, Khrushchev realizes that realizes that the Soviet System is in difficulty in Berlin, Germany In 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, 3 million East Berliners had fled to West Berlin Showed weakness of Communist government and seriously weakened economy August 13, 1961, East German troops begin construction of the Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall Worsened the Cold War tensions

On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visits Berlin On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visits Berlin and makes his now famous Ich bin ein and makes his now famous Ich bin einIch bin einIch bin ein Berliner Berliner speech at the Berlin Wall. Berliner speech at the Berlin Wall. Berliner

1963-1973 U. S. prestige and respect severely undercut severely undercut American people torn U. S. failed to win political objectives Reduced ability to protect ourselves and our allies and our allies

Vietnam a colonial possession of France for many years. World War II: Japanese expel French Vietminh proclaim independence 1946: French return; control southern half of Vietnam; Vietminh southern half of Vietnam; Vietminh control northern half control northern half U. S. (President Truman) sends economic aid to the French economic aid to the French

Vietminh oppose French in south as guerillas Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954French expelled Military field commander: Vo Nguyen Giap

The Geneva Accords divided Vietnam along the 17 th Parallel along the 17 th Parallel Decided by Decided by France, Great France, Great Britain, the U. S., Britain, the U. S., China, the USSR, China, the USSR, Laos, Cambodia, Laos, Cambodia, the Vietminh, & the Vietminh, & South Vietnams South Vietnams anti-Communists anti-Communists

North Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh Communist Capital: Hanoi

South Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Ninh Nhu Ngo Ninh Nhu Catholic in Buddhist Country; backed by USA Country; backed by USA Capital: Saigon

The U. S. supports the South The U. S. supports the South Vietnamese government with Vietnamese government with economic aid. economic aid. 1950: Truman supported the French: $15 million Eisenhower & Kennedy provide economic aid and military advisers.

1960: John F. Kennedy elected President of elected President of the United States; the United States; agrees with agrees with Domino Theory Domino Theory Eisenhowers Advisors promote Domino Theory Kennedy sends 3,000 military 3,000 military advisors advisors

1958Ho regime funds the Vietcong to start a War of National Liberation against the Diem Regime in the south. Insurgency fought by guerillas Vietminh become the National Liberation Front, also known as the Vietcong. Arms/supplies smuggled from N to S via Ho Chi Minh Trail

Diem regime has much opposition Buddhist opposition 1962-63 monks burn selves to death. Catholic minority leading Buddhist majority majority

Diem regime in many ways worse than Viet Cong. Revolution summer 1963Diem and Nhu executed. Kennedy supported the revolt; did not want Diem executed Diem followed by a series of corrupt leaders

November 22, 1963, Kennedy is assassinated; V.P. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President Johnsons focus was a better life for Blacks and poor Americans. Wanted nothing to do with Vietnam.

Summer 1964, two U. S. destroyers U. S. destroyers conducting electronic eavesdropping conducting electronic eavesdropping are allegedly attacked by North are allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats in the Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of Tonkin. Gulf of Tonkin. At Johnsons urging, Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964U. S. becomes actively involved in Vietnam War.

Feb 1965 JohnsonunleashesOperation Rolling Thunder: sustained bombing of North Vietnam Secret bombing plan he had had on Secret bombing plan he had had on the drawing board for months the drawing board for months waiting for right opportunity to launch waiting for right opportunity to launch

A different type of war Vietcongfarmers in day; guerillas at night guerillas at night Who is the enemy? Very patient people willing to accept many casualties to accept many casualties U.S. grossly underestimated the Vietnamese people, their resolve, Vietnamese people, their resolve, and their resourcefulness and their resourcefulness

A different type of war Jungle fightingU.S. trained for European war trained for European war Defoliants Massive bombing of North American atrocities: My Lai (March 16, 1968) Agent Orange Napalm SpecialForces New jungle-friendly weaponsM-16 rifle weaponsM-16 rifle

First U. S. commander: William C. Westmoreland Search and destroy missions missions Strategic hamlets Ia Drang Valley Campaign1965 Campaign1965 (We Were Soldiers) (We Were Soldiers)

1965: 50,000 Americans 1967: 500,000 Americans 500,000 Americans

Major drug problem (Fire Base Maryann) Several racial Several racial problems problems American Morale Begins To Dip American Morale Begins To Dip Disproportionate representation of Disproportionate representation of poor people and minorities poor people and minorities

Many soldiers affected by news of anti-war protests and actions of activist protests and actions of activist celebrities such as Jane Fonda celebrities such as Jane Fonda (Hanoi Jane) (Hanoi Jane)

If you served and survived, you went If you served and survived, you went homeno incentive to fight hard homeno incentive to fight hard U. S. moderately successful 1964- U. S. moderately successful 1964- 1967televised body counts 1967televised body counts always favored the U. S. always favored the U. S. Officers: in the bush 6 months; Officers: in the bush 6 months; in the rear 6 months. Enlisted: in the rear 6 months. Enlisted: 12 months in the bush 12 months in the bush American Morale Begins To Dip American Morale Begins To Dip Often resulted in fragging Often resulted in fragging

Key event: Tet Offensive Jan-March 1968 Jan-March 1968 Nightly news in U.S. Important U.S. military victory but huge political defeat Many student protests in U. S.

March 1968, Johnson announces will not run for re-election will not run for re-election With J. William Fulbright

1968 M. L. King assassination Bobby Kennedy assassination assassination

Democratic National Convention Yippies riot in the streets of Chicago

Democratic National Convention With Bobby Kennedy dead, the Democrats must choose between Democrats must choose between Eugene McCarthy, George McGovern Eugene McCarthy, George McGovern and Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The and Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The Convention chooses Humphrey Convention chooses Humphrey

November 1968, Richard M. Nixon defeats Humphrey defeats Humphrey says will seek defeats Humphrey peace with honor Increases bombingIncreases bombing of North of North Invades CambodiaInvades Cambodia New wave ofNew wave of student protests student protests

Nixon appoints General Creighton Nixon appoints General Creighton Abrams as the commander of U. S. Abrams as the commander of U. S. forces in Vietnam forces in Vietnam Tactics better; Tactics better; morale rises; morale rises; U. S. becomes more U. S. becomes more successful once successful once again. again.

May 4, 19704 students shot dead, 9 wounded at Kent State U. (Ohio) 9 wounded at Kent State U. (Ohio)

Congress and the American people begin to turn against war U.S. enters into Paris Peace Accords Lead U. S. negotiator: Dr. Henry A. Kissingerlater would serve as Secretary of State

U. S. and North Vietnam argue for 5 months over shape of table 1973U.S. and North Vietnam sign peace treaty peace treaty Dr. Kissinger Dr. Kissinger and North and North Vietnamese Vietnamese negotiator: negotiator: Le Duc Tho Le Duc Tho

U. S. pulls out of Vietnam in 1973 April 1975: North Vietnamese conquer South Vietnam and unite both Vietnams under a Communist government U.S.: 57,000 killed; 154,000 wounded Longest war in U. S. history

If we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be you who tires of it. Ho Chi Minh

Lyndon B. Johnson Political career undone by Vietnam; withdraws from presidential race March 31, 1968

1968 January 31: Tet Offensive begins Feb: Eugene McCarthy defeats Johnson in New Hampshire Democratic primary in New Hampshire Democratic primary March 31: Johnson withdraws from the race April 4: Martin Luther King assassinated Major riots in U. S. cities Major riots in U. S. cities June 6: Bobby Kennedy assassinated August: Democratic national convention November: Nixon elected president

The Silent Majority Vice President Spiro T. Agnew with President Nixon with President Nixon

Students for a Democratic Society Univ. of Michigan Disillusionment with society Determination to build new politics Student radicalism The Weather Underground

U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement Rights of students to engage in political activism on campus political activism on campus Led by Mario Savio

U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement Nation-wide attention of students strike

U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement 1969: Peoples Park

The Anti-War Movement Burning draft card Peace marches and teach-ins

The Anti-War Movement Jimmy Carter and amnesty to draft-dodgers angered many Americans and served to draw the nation further apart

The Counterculture Hippies shared some beliefs of some beliefs of the New Left the New Left Belief that U. S. society had grown society had grown hallow because of hallow because of materialism, materialism, technology, & war technology, & war Key leader of Counterculture: Dr. Timothy Leary Tune in, Turn on, DropOut

The Counterculture The capital of the counterculture: San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury District The Summer of Love (1967)

The Counterculture 1969two terrible incidents of violence within the counterculture within the counterculture The Tait-LoBianca murders in Los Angeles; Charles Manson and his family Hells Angels beating at Rolling Stones Concert at Altamont Raceway

The Counterculture Major drug problem in 1969-1970 1970, musicians Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix died of drugoverdoses

Most important pop artist of the counterculture: Andy Warhol the counterculture: Andy Warhol Colorful silkscreens

Key Event of Counterculture Period: Period: Rock Concert at Woodstock, NY, in August 1969 August 1969

Native Americans As a group, Native Americans have been the poorest of Americans and been the poorest of Americans and have suffered from the highest have suffered from the highest unemployment rate unemployment rate More likely than any other group to suffer other group to suffer serious health serious health problems such as problems such as alcoholism or alcoholism or tuberculosis tuberculosis

1960s-1970s, Native Americans 1960s-1970s, Native Americans wanted greater opportunity wanted greater opportunity to control and govern their lives to control and govern their lives 1961: Declaration of Indian Purpose 67 tribes 67 tribes President Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity But, progress of reform slow

1968: American Indian Movement (AIM) established Movement (AIM) established Militant Native American Rights Movement Rights Movement November 1969: seized vacant Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay

Most violent demonstration: 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, SD 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, SD Site of Native American massacre by U. S. Cavalry in 1890 by U. S. Cavalry in 1890 Sioux seized town; took 11 hostages 1973 Negotiations with FBI for 10 weeks Ended in shootout: 1 Native American killed; 1 wounded

Native American victories Mid-1970s onward, several reforms granted by Congress granted by Congress 1992, Ben Nighthorse Campbell Campbell elected to U. S. Senate from Colorado Changed from Dem. to Rep. in 1995 to Rep. in 1995

The 1960s was a time of great change in all aspects of American society Latinos 1960sU.S. Latino population: 3 million to >9 million 3 million to >9 million Puerto Ricans 1 million since 1960 600,000 in New York City York City

1959-1980s: hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled Castros thousands of Cubans fled Castros Communist Cuba Communist Cuba Many settled in Florida Florida Miami: a boom town Mariel Boat Lift of 1980 1980 Many other immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Colombia Nicaragua and Colombia

Largest group of Latino immigrants from Mexico immigrants from Mexico Largest immigration has been since World War II World War II

1960s: many Latinos encountered ethnic prejudice and discrimination ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing in jobs and housing Most lived in segregated barrios Jobless rate nearly 50% higher than whites than whites Percentage of Latino people living in poverty: 50% higher than whites in poverty: 50% higher than whites As Latino population in the U.S. grew, so did their cries for greater representation & better treatment

The Farm Worker Movement Long work days, Long work days, difficult labor, difficult labor, very low wages, very low wages, no union, no union, disgusting housing disgusting housing

Cesar Chavez... Cesar Chavez......believed that the only way to improve conditions for farm workers was to unionize them

1927--Born in Arizona on small farm.1927--Born in Arizona on small farm. 1937Family migrant workers in CA1937Family migrant workers in CA 1942Quits school after 8 th grade to1942Quits school after 8 th grade to work in the fields 1944joins Navy serves1944joins Navy serves in Pacific in Pacific 1952becomes1952becomes involved in involved in Community Community Service Organization Service Organization More about Cesar Chavez

1952-1962helps to organize Latino organize Latino civil rights movement civil rights movement citizenship citizenship voter registration voter registration better working and better working and living conditions (farms and labor living conditions (farms and labor camps--barrios.) camps--barrios.) opposes police brutality opposes police brutality

1962, Chavez and Dolores Huerta 1962, Chavez and Dolores Huerta... establish the National Farm Workers Association 1965: California grape growers refuse to growers refuse to recognize the union recognize the union Chavez launched a nation- wide boycott of the wide boycott of the companies grapes companies grapes

Promoted change through peaceful protests (Huelga) Mar.-Apr. 1966march from DelanoMar.-Apr. 1966march from Delano to Sacramento Feb.-Mar. 196825 day fast.Feb.-Mar. 196825 day fast. Bobby Kennedy: oneBobby Kennedy: one of the heroic of the heroic figures of our time.

1970: the grape growers sign contracts with the United sign contracts with the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee Farm Workers Organizing Committee Guaranteed higher wages and more benefits to farm workers more benefits to farm workers in Californias Central Valley in Californias Central Valley The boycott of grapes was the most near-perfect of nonviolent most near-perfect of nonviolent struggles. struggles.

Dies in sleep April 23, 1993.Dies in sleep April 23, 1993. Funeral in Delano, CA attended by moreFuneral in Delano, CA attended by more than 40,000 mourners than 40,000 mourners August 8, 1994President Clinton awardsAugust 8, 1994President Clinton awards Medal of Freedom to Cesar Chavez Medal of Freedom to Cesar Chavez The end of all education should surely be service to others. surely be service to others. Cesar Chavez:

The Brown Power Movement The work of Chavez in California inspired Hispanic groups throughout inspired Hispanic groups throughout the U.S. the U.S. 1968Congress passed the Bilingual Education Actmoney Bilingual Education Actmoney for schools to develop bilingual for schools to develop bilingual and cultural heritage programs and cultural heritage programs for non-English-speaking children for non-English-speaking children

The Brown Power Movement Young Mexicans began calling themselves Chicanos or Chicanas themselves Chicanos or Chicanas shortened form of Mexicanos, shortened form of Mexicanos, expressing pride in heritage expressing pride in heritage David Sanchez and Carlos Montes begin the Brown Berets a community action group that organized school walkouts to demand programs to reduce Chicano school dropout rate

Political organization Mexican American Political Organization (MAPA) (MAPA) Sponsored candidates, registered and educated voters, lobbied for and educated voters, lobbied for legislation that benefited Latinos legislation that benefited Latinos Edward Roybal (Los Angeles, 1962) Henry Gonzalez (Texas, 1961) (Texas, 1961) Elected to Congress

Political organization 1970, Texan Jose Angel Gutierrez Established La Raza Unida (The United People Party) Latino candidates in five states and won five states and won positions on school positions on school boards and city boards and city councils and some councils and some positions of city mayor positions of city mayor

The Womens Movement 1960s on, key to womens movement: belief that women should have belief that women should have economic, political, and social economic, political, and social equality with men equality with men Feminism 1950: 1 of 3 women worked for wages 1960: 40% of women worked for wages Widespread wage and job discrimination discrimination

The Womens Movement Key leader: Betty Friedan 1963: Wrote The Feminine Mystique: captured the discontent many women felt Died February 4, 2006

The Womens Movement 1966: The National Organization for Women (NOW) formed to more Women (NOW) formed to more actively pursue womens goals actively pursue womens goals Members pushed for creation of more child-care facilities and for more child-care facilities and for improved educational opportunities improved educational opportunities for women for women 1971, Gloria Steinem founded the National Womens Political Caucus: encouraged women to seek political office

The Womens Movement Key issue supported by NOW and other feminist groups: womans right to feminist groups: womans right to have an abortion have an abortion 1973: Burger Court: Roe v. Wade women had right to choose abortion women had right to choose abortion during first 3 months of pregnancy during first 3 months of pregnancy Roe v. Wade still bitterly debated 1972: Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress but did not achieve passed Congress but did not achieve ratification of 38 states (3/4 of 50) ratification of 38 states (3/4 of 50)

The Womens Movement Conservative women spoke out against NOW and the Equal Rights against NOW and the Equal Rights Amendment Amendment Phyllis Schlafly led the Stop-ERA campaign Insisted that the ERA was the work of was the work of radical feminists who radical feminists who hate men, marriage, hate men, marriage, and children. and children.

Since the decision of the Marshall Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) Supreme Courts have made thousands of decisions. Some of them, however, have been so important, that they are considered landmarkor very important--decisions. In this short class we shall discuss some of those landmark decisions.

Good evening Columbians. I was Chief Justice Earl Warren. Our first case was a multi-amendment case (with emphasis on the First Amendment) that my court, the Warren Court, decided: Griswold v. Connecticut (1965). A Connecticut law criminalized counseling married couples about or giving married couples medical treatment for the purposes of preventing conception of a child.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Issue: Does the Constitution protect the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on a couples ability to be counseled in the use of contraceptives? The Court held: together the First, Third, Fourth and Ninth Amendments create the right to privacy among married people. The Connecticut law was therefore unconstitutional and rendered null and void.

In 1958 a Virginia law was in effect that banned interracial marriages. Two residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter, an African-American woman and Richard Loving, a white male, were married in Washington, D. C., and shortly after returned to Virginia. They were charged with violating the Virginia law, found guilty and sentenced each to a year in jail. Yet another case that the Warren Court, decided, similar in many respects to Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) was Loving v. Virginia (1967.)

Loving v. Virginia (1967) Issue: Did Virginias antimiscegenation law violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? In a unanimous decision, the Court held: that distinctions drawn according to race were generally odious to a free people and were subject to the most rigid scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. The Virginia law had no legitimate purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination. The Court further rejected Virginias argument that the statute was legitimate because it applied equally to blacks and whites.

Columbians, I was Chief Justice Warren Burger. We will now discuss one of my Courts landmark decisions in a case regarding the Fourteenth Amendment: Roe v. Wade (1973) Roe v. Wade (1973) Norma McCorvey (Roe), a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy by abortion, because the pregnancy was the result of rape. Texas law prohibited abortions except to save a pregnant womans life. Roe sued claiming that the Texas law violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Roe v. Wade (1973) Issue: Does the Constitution embrace a womans right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion? The Burger Court held: a womans right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (Griswold v. Connecticut--1965) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman total autonomy over her pregnancy during the first trimester.

Now we are going to discuss 4 cases that primarily pertain to the rights of the accused in criminal cases. The first case is Mapp v. Ohio (1961) While searching her home for a fugitive, Ohio police discovered obscene materials in Dolree Mapps possession. The police admitted that the search of the home for the fugitive violated the Fourth Amendment. Still, Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Issues: 1) Were the confiscated materials 1) Were the confiscated materials protected by the First Amendment? protected by the First Amendment? 2) May evidence obtained in a search 2) May evidence obtained in a search that violated the Fourth Amendment that violated the Fourth Amendment be used in a state court? be used in a state court? The Court held: all evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures is inadmissible in state court. This decision created the exclusionary rule, placing on all levels of government the requirement of excluding illegally obtained evidence from all criminal court proceedings.

Our next case concerns the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments; specifically the right to counsel: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Gideon was arrested in Florida and charged with felony breaking and entering. He lacked funds to hire a lawyer and requested a court-appointed lawyer. The judge refused; Gideon defended himself, was convicted, and sentenced to 5 years in state prison.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Issue: Do the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee a right to legal counsel in all cases? The court held: Gideon had a right to be represented by a court-appointed attorney. Overruled Betts v. Brady (1942). Justice Black: an obvious truth that a fair trial for a poor defendant requires a competent legal counsel. Lawyers are a necessity, not a luxury.

Another landmark decision dealing with the right of an accused person to an attorney was the 1964 decision, Escobedo v. Illinois. Escobedo was arrested in connection with a murder and, during interrogation at a local police station, the police denied him access to his attorney. Without his lawyer present, he confessed to firing the shot that killed the victim and, based on that confession, was convicted.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Issue: Is an accused person entitled to have an attorney present during questioning.? The Warren Court held: based on the exclusionary rule from Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the police obtained Escobedos confession in an illegal manner. His conviction was overturned. The Court also created the Escobedo Rule: based on the Sixth Amendment, police must warn an accused of the rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning.

Columbians, Elle here. Our next case is one of the most famous in American history. It involves the Fifth Amendment: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Miranda was arrested in Arizona and the police questioned him without advising him of his constitutional rights under the Fifth Amendment (self- incrimination.) He confessed to part of the crime. His confession was used in court and he was convicted, based, in part, on his confession.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Issue: Did the police practice of interrogating individuals without interrogating individuals without advising them of their right to counsel advising them of their right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination and protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment? violate the Fifth Amendment? The Court held: Prosecutors could not use statements in court that had been made by defendants unless police had advised them of their privilege against self-incrimination. The Court also specifically outlined what police warnings to suspects must include (right to remain silent, right to counsel present during questioning, etc.)

In 1896 the Court ruled, in Plessy v. Ferguson, that Blacks could be placed in separate facilities if they were equal to those used by whites. School districts therefore created separate but equal schools I was Justice Thurgood Marshall. When I was an attorney, I argued, and won, the single most important Supreme Court case regarding civil rights: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954).

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An African-American girl named Linda Brown lived near an all-white school in Topeka, KS. To get to her all-black school, she had to cross several dangerous roads and railroads. Her father, Oliver Brown, filed suit to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson to enable Linda Brown to attend the all-white school near her home. Issue: Did the separate but equal provision of Plessy v. Ferguson violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Warren Court held: Plessy v. Fergusons separate but equal rule was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Racial segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted as a sign of inferiority. Result: beginning of the end of all forms of state-maintained racial segregation.

The other landmark case from the Burger Court we will discuss had to do with reverse discrimination under the affirmative action issue: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Allan Bakke, 35 year old Caucasian, had twice been rejected for admission to the UC Davis medical school. The school reserved 16 places in each entering class for qualified minorities as part...

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)...of the universitys affirmative action program, in an effort to redress long- standing, unfair minority exclusions from the medical profession. Bakkes college GPA and MCAT scores exceeded those of any of the minority applicants who had been admitted ahead of him. Bakke claimed that he was excluded from admission solely on the purpose of race; or reverse discrimination.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Issue: Did UC violate the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy? The Burger Court could arrive at no single majority opinion. The Court ordered the UC Davis Medical School to admit Bakke. However, the Court also ruled that the use of race as a criterion in admissions decisions in higher education was constitutionally permissible.

In 2003, my court made a similar ruling in Gratz v. Bollinger. Jennifer Gratz applied to the University of Michigans College of Literature, Science and Arts with an adjusted GPA of 3.8 and an ACT score of 25 (about 1300 SAT). The University of Michigan admitted using race in making admissions decisionsits policy is to admit virtually all qualified applicants who are black, Latino or Native American.

Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Issue: Did the University of Michigans use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violate the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or the Civil Rights Act of 1964? The Rehnquist Court held that the Universitys policy did violate both laws. In the Bakke decision the Court took into account the fact that the University of California provided individualized con- sideration to Bakke. The Univ. of Michigan did NOT do so because each minority applicant received an automatic 20-points.

Despite ruling against the University of Michigans admissions policy, our Court did, however, confirm that affirmative action plans in university admissions are legal and valid under the Constitution. Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

Nixon visits China Nixon visits China

Highlights in U. S. Foreign Policy Dtente (relaxation of cold relations) 1972-early 1980s 1972-early 1980s

Under Richard Nixon, the office of the President of the United States began to look imperial, or supreme Since Franklin Roosevelt, the president began to get more and more power, even though Congress would NOT let him pack the Supreme Court Truman integrated the military by executive order

Johnson went over Congresss head to put more troops into Vietnam Nixon impounded, or refused to spend, money appropriated by Congress for certain programs with which he disagreed Nixon expanded the power of the presidency and gave little thought to the checks and balances of the Constitution

Nixon distanced himself from Congress and basically worked with a very small group of fiercely loyal advisers.

Who were those guys? Attorney General John N. Mitchell Chief of Staff H. R. Bob Haldeman H. R. Bob Haldeman Domestic Affairs adviser John D. Ehrlichman The Berlin Wall

1972: reasonably popular, Nixon chooses to run for re-election Democratic opponent, extreme liberal Senator extreme liberal Senator George McGovern from George McGovern from South South Dakota Dakota Never a serious challenge

But Nixon had an overwhelming fear of losing elections of losing elections Loss to Kennedy in 1960 Loss to Pat Brown in the 1962 election for governor of California The press wont have Nixon to kick around any longer. Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) hired the plumberspeople whose job it was to plug government leaks to the media.

June 17, 1972, 2:30 a.m., a guard at the Watergate Complex in Washington, D. C. caught 5 men breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Headquarters They were plumbers Intent: to wiretap phones and photograph documents Quickly learned that the groups leader, James McCord, was a CIA agent and a member of CRP

The Cover-up All incriminating documents shredded in Haldemans White House office The White House, with Nixons consent, asked the CIA to ask the FBI to stop its investigation of the burglary on grounds of national security On Mitchells orders, the CRP the CRP gave the burglars $500,000 to buy their silence after they were indicted.

As the 1972 election campaign went on, most Americans lost interest in the Watergate burglary. However, However, Washington Post Washington Post reporters Carl reporters Carl Bernstein and Bernstein and Bob Woodward (shown with publisher Katherine Bob Woodward (shown with publisher Katherine Graham) kept the story alive, trying to find Graham) kept the story alive, trying to find evidence of a conspiracy. evidence of a conspiracy.

In November 1972, Nixon decisively defeated McGovern, amassing 60.7% of the popular vote and a 520-17 margin in electoral votes Inaugurated on January 20, 1973

January 1973, all of the burglars were convicted. Judge John Sirica stated that he believed from the evidence presented that the burglars had not worked alone. April 30, 1973, Nixon fired White House lawyer John Dean and announced theresignations of Haldeman andEhrlichman.

Nixon also denied any attempt at a cover-up. May 1973, the Senate convened a special committee to investigate the Watergate burglary Chairman: Senator Sam Ervin (D, NC) Ranking Republican: Senator Howard Baker of TN

Testimony from numerous witnesses June, 1973: John Dean testified that the president had been deeply involved in the cover-up John Mitchell refuted Deans charges in his testimony There was no smoking gun

July 1973: presidential aide, Alexander Butterfield testified that testified that President Nixon taped (audio tape) all of his Oval Office conversations For over a year, there was a legal battle over releasing the tapes Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox took the president to took the president to Court in October 1973 to get the tapes.

Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson refused and resigned, as did the Deputy Attorney General The incident became known as the Saturday Night Massacre Democrats in the House of Representatives then began to look into the possibility of starting impeachment hearings

Many Democrats did not want to impeach Nixon because they feared that if he left office, the pugnacious Vice President Spiro T. Agnew would become president However, within days, Vice President Agnew resigned when he admitted to accepting bribes from Maryland engineering firms while governor of Maryland and while vice president Democrats began to seriously consider impeaching Nixon

Nixon named, and the Senate approved, Representative Gerald R. Ford of Michigan as the new vice-president News reports then announced that in 1971 and 1972, Nixon had only paid $1000 income tax on his $200,000 salary Nixon went on national TV: People have the right to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I am not a crook.

March 1974, a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other presidential aides on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury

April 30, 1974, Nixon released 1,254 pages of edited transcripts from his White House tapes Revealed Nixons vulgar language and lack of concern about fully addressing the scandal Also revealed lengthy gaps in the tapes. Investigators demanded full transcripts Nixon refused, citing national security concerns

The Burger Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Nixon had to surrender the tapes. Nixon released them on Aug 5. The House Judiciary Committee approved 3 articles of impeachment The tape, despite an 18-minute gap, revealed that Nixon knew about the administrations role in the Watergate break-in and had agreed with the plan to obstruct the FBIs investigation.

August 8, 1974, after consulting with his family and the Reverend Billy Graham President Nixon went on national TV to announce his resignation Left office at noon on Aug. 9, 1974

Aug. 9: addressed his Aug. 9: addressed his staff for the final time staff for the final time Boarded the helicopter Boarded the helicopter as he left the White as he left the White House House

Gerald R. Ford became the 38 th President of the U.S. at noon, August. 9, 1974 Nixon: only president to ever resign from office ever resign from office Ford: only appointed president in U.S. history president in U.S. history

Gerald R. Ford Only president to have been an all-American athlete; Univ. of Michigan One month after taking office, pardoned Richard Nixon angering many people Faced a worsening economy Gasoline and heating oil prices extremely high

Sept 5, 1975: Sept 5, 1975: Lynette Squeaky Fromme Lynette Squeaky Fromme Sacramento Sacramento Two assassination attempts Two assassination attempts Sept 25, 1975 Sara Jane Moore San Francisco

Named Nelson Rockefeller as nations second appointed nations second appointed vice-president vice-president Former governor of New York and heir to the Rockefeller fortune Ford and Democratic- controlled Congress could not agree on how to stop inflation Ford vetoed 50 bills in 2 years as president Unemployment and inflation droppedbut no apparent long-term solutions

Foreign policy: key advisor, Secretary of State, Dr. Henry A. Kissinger Ford continued Nixons policy of improving relations with China and the Soviet Union 1974 & 1975 summits with Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev

One achievement: Helsinki Accords (Helsinki, Finland), 35 nations promised better cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe

1975: Mayaguez Incident Communist Khmer Rouge government of Cambodia seized the U.S. merchant ship, SS Mayaguez in the Gulf of Siam

1975: Mayaguez Incident Ford ordered two air strikes against Cambodia and sent Marines to rescue the 39 crew members Successful mission with the loss of 41 U. S. Marines

1976 Election Ford challenged in primaries by former California governor, Ronald W. Reagan Reagan some success, but Ford gets Republican nomination.

Rockefeller chose not to run for VP Ford chooses Senator Bob Dole of Kansas as his running mate as his running mate Several Democrats run, but former Georgia governor and peanut farmer, Jimmy Carter, gets the nomination

Carter Plains, Georgia Graduate of U. S. Naval Academy Relative unknown Selects Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale as vice-presidential candidate Carter ran as an outsider (outsideWashing- ton, DC) Promised to restore integrity to presidency

Campaign included televised debateCarter came across as not strong on economic issues but also as a nice, moral person

Carter won a close election Carter won a close election

Wanted to be known as the peoples president Wanted to be known as the peoples president Roosevelt-like fireside chats on radio & TV Alienated himself from Congresseven the Democratic Party in Congress

Focused on energy and economic problems of U.S. Considered economic crisis greatest crisis facing nation April 17, 1977urged Americans to cut consumption of oil and gas Winter: 65 degrees day; 55 degrees night Created cabinet-level Dept. of Energy

National Energy Act of 1977 Tax on gas-guzzling cars Removed price controls on oil & natural gas produced oil & natural gas produced in the U. S. in the U. S. Tax credits for development of alternative energy supplies of alternative energy supplies Major problems in economy as well Voluntary wage & price freezes to slow inflation inflation Convinced Federal Reserve to raise interest rates rates

Many Americans believed Carter had no economic policy at all had no economic policy at all Malaise Speech: A crisis of confidence has struck at the very heart and soul of our national will. Many believed that Carter had given up Many believed that Carter had given up 1980: inflation at 14%--highest since 1947 Standard of living in U.S. slipped from 1 st to 5 th in the world Approval rating: 26%; lower than Nixons low

The U. S. economy of the late 1970s Rapid expansion of service sector Communications, transportation and retail trade retail trade Decline in manufacturing One major cause: overseas competition Deteriorating industries created a Deteriorating industries created a Rustbelt Rustbelt Detroit to New York City York City

Foreign Policy Rejected realpolitik (policy of negotiating with powerful nations in spite of their behavior) Committed to assuring human rights throughout the world Foreign policy based on moral principlesworld-wide assurance of principles of Declaration of Independence Many critical of this policy as nave and closed-minded

1977: completed treaty with Panama giving the canal to Panama on Dec. 31,1999 Many Americans criticized this decision

Firm insistence on human rights led to breakdown in relations with the Soviet Union June 1979signed a SALT II agreement with the USSR; criticized by many in Congress as a treaty that would put the U.S. at a nuclear disadvantage Limited numbers of nuclear weapons and nuclear missile launchers each side could produce

December 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan Carter allowed SALT II to die in the Senate Carter also ordered the U. S. Olympic Team to boycott the 1980 Moscow Games Carter called the invasion a gross interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan

Camp David Accords Carter helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel after 13 days of intense negotiations at Camp David, Maryland Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel Egypt: first Arab nation to recognize existence of Israel Left question of Palestinians open-ended Carter promised billions of dollars in U. S. foreign aid to both nations

Low Ebb of Carter Foreign Policy January 1979, Iranian religious leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an overthrow of the pro- U. S. Shah of Iran

Carter supported the shah to the end After the shah had escaped into exile, in October 1979, Carter let the shah into the U.S. for cancer treatment November 4, 1979 armed students seized the U. S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 hostages Demanded the U.S. send the shah back to Iran in exchange for hostages

Carter refused Carter banned all trade with Iran and also broke off diplomatic relations with that country The Iranian students held the U. S. hostages for 444 days

One bright spot: 1980 Winter Olympics Eric Heiden: 5 gold medals in speed skating USA Ice Hockey Team defeats unbeatable Soviet team in Semi-finals Feb.1980

The Miracle on Ice restores American morale but then

April 24, 1980, an attempt by U. S. special Operating forces, including Delta Force, to rescue the hostages met with disaster at a refueling point in the Iranian desert (Desert One.) Eight service people died in the attempt An Air Force C- 130 aircraft and a Marine helicopter collided during ground refueling

As the 1980 election campaign began, Carter refused to leave the White House until the hostages were returned; would not campaign Result: former CaliforniaGovernor, Ronald Reagan swept to victory in the election As Reagan inaugurated, Iran released hostages

The Environment 1962 Rachel Carsons Silent Spring Aroused widespread public concern about use of insecticides Nuclear power concerns 1979: accident at Three Mile Island, PA 1986 disaster in Chernobyl, the Ukraine (worldsworstnuclearaccident)

The Environment Oil spills and improperly disposed toxic waste Santa Barbara oil spill 1969 Love Canal (Niagara Falls, NY) 1978 toxic waste disposal problems Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, 1989 Depletion of ozone layer due to burning fossil fuels (coal & oil)

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Conservatism reached a high point in the U.S with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 Former movie actor and Governor of California Governor of California Vice President: George H. W. Bush H. W. Bush

Reagan led the Conservative Coalition Alliance of intellectuals, business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups Favored Lower taxes and a return to traditional moral standards moral standards Opposed Big government, entitlements, affirmative action, busing, the Equal Rights action, busing, the Equal Rights Amendment Amendment

Rise of conservative religious groups: The Moral Majority Jerry Falwell JimBakker JimmySwaggart PatRobertson Leaders Fundamentalist Christianityusing television and other forms of mass communication

Key campaign phrase: Are you better off today than you were 4 years ago? Elected in landslideElected in landslide: 43.9 million votes to Elected in landslide 35.5 million for Carter; 489-49 electoral votes

Taking office, promised to reduce size and influence of federal government, which, he said, would encourage private investment The scariest words in the English language are: Im from the government and Im here to help.

Deep cuts in government spending on social programs Did not cut middle-class entitlement programsguaranteed and provided benefits to particular groups: Social Security for retired people or military pensions Did cut: food stamps, job training,welfare benefits, free school lunches

Reaganomics Lower taxes to accompany reduced spending on social programs. People who pay less tax will invest more, which, in turn, would increase the nations supply of goods & services Based on the theory of supply-side economicscutting taxes gives people the incentives to work, save and invest

Supply-side economics, (continued) (continued) With lower taxes, people invest more Increased business investment creates more jobs, as entrepreneurs and other suppliers develop new products and services. More workers means more taxpayers, which causes government revenues to increase, even though tax rates are low. 1981Reagan signed into law a 25% cut in federal income taxes, spread out over three years

With cuts in social programs, Reagan authorized increases in military spending Defense Department budget doubled 1981-1984 Military pay increased B-1 bomber

1983proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)anti-ballistic missile defense Opposed by some because of cost and questionabletechnologicalbasis Offered to share technology with USSR

Under Reaganomics, interest rates fell and the stock market soared producing a long period of economic growth Inflation rate: 14% 1980; 4% 1988 But large budget deficits and a huge national debt: $900 billion in 1980 to national debt: $900 billion in 1980 to $4 trillion 1992U.S. the worlds $4 trillion 1992U.S. the worlds largest debtor nation largest debtor nation Overall: by 1984, most Americans felt that they were better off than they had been they were better off than they had been in 1980 in 1980

Supreme Court: became more conservative under Reagan Appointed the first female justice, Sandra Day OConnor of Arizona Also appointed conservatives Antonin Scalia and Anthony Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy and elevated Kennedy and elevated conservative William Rehnquist conservative William Rehnquist to Chief Justice when Warren to Chief Justice when Warren Burger retired Burger retired

George Bush continued Reagans policy of appointing conservatives to the Supreme Court with David Souter andClarenceThomas The Rehnquist Court made rulings restricting abortion rights, imposing new restrictions on civil rights, and limiting the rights of people who are arrested

Republicans swept to victory in presidential elections of 1984 and 1988 19841984: Reagan and Bush win decisively over 1984 Democrats Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferrarothe first woman ever to be the candidate of a major party for vice president

19881988: Bush and Dan Quayle, 1988 a senator from Indiana a senator from Indiana defeat Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis (Pres) and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas (V.P.)

Reagan/Bush foreign policy Soviet Union: The Evil Empire Mr. Mr. Gorbachev, Gorbachev, tear down tear down this wall! this wall!Reagans policies led to the end of the USSR and freedom in Eastern Europe The Berlin Wall fell in 1989

Reagan supported anti- Communist contra rebels in Nicaragua Reagan ordered U. S. Rangers and paratroopers to remove Cuban troops and eliminate the Communist government on the Caribbean island of Grenada in 1983 Operation Urgent Fury

Illegally sell arms Illegally sell arms to Iran, an enemy, to Iran, an enemy, use the proceeds use the proceeds to illegally fund to illegally fund pro-American Contra rebels in Nicaragua, then led by a Communist regime Iran-Contra Scandal Devised by National Security Advisor, Bud McFarlane; carried out by Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North Scandal had no long-term negative affect on Reagan: the Teflon President

June 1989, Chinese people protest in a pro-democracy movement Beijings Tiananmen Square Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square Crushed by government; restored hard-line communists to powerBush protests but takes no action

South Africa, 1990 U. S. trade embargo to protest policy of apartheidsystem for separating races to protect white supremacy Over time, government of South Africa gradually repealed apartheid laws; Blacks first voted 1994; Nelson Mandela first black president

1989: Bush sent 20,000 military personnel to Panama to overthrow and arrest dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega on charges of drug trafficking. Operation Just Cause highlysuccessfulAmerican operation led by General Max Thurmond Noriegacurrently serving 40 years in a U.S. prison

August 1990: Iraq invades oil-rich Kuwait oil-rich Kuwait U. S. responds with Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Military leaders: General Colin Powell and General H. Norman Schwarzkopf

Operation Desert Storm Jan 16, 1991- Feb 28, 1991 Air war: Jan 16-Feb 24; Ground war: Feb 24-Feb 28 Decisive U.S.-led coalition victoryless than 400 UN coalition casualties; more than 100,000 Iraqi deaths (military & civilian) Validated U. S. military as most powerful in the history of the world

Bushs domestic policy not nearly as successful as foreign policy Huge national debt and federal deficit Democratic majority in Congress Some cooperation Plan to bail out savings and loan industry Civil rights billcombat discrimination in jobs Americans with Disabilities Act But...

Read my lips: no new taxes! Congressional democrats forced Bush to agree to a tax increase to reduce the deficit; later painted him as going back on a promise Also: economic recession slowly increased in 1991-1992, leading to the election of 1992 1992, Democratic candidate for president: Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas: Its the economy, stupid.

The election of 1992 Bush (Republican), Clinton (Democratic), H. Ross Perot of Texas (Independent) Results New V. P. : Senator Al Gore of TN

Clinton presidency: early policies and troubles Gays in the military (Dont ask, dont tell) Large tax increase on wealthy Americans Significant reduction of government spending Health care reform Led by wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton Dismal failureCongress abandoned abandoned Ratified North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) & General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Clinton Foreign Policy Helped broker an agreement between Israel & Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Intervened in civil war in Haiti Brokered the Dayton Accords for peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina and sent U.S. troops as peacekeepers

Congressional Election of 1994 People dissatisfied with Clintons leadership due to several judgmental errors Led by Congressman Newt Gingrich of GA, Republicans offer the Contract With America, & sweep to victory taking control of both houses of Congress Even Dem. Speaker of the House Tom Foley of WA defeated GOP: more power to the states; cut taxes & federal spending

Clinton shifts agenda to political center, proposed own plan for tax cuts and balanced budget Clinton helped by major improvement in the economy Regained popularity among American people Election of 1996: Clinton & Gore sweep to victory over Republicans Bob Dole of KS and Jack Kemp of NY RRRR eeee ssss uuuu llll tttt ssss

Clinton & Republican Congress: smallest budget deficit in almost 30 years Clinton presidency marred by scandal Whitewaterland deal prior to election Whitewaterland deal prior to election Vincent Foster suicide (Clinton Vincent Foster suicide (Clinton aide) aide) Jennifer Flowers Jennifer Flowers Paula Corbin Jones Paula Corbin Jones Monica Lewinsky Monica Lewinsky Clinton lied under oath; encouraged Lewinsky to do same

The Clinton scandals illustrated two major changes in the character of American life: Increasing role of scandal in U. S. politics (sensationalist media) Blurring of distinction between public and private behavioralmost every facet of a politicians life a target of inquiry and exposure Media knew JFK had many sexual liaisons, but said nothing. Today, everything is fair game.

High tech economy: computers & soft ware Bill Gates and Microsoft Silicon Valley Biotechnology industries New drugs (scourge of AIDS) DNA research Cloning of animal and human tissue Economy now based on two family members earning incomes

Two-tiered economy: top 40% of population increasing wealth and income; bottom 60% experiencing real declines in wealth and income Most important change: globalization of the economy Greater choices for consumer but many jobs sent overseas North American Free Trade Agreement General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (World Trade Organization)

George W. Bush & Dick Cheney Al Gore and Joe Lieberman of CT Florida vote countcontested Results

the 1960s were marked by john f. kennedy’s new frontier and lyndon b. johnson’s great society...

Documents

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