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The 10th

International Sago Symposium, 29-31 October 2011, Bogor-Indonesia 1

The 10th


Proceeding of

The 10th

International Sago Symposium “Sago for Food Security, Bio-energy,

and Industry, from Research to Market”

October 29-31, 2011

IPB International Convention Center, Bogor

Editors:

Iskandar Z Siregar

Tahlim Sudaryanto

Hiroshi Ehara

Suwardi

Iskandar Lubis

Sintho Wahyuning Ardie

Supported by:

Bogor Agricultural University

The Indonesia Sago Palm Society

IPB International Convention Center

Bogor, Indonesia

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Foreword from the Chairman of Organizing Committee

His Majesty Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia

Rector of Bogor Agricultural University

Regional Reffresentative or DPD

Head of Meranti, Jayapura, and West Halmahera districts (Bupati)

Invited Person, Presenters and All of Attendants

Good Morning and Assalammu’alaikum warokhmatullahhi wabarakatuh

This Symposium is the 10th of Asean Sago Association symposium. With the topic ”Sago for

Food Security, Bio Energy and Industry, from Research to the Market”.

In two days symposium, It will be presented 5 invited papers, 30 oral presentasion and 27

posters, and attended by 141 partcipants. In the third day, it will be held excursion for limited

participants. Participants came from several asean countries namely: Japan, Malaysia, South Korea

and Philippinnes and participants from Indonesia came from several sago producer regions such as:

Moluccas, Papua, West Kalaimantan, Center of Sulawesi, Meranti District and other regions.

Thank you very much to Indonesian Companies: National Sago Prima, Antam, Nusa Ina,

Meranti District Goverment, and Directorate and Programs in Bogor Agricultural University that have

supported this symposium.

For all participants please enjoy the program, and we ask your apologize if our preparation

has not perfect.

Thank you and Wa’alaikumsalam Warokhmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

Chairman of Organizing Committe

Dr. Ir. Iskandar Lubis, MS.

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LIST OF ORAL PRESENTATION

Author Title Page no.

Sayed Azam Ali Prospect of Sago as Food for the Future

9

Yoshinori Yamamoto State of the Art Sago Research in Asia Pacific

10-15

M. H. Bintoro Progress of Sago Research in Indonesia

16-34

Dwi Asmono Sago Plantation Experience and Business Prospect

35-41

Kopli Bujang Sago Post-Harvest Handling and Processing

36-41

N. Haska Ex-vitro Propagation for Large-Scale Production of Sago 42

(Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Seedling.

F.S. Jong Growth and Yield Parameters of Natural Sago Forests for Commercial Operations

43-45

Margaret Chan Kit Yok

Mycorrhizal Colonization of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottball). Plantlets

46-47

Evi Gusmayanti Sago Palm Cultivation Practices in Flour Sago Producing 48-49

Villages in West Kalimantan

I.B. Ipor Diversity and Carbon Stock of Weed Flora in Sago Plantation

50

Albertus Fajar Irawan How far the size of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottbl.) 51-53

suckers influenced their early growth during nursery

period?

Masatoshi Sasaoka The Influence of ‘Sago-Based Vegiculture’ on Forest 54-56

Landscapes in Central Seram, Eastern Indonesia

Ornprapa Anugoolprasert

Nutrient Accumulation in Plant Tissues of Sago Palm 57-58

in the Rosette Stage at Different Levels of Soil pH

in South Thailand

Quevedo, M. A. Comparative Study on Breaking Resistance of Palm Leaflets

59-60

Hasnain Hussain Omics Approach for Determination of Contributory Factors 61-63

in Trunking and non-Trunking Sago Palm

Natelda R. Timisela Characteristic of Sago Food Home-Industry in Mamala 64-65

Village, Leihutu Subdistrict, Central Maluku Regency

Inta PN Damanik Contribution of Sago to Fulfill the Household Food Need 66-68

in Latuhalat Village Sub-district of Nusaniwe Ambon City

Wardis Girsang Sago Revitalization for Food Security in Small Islands: 68-69

Socio-Economic Factors to Influence the Declining of

Sago Consumption in Small Islands Maluku

Diyah Yumeina R. Datu The Possibility of Sago Starch Marketing in Japan from 70-71

Sago Producing Areas in The Eastern Part of Indonesia

Takashi Mishima Glucosemade from Sago Residue 72-74

Suraini Abd Production of Bio-Butanol from Sago Pith Residues

75-77

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Awg-Adeni Ethanol Fermentation from Waste Starch of Sago 78-81

Processing Industry by Commercial Baker’s Yeast

P. Peristiwati Bio-ethanol Production from Sago Pith Flour Hydrolyte 82

by Yeasts and Zymomonas Mobilis

Alfi Asben Study of Sago Hampas’ Cellulose Conversion to 83-84

Glucose In Batch Fermentation

L. Suroso Lactic Acid Production from Sago Pith by Bath Fermentation

85

Abdul Rahim Characteristics of Butyrylated Arenga Sago Starch

86-87

D. M. A. Manan Wet Sago Starch Preservation Alternatives for Home Industry

88-90

Abadi Jading Design of Fluidized Bed Dryer for Small Scale Sago Starch Processing

91-92

D. M. A. Manan Optimization of Sago Starch Extraction using Drum Raspier

93-95

Masanori OKAZAKI

Behavior of Water Molecules in the Structure of Sago Starch

96-97

Darma Prototype - 2 of Mixer Rotary Blade of Sago Starch 98

Extractor Powered by Internal Combustion Engine

Erna Retnawati Consumer Preference of Sago Wet Noodle with 99

Soybean Flour Fortifications

Febby J. Polnaya Properties of Biodegradable Films from Hydroxypropyl Sago Starch

100-101

Shanti Fitriani Physical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Dry Sago Noodle from Riau Province with Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) of Sago Starch

102-104

N. Haska Study Effect of Storage of the Pilled Sago Log, Grating and Slice of Sago Pith, on the Yield and Characteristics of Sago Starch.

105

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LIST OF POSTER PRESENTIONS


Afdholiatus Syafaah The Effect of Sucker Weight and Liquid Manure Application to the Vegetative Growth of Sago Sucker at Poly-bag Nursery System

107-109

Amesius Basai Effect of pH and Temperature Differences on the Quality of Glucose Syrup Saccharification From Sago Flour

110-111

Bambang Hariyanto Sago Noodle Development to support Food Security in Indonesia

112

Batseba A. Suripatty Sago Palm Accession Selection as Bioethanol Feedstock

113-114

Darma Prototype - 2 of Mixer Rotary Blade of Sago Starch Extractor Powered by Internal Combustion Engine

115

Destieka Ahyuni The Effect Of Sucker Weight and Time After Nursery to Sucker Growth (Metroxylon spp.) In Plantation Area

116-118

Eddy Chiljon Papilaya

The Local Wisdom of Sago: Lesson Learn from Maluku and North Maluku

119-121

Eddy Chiljon Papilaya

Fine Starch Structure of RS3 Derived from Sago Starch

122-123

Elsje T Tenda Biodiversity of Sago Palm 124-128

Endang Y. Purwani Promoting Sago as Functional Food to Strengthening the Position

129-130

Maherawati Study of Sago Starch Production in Desa Sui Bemban, West Kalimantan Toward Improving Sago Extraction Technique

131-132

Imron Riyadi

Effect of GA3 and Kinetin on Germination of Somatic Embryos of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in Temporary Immersion System Culture

133

Iskandar

Nutrient Status of Peat Soil and Sago Palm in Kampung Baru, Tebing Tinggi Island, Riau Island

134-135

J. Audrey Leatemia Identification of Sago Germplasm in West Ceram Regency, Maluku Province

136

Juan Maragia Best Management Practice at PT National Sago Prima: Current Practice

137-139

Kun Tanti Dewandari Effect of Soaking Sago Pith on the Characteristics of Starch (Metroxylon sp.)

140-141

Masaharu Ohmi Characterization of sago residue and production of bio-based-materials from residue

142-144

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Masna Maya Sinta Somatic Embryogenesis of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in Temporary Immersion System

145

Mochamad Suwarno Sago Palm Nursery Technique at PT National Sago Prima

146-147

Nurhaini Mashud Tissue Culture of Sago Palm 148-150

Saleh Malawat Study on Making Enriched-Instant Sago at Household in Moluccas

151-153

Shandra Amarillis Stomata Characterization on Several Accessions of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.

154-156

Sjahrul Bustaman Potency and Prospect of Sago Utilization in Moluccas 157

Titi Candra Sunarti Utilization of Sago Starch from Various Regions in Indonesia for Glucose Syrup Production

158-159

Yanti Jayanti The Effect of Trimming and Organic Hormone Application on Sucker Petiole to Growing Sucker in Sago Nursery

160-162

Yeni Rahayu Correlation of Sagu Starch Productivity with Habitat Types In Padang Island, Meranti Archipelago, Riau

163-164

Youji Nitta Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu) Stem Starch

165

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

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Prospect of Sago as Food for the Future

Sayed Azam Ali

Abstract

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Starch Productivity of Sago Palm and the Related Factors

Yoshinori Yamamoto Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Japan

[email protected], +81-88-864-5119

Abstract The status of sago palm as a staple food is decreasing even in the traditional sago-eater’s local

areas in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, etc. In recent years sago palm has been paid much attention as the materials for bio-fuel (ethanol) and biodegradable plastic production due to the high starch productivity. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the starch productivity of sago palm to use it in the above-mentioned purposes. In my presentation, I show the current status of researches on the starch productivity of sago palm and the related factors mainly following our researches in Indonesia and Malaysia. Starch accumulation in the pith of sago palm started at the 1

st to 4

th year after trunk

formation and attained to the maximum percentage after 4-5 years of the start. The sugar percentage in the pith decreased sharply with increasing the starch content. The starch yield was the highest at flowering stage. The starch yield of individual sago palm collected from the main sago palm growing areas in Indonesia and Malaysia (totally 143 palms) varied from 19 - 975 kg dry starch. The yield closely related with the trunk (pith) weight, but not with the starch percentage. The yield difference caused by the differences in folk varieties, growing conditions, management practices, etc., but the varietal differences was most obviously observed. The high-yielding varieties showed the late flowering characteristics. Researches on the annual starch productivity per unit area as compared with those of individual palm are very few. Our data performed in Southeast Sulawesi and Riau Province, Indonesia, showed the yearly decreasing trend of starch yield per ha due to the decrease of harvestable palms. The results indicate the importance of sucker control in a clump to maintain the stable number of harvesting palms in the consecutive years for sustaining the yield. Keywords: Folk variety, individual palm productivity, starch, sucker control, yearly productivity per unit area

Introduction

Sago palm accumulates a large quantity of starch in its trunk (pith), commonly ranging from 200-500kg of dry starch per palm. The sago palm is usually propagated by suckers or off-shoots. After sucker emergence or planting, it takes about 4-6 years for the sucker to grow to the trunk formation stage before furthering its growth to the flowering stage. The total duration of growth from sucker to flowering is 8-15 years. The palm dies after flowering (hapaxantic), but the clump consisting of various stages of individuals continues to grow (Flach 1983). Sago palm is the only crop which can grow well as an economic crop under constraint soils such as wet lowland, acidic, brackish and peat soils without any soil improvements (Sato et al. 1979).

Sago palm is mainly distributed in Southeast Asia and Melanesia within 10°north and south of the equator, up to the altitude of 700-1000m (Flach 1977, Rashad and Washito 1986). The growing area of sago palms under the trunk forming condition is respectively estimated as 225 and 0.224 million ha for wild and semi- and cultivated stands (Flach 1997). Most of the wild stand (220 million ha) is found in Indonesia (Papua and west Papua States) and Papua New Guinea.

Sago starch is still consumed as a staple food by local people as well as a material for noodle and cakes in the sago palm growing areas. However, its status as a staple food is lowering as replaced by other crops such as rice, etc. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the sago palm as a raw material for bio-fuel and biodegradable plastic due to the high starch productivity and studies for these purposes have already started (Ohmi 2010). At the same time, attention should be paid to sago palm as a new food and a food-security crop for the anticipated increase in human population and meteorological disasters in future. As mentioned above, sago palm has a great potential as a starch resource crop. However, scientific researches on the plant have not been sufficiently performed. In Japan, the researching group, Sago Palm and Sago Studies (the name changed in the Society of Sago Palm Studies in 2000) was established in 1992 under the leadership and financial support of the late Mr. Isao Nagato. Activities carried out include annual meeting, publishing journal (SAGO PALM) and support for holding International Sago Palm Symposia, etc. The sago palm society published a book entitled ‘Sago Palm ― The Resource Plant in the 21

st Century ―’ which summarized the fruits of 20 years’ sago

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VarietyVarietyVarietyVarietyPlant size

Earliness of floweringPhotosynthetic ability

Leaf areaStarch quality, etc.

Environmental conditionEnvironmental conditionEnvironmental conditionEnvironmental conditionTemperature

Rainfall and humidityLight intensity

Groundwater levelSoil type

Sea water invasion, etc.

Starch productionStarch productionStarch productionStarch productionand Quality in Sagoand Quality in Sagoand Quality in Sagoand Quality in Sago

PalmPalmPalmPalm

Cultivation andCultivation andCultivation andCultivation andManagement practicesManagement practicesManagement practicesManagement practices

FertilizationWater control

WeedingSucker control

Pest and disease control, etc.

ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingRasperingExtraction

DryingWater quality

Storage period, etc.

GrowthGrowthGrowthGrowthstagestagestagestage

research by its members. The book was written in Japanese, but the society is planning to publish the English version to commemorate the 20

th anniversary of the society.

In this paper a description about the starch accumulation process in sago palm is made. The differences of starch productivities per palm in different districts, the local folk varieties as well as the factors related to the differences in the main sago palm growing areas in Indonesia and Malaysia carried out by my researching group are reported. Moreover, I showed how to change the starch productivities per unit area (ha) in consecutive years, which is important in the utilization of sago palm starch as an industrial material in future. The measures for maintaining high productivity is also indicated.

The starch accumulation process in the trunk

Just after trunk formation (ATF), the pith contained little starch but a lot of sugars (ca.40%). The sugars was converted into starch from the 1

st to 3

rd or 4

th year ATF, attaining a maximum value

(60-70%) at 4th-5

th years from the start of accumulation and these values are maintained to the

flowering stage (Yamamoto et al. 2003). During this period, a highly significant negative correlation was observed between the sugar and starch percentage. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were found in the pith, and the constituent percentage of sucrose increased with growth (Yamamoto et al. 2010). After the start of starch accumulation, the starch content in the pith increased sharply, with the increases of both starch content and trunk growth. The maximum starch content per trunk is attained at flowering stage and thereafter, the content decreased due to the development and growth of fruits (Jong 1995). The result indicated that suitable harvesting time is the flowering stage, although sago palms are commonly harvested at earlier stages by the local people. It is important to harvest after attaining the flowering stage to increase the starch yield.

Observation of the parenchymatous cells in the pith of sago palm by a scanning electron microscope revealed that the starch granules are the amyloplasts accumulated in the plastids (single starch grain) and the shape of granules are ellipsoid with an final average longer axis of 30 µm (Nitta 2010).

The starch productivity per plant

1) Variation of starch yield per plant The sago palms in the major growing areas in Indonesia and Malaysia (sampled from a total of

143 palms) contained an average of 337kg (CV 56.2%) dry starch per palm, ranging from 19-975kg (Yamamoto 2010). The average value for cultivated varieties of sago palms was 356kg (CV 51.2%).

The starch yields of individual plant varied greatly in areas with higher number of varieties whereas the difference is smaller in the areas with lower number of varieties. The differences in starch yield might be attributed to the folk variety, environmental condition, cultivation and management practices, harvesting time, processing, etc (Fig. 1). Among the factors, it was assumed that the main differences in starch yield are mostly attributed to varieties of different origin.

Fig. 1. Factors affecting the starch production and quality in sago palm.

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y = 5.67x - 210.1

R2 = 0.6162

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 50 100 150 200

No. of leaf scars and leaves

Starch content (kg/palm)

2) Distribution of varieties The genetic diversity of sago palm is high in New Guinea Island, and totally 61 accessions were reported in Papua and the West Papua State, Indonesia (Wjyono et al. 2000). The number of varieties showed a decreasing tendency with the distance from the center of genetic diversity and only one variety is recognized at the marginal area of distribution such as Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, etc. The local people recognized the varieties by their differences in earliness of flowering, morphological characters (trunk: length and diameter; spine: density, length, width, color and attachment angle; leaflet: length, width, thickness, color and droop at tip part; rachis: color, petiole; color, feature of band on the back, etc), physiological and ecological character (tolerance to fire, water, etc), starch property (color, stickiness, smell, etc) and so forth (Yamamoto et al. 2004) . The early maturing variety was assumed to be distributed at the marginal areas from the center of genetic diversity. 3) Factors related to the starch productivity of individual palm

The starch productivity of individual palm mentioned above was closely related to the pith dry weight, but not to the starch percentage (on a pith dry weight basis) (Yamamoto 2006). Moreover, the difference in the starch productivity was assumed to relate closely to the years to flowering, as reflected from the positive high correlation between the numbers of leaf scars and living leaves and the starch yield (Fig. 2).

4) Difference in starch productivities among varieties grown around Lake Sentani About 35 accessions (folk varieties) of sago palm were collected around Lake Sentani near Jayapura (Wijono et al. 2000) and this area was considered as the center of diversity of the palm. According to our interview with sago farmers in the area, they recognized twenty one folk varieties. Among these varieties, we chose 8 cultivated type folk varieties, including representative high-yielding ones (Non spiny type: Yepha, Panne, Osukulu, Wanny, Folo; Spiny type: Para, Ruruna) and early

Fig 2. Correlation between number of leaf scars and leaves and starch yield in the pith at harvesting stage in sago palms harvested in Malaysia and Indonesia.

■Batu Pahat, Johor, □Mukah, Sarawak, ◆Pontianak, West Kalimantan, ◇Tebing Tinggi, Riau, ▲Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, ●Ambon and Seram, Maluku, ○Jayapura, Papua

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flowering one (Rondo), and 2 wild type folk varieties 〔Manno Besar (MB) and Manno Kecil (MK)〕to measure the growth parameters related to their starch yield and the starch percentage in the pith.

The variations in growth parameters are as follows: total length 11.1-25.3m (Avg. 20.0m, CV 16.1%); trunk length 2.6-16.0m (Avg. 9.5m, CV 33.8%); diameter 30.0-67.8cm (Avg. 49.4cm, CV 13.9%) and weight 233-3499kg (Avg.1685kg, CV 43.7%). The variations in pith dry weight is 56-1397kg (Avg. 617kg, CV 50.6%), starch percentage 22.1-75.4% (Avg. 62.7%, CV 18.0%) and dry starch yield in the pith 19-975kg (Avg. 405.5kg, CV 54.8%).

The average starch yields of various varieties were in the order of Para (674kg)> Panne

(576kg)> Yepha (512kg)> Wanny (491kg)> Ruruna (484kg)> Osukul (444kg) ≒ Folo (432kg)> Rondo

(190kg)> MB (145kg)> MK (35kg), and the CV value of each variety was higher in the wild type sago palm varieties (MB: 49.2% and MK: 244.5%) than those cultivated type varieties (the other varieties: 19.1-40.3%).

The differences in the starch yields among the palms including all varieties were closely related to the pith dry weight, but not to the starch percentage. The differences in the starch percentage in the pith of cultivated type sago palms were small, ranging from 53.7-75.4% (Avg. 66.9%, CV 6.8%). .

Moreover, the starch yield is closely related to the number of leaf scars plus living leaves at harvesting time. Rondo which showed the lowest yield among the cultivated type varieties had the lowest number and the variety was assumed to be earlier flowering compared with the other cultivated ones. Among the cultivated type varieties (except Rondo), Para showed higher starch yield at the same number of leaf scars and living leaves than the other varieties.

The estimated growth duration from trunk formation to harvesting (flowering) in Para and Rondo from the number of leaf scars plus living leaves (Para: 119.6, Rondo: 64.2) and the leaf emergence rate (Para: 5.7 leaves/y, Rondo: 7.8 leaves/y) were 21 and 8.2 years, respectively. The estimated growth duration calculated using the same method in three local folk varieties in Kendari ranged from 7.5-9.5 years and that of palms in Mukah, Sarawak, Malaysia, was 6.3 years and all of these values were similar to the value of early flowering variety, Rondo.

On the other hand, the pith starch percentages of wild type sago palms, MB and MK, ranged from 22.1-54.9% (Avg. 45.2%) and 30.5-53.4% (Avg. 40.3%), respectively. These were lower than those of cultivated type sago palms. The lower starch percentage in the wild type varieties MB and MK, as well as the lower trunk weight in MK, contributed to the lower starch yield (MB: 34-252kg, MK: 19-76kg) as compared to the cultivated type varieties. The yield of MK was lowest among the varieties (Yanagidate et al. 2007).

The wild type sago palm varieties contained a higher percentage of sugar in the pith even at harvesting stage, ranging from 15-40% as compared with 6-8% in the cultivated ones. The percentage composition of sugar was higher in glucose and fructose, and lower in sucrose compared to the cultivated ones. It was assumed that the biosynthetic conversion process from sugar to starch in the wild type varieties does not function well and the impairment might be genetically determined to various extents.

Yearly changes of starch productivity per unit area

A constant and stable annual supply is required if the sago palm starch is to be used as a reliable source of industrial raw material. Thus, the annual starch productivity per unit area needs to be ascertained. This is closely related to the improvement of sago palm garden to increase the starch productivity. However, researches on the annual estimate of starch productivity per unit area are very few. Here, I report the results of research performed by my group in Southeast Sulawesi (Kendari) and Riau (Tebing Tinggi Island), Indonesia (Yamamoto et al. 2008, Yanagidate et al. 2009).

In Kendari, the study was performed in a cultivated sago palm (folk variety: Molat) garden. Four surveyed areas (plots I-IV) covering 40m x 40m square each were selected, and each plot was divided into 4 quarters (20m x 20m). The number of clumps, trunks with over 50cm in height and suckers (including trunks with height of less than 50cm) in the quarters were recorded.

For palms with trunk exceeding 50cm in height, the lengths were measured. The collected parameters varied considerably among the 4 plots, and the average number of clumps was 169 palms/ha, i.e., equal to a planting density of 7.7m x 7.7m. The average numbers of suckers and trunks per ha and per clump were 2256 and 13.8 suckers and 228 and 1.4 trunks respectively. The number of trunks per ha varied from 163-263 among the plots (CV 20.7%).

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2006

*20

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

1220

1320

1420

15

Star

ch y

ield

(ton

/ha)

The annual average starch yield per ha in the following 10 years was estimated from the average trunk density with different trunk length and average starch yield (400kg). The result was also based on the estimation that the trunk elongation rate at 1.0m/year and the trunk length at the harvesting time was 9.0-10.0m. The average starch yield in the following 10 years was 9.0t/ha, however, it showed a decreasing trend from 13.5t/ha in the first year (2006) to 4.3 in the 10

th year (2015) (Fig. 3). The yearly decreasing

trend was caused by the decrease of harvestable palms due to the uneven distribution in each year (1

st year: 34 palms and 10

th year: 11palms).

The results indicate clearly the importance of sucker control to maintain the number of harvestable palms in each year. Research performed in the same ways in Tebing Tinggi Island, Island, Riau Province, Indonesia, revealed a tendency of sustaining higher yearly starch yield per ha in the older garden where harvesting has often been conducted for many years compared with that in the younger garden where the harvesting has not yet started. This is attributed to the unconscious weeding and thinning of suckers for smoother palm harvesting. Also, this unconscious management practices are effective to sustainably maintain the annual number of harvestable palms as well as to promote the growth of individual palm (Yamamoto et al. 2008).

Conclusions

It is very important to make a good estimate on the starch productivity of sago palm in order to utilize the starch as an industrial raw material such as bio-fuel (ethanol), biodegradable plastic, etc. In this presentation, I tried to show 1) the starch accumulation process in the trunk, 2) the starch productivity per plant, and 3) the annual changes of starch productivity per unit area mainly from our researched data in the major sago palm growing areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. The results were concluded as follows: 1) Starch accumulating process in sago palm

(1) Starch accumulation in the pith started at 1-4 years after trunk formation. The high sugar content in the pith (ca. 40%) reduced sharply with the start of starch accumulation. The difference in the starch percentage at harvesting stage (60-70%) was small among the cultivated varieties and the maximum starch yield in the pith was observed at the flowering stage.

(2) Lower starch and higher sugar contents in the pith, even at harvesting stage, was observed in the wild variety, due to inefficient biosynthesis from sugar to starch.

Average: 9.0 t/ha/y

Year

Fig. 3. Prediction of average starch yield from 2006 to 2015 in the cultivated sago palm garden in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. .

*Starch yield including three classes of trunks (9.1-10.0, 10.1-11.0 and 11.1-12.0m) in 2006. (Yanagidate et al. 2009).

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(3) Three kinds of sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose, were detected in the pith of sago palm and the composition ratios of glucose and fructose decreased with the growth and almost only sucrose was detected at harvesting. In the wild type of sago palms, glucose and fructose were found in the pith even at harvesting stage and the composition ratios of glucose and fructose were higher than the cultivated varieties.

2) Starch productivity of individual palm (1) The starch yield of individual palm showed a close relation with the number of leaf scars plus

living leaves, showing the growth duration after trunk formation to harvesting (flowering). The palms with shorter growth duration (early flowering variety) showed lower yield than the palms with longer growth duration (late flowering varieties).

(2) The difference in starch yield among the palms growing in the same and different districts might be caused by the difference of chronological age from the trunk formation to harvesting and the different growth duration among palms of different varieties at the center of genetic diversity. Moreover, the starch productivity differed among the varieties with the same growth duration in the district.

(3) The number of varieties of sago palm decreased with the distance from the center of genetic diversity and only one variety was found at the marginal areas of sago palm distribution and the variety in these area were early flowering variety and the starch yield was generally low.

3) Annual starch productivity per unit area (1) The annual starch yield per ha showed a decreasing trend in the consecutive years due to

the decrease of harvestable palms in the current cultivated sago palm garden at Kendari. (2) The annual harvestable sago palms per ha was determined by (i) the number of clumps per

ha, (ii) the average number of palms trunk formed in a clump, and (iii) the composition ratios of the palms from the trunk formation to harvesting. However, current researches on these are very few and only confined to these items to maximize the starch yield.

(3) It indicated the importance of planting high-yielding varieties and adopt management practices to increase and sustain the annual starch yield per ha.

Acknowledgement

The author thanks Dr. Foh Shoon Jong, PT. Austind Nusantara Jaya, for his kind reviewing the manuscript.

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international sago symposium. (Tankoolin, M. A.ed.) (Kuala Lumpur) 157-177. Flach, M. 1983. The sago palm, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 47, AGPC/MISC/80,

FAO (Rome) 85pp. Flach, M. 1997. Sago palm, Metroxylon sagu Rottb. Promoting the conservation and use of

underutilized and neglected crops 13. IPGRI (Rome) 76pp. Jong, F.S. 1995 Research for the development of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) cultivation in

Sarawak, Malaysia, pp.139. Nitta, Y. 2010. Development of starch granules in the pith of sago palm. In: Sago palm as the resource

crop in the 21st century (The society of sago palm studies ed.) Kyoto University press

(Kyoto), 212-218.* Ohmi, M. 2010. Utilization of sago starch as an industrial material. In: Sago palm as the resource crop

in the 21st century (The society of sago palm studies ed.) Kyoto University press (Kyoto),

275-287.* Rasyad, S. and K. Wasito 1986. The potential of sago palm in Maluku (Indonesia). In: Sago-’85:

Proceedings of the 3rd

International Sago Symposium (Yamada,N. and K.Kainuma eds.) (Tokyo) 1-6.

Sato, T., T. Yamaguchi and T. Takamura 1979. Cultivation, harvesting and processing of sago palm. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 23: 130-136.**

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Yamamoto, Y., T. Yoshida, Y. Goto, Y. F. S. Jong and L. B. Hilary 2003. Starch accumulation process in the pith of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.). Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 47: 124-134.**

Yamamoto, Y., T. Yoshida, F. S. Jong, Y. B. Pasolon, H. Matanubun, and A. Miyazaki 2004. Studies on the sago palm (Metroxylon sagu rottb.) varieties in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The abstract of the 13

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Yamamoto, Y. 2006 Biodiversity and starch productivity of several sago palm varieties in Indonesia. Domestication, super-domestication and gigantism: Human manipulation of plant genomes for increasing crop yield. (OECD and NIAS Sponsored International workshop)

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Quevedo and J. Bacusmo eds.) TUAT Press (Tokyo), 95-102. Yamamoto Y., K. Omori, A. Miyazaki and T. Yoshida 2010. Changes in the composition and content of

sugars in the pith during the growth of sago palm. Sago Palm 18: 41-43. Yamamoto, Y. 2010. Starch productivity in sago palm. In: Sago palm as the resource crop in the 21

st

century (The society of sago palm studies ed.) Kyoto University press (Kyoto), 218-232.* Yanagidate, I., Y. Yamamoto, T. Yoshida, A. Miyazaki, Y. B. Pasolon, S. Darmawanto, J. Limbongan,

F. S. Jong, A. F. Irawan, and F. S. Rembon 2007. Characteristics of growth and starch productivity of so-called wild type sago palm “Manno” grown near Jayapura, Papua Province, Indonesia. The abstract of the 16

th conference of the Society of Sago Palm Studies, 8-11.*

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Proggress of Sago Research in Indonesia

M.H. Bintoro Bogor Agricultural University faculty of Agriculture

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Bogor 16680

[email protected]

Abstract Indonesia has comparative and competitive advantage for sago commodity, because it is yield

high and occupaid around 2-4 million hectares. Sago palm produce around 20-40 tons starch/ha/year, it is the highest starch producer compare with other starch producer crops. However, the Indonesian harvested the starch too small if compare with its potential yield. Thousand tons starch has not harvested every year. Sago starch can be utilized not only for staple food but also as raw material for bio-fuel, bio-degradable plastic, bio- pesticide and other raw material for agroindustry. Because of this condition, research on sago palm is necessary to be done. Bogor Agricultural University has carried out some research on sago palm. The result of the research suggested that the best sago palm distance in the field is 8m x 8m. The dept of the hole for sago palm seedling is around 30 cm or when we find water table especially at peat soil for highest survival rate for its seedling. The best weight for sago baneer (abut) for seedling is around 2-4 kg. Nursery with seedling is better. The weight of baneer (abut) less than 1 kg should be shaded by paranet. The survival rate is around 50 %. Spineless sago palm (Molat) is better than spiny one. Sucker for seedling should be taken from mother plant cluster which it height at least 6 m. The best nursery for sago palm seedling system is using raft in the canal if compare with polybag in pool or in ordinary polybag. The effect of fertilizer is not significantly different. It is possible that the fertilizer treatment at the time is before harvesting, in the future fertilizer technique must be developed. The best weeding is combination between manual and chemical treatment. Combination between manual + gliphosate 480 AS 3 l/ha + metsulphuron 75 g/ha is better than only manual or herbicide application only. Sago pith residue can be used for overcoming weeds, protecting from plant disease and as raw material for compost. Combination of sago pith residue (75 %) with 25% of top soil is the best treatment for cacao seedling media. It leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight is better. Sago pith residue also can inhibite Phytopthora capsici at 3 and 4 years old young bushy pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Sago pith residue as much as 30 ton /ha can replace manure (goat dung) as much 20 ton/ha for spinach growth. Keyword: research, sago palm, cultivation

Introduction

Sago palm is one of Indonesian natural resources. Its potential yield is around 20-40 tons starch/ha/year. The nutrient content of sago starch is almost the same as rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potato (Djoefrie, 1999). People who want sago starch as staple food, they have to eat a lot of fish or meat because of less protein content. People in Maluku, Papua, and South Sulawesi eat a lot of fish in their daily menu, so they are not protein deficiency (Bintoro et al., 2010). More than 50% sago palm is grown in Indonesia, and more than 95% of them grown in eastern part of Indonesia, especially in Papua (Bintoro, 2008). Although most of sago palm grown in Indonesia, but the utilization of it is still very low (Bintoro et al., 2010). Suswono (2010) stated that in 100 g sago starch contain 84.7 g carbohydrate and 353 kcal. The average of sago starch consumption is very low, it is about 0.41 kg/cap/year or 0.08 kg/cap/year in city area and 0.71 kg/cap/year in rural area compare with wheat flour consumption (12.88 kg/cap/year) in city and 90.05 kg/cap/year in rural area. Sago palm can be utilized by human being from its stem barks, leaves, starch until its waste. The stem bark can be used as traditional floor or traditional wall, its leaves can be used as traditional roof, its waste can be used for animal feed and compost. Sago palm has lot of starch. The starch can be used as staple food, traditional cakes, food and drink industries, raw materials for agroindustry, bio-pesticide, bio-ethanol, bio-degradable plastic, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry (Ishizaki, 2009; Noda, 2009; Janggu, 2009; Flores, 2009). Sago pith residue can be used for mushroom and oil palm seedling media (Bintoro et al., 2010).

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Figure 1. Sago Utilization

Suswono (2010) stated that the problems of sago starch utilizations are 1) It is not effective

and integrated utilization yet, 2) Sago starch assume as inferior food, 3) Sago palm cultivation still traditional, and 4) New domestic and international market must be created. According to Bantacut (2010), sago palm could not only be depend as natural resources, but it must be planned integrated and best program. Best program it means Indonesian government must be active to create sago utilization. Best planning means sago palm product and market are clear and can improve rural welfare. Integrated means agronomic aspect must be related with market needs.

Sago Distribution In Indonesia We can find sago palm in some provinces in Indonesia except DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, West

Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. According to Flach (1997) total sago area in Indonesia is about 1.250.000 ha, but Manan and Supangkat (1984) stated that sago in Indonesia is around 4.000.000 ha. However, forest agency of Irian Jaya Province. Sago palm in Irian Jaya 6.000.000 ha (Fig. 2). It is possible that sago palm data must be evaluated, because sago palm in Meranti Island District is about 60 000 ha. Same districts in Riau Province have many sago palm, for example Bengkalis and Siak District.

So many sago accessions in Indonesia. In Papua, at least 60, in Maluku 5, in North Maluku 15, and in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java there are also many accessions. It is possible that Papua is the original of sago palm because we can find so many wild type of sago palms and the palm grow successfully in natural condition without human intervention.

Sago

Starch

Staple Food

Food Industry

1. Traditional Cakes

2. Kerupuk

3. Empek-Empek

4. Baso

Single Cell Protein

Animal Feed

Glukose

1. Ethanol

2.Glutamate

3. Lactate

Fructose

Paper Industry

Pharmaceutical Industry

Malto Dextrine

Cyclo Dextrine

1. Textile Industry

2. Cosmetic Industry

3.Pharmaceutical Industry

4. pesticide industry

5. Glue Industry

Waste 1. Seedling Media2. Mushroom Media3. Animal Feed4. Methanol

Food and Drink Industry

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Area Natural Forest

Semi Cultivation

Maluku 50.000 ha 10.000 ha Sulawesi 30.000 ha Kalimantan 20.000 ha Sumatera 30.000 ha Riau island 20.000 ha Mentawai island 10.000 ha

Figure 2. Sago Distribution in Indonesia (Flach, 1997)

Sago palm taxonomy should be studied. It is possible the different local name is the same sago palm because their language is different, for example Metroxylon sagu Rottb. is Hanai (North Maluku), Kirai (West Java), and Bembam (Tebing Tinggi, Riau). In another location may be its name is different.

Sago Diversity There area least 5 accession varieties of sago palm in Maluku Island (Maluku, Tuni, Ihur,

Makanaru, and Duri Rotan). Potential yield of Tuni is the best (500 kg starch/trunk) and the lowest one is Duri Rotan (100 kg starch/trunk) (Alfons and Bustaman, 2005). There are 7 accessions grown in North Maluku, 3 varieties in Southeast Sulawesi. In Sentani more variety of sago starch, there are 43 spiny and 17 spineless sago (Table 1, 2, 3, and 4). Table 1. Sago Accession, Morphology and Origin Origin Name/ Molat Tuni Ihur Makanaru Duri Rotan

Character Morphology

(M. sagu Rottb)

(M. rumphii Mart)

(M.sylvestre Mart)

(M.longispinum Mart)

(M. microcanthum Mart)

Origin Name

Seram &Ambon

Lapia/Sagu Molat, Molaty,or sagu betina

Lapia/Sagu Tuni

Lapia/Sagu Ihur

Lapia/Sagu Makanaru, Sagu Red

Lapia Luliuma/Sagu Duri Rotan

Ternate, Bacan Hanai, White Harumabai Tirus

Nau, Siksi Sagu Duri

Leaf

Leaf color Light Green Dark Green Dark Green Green Light green

Shape of leaf Length, sharp Erect,sharp, small, length

Bent Erect,rather close

Erect, small and rather close

Color of leaf Green Dark Green Light Green Light Green Light green

Area Natural Forest

Semi Cultivation

Burung/Bintuni island

300.000 ha 2.000 ha

Jayapura 400.000 ha 20.000 ha Southern Papua 350.000 ha 2.000 ha Other 150.000 ha 10.000 ha Papua, total 1.200.000 ha 34.000 ha Indonesia, total 1.250.000 ha 158.000 ha

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� Leaf Lenght (m)

Leaflet lenght (m)

4.5 5 – 9 4-8 4 – 8 -

Wide of leaf (m)

1.5 0.8 – 1.2 1,25 0.8 – 1.2 -

Spine length (cm)

7 5 – 10 15-Jan 5 – 10 -

Trunk

Pith color White White Grey Readish Pink White-Pink

pith weight/ trunk weight

80 82 81 80 40

Starch color White White Readish Readish crem

Trunk high (m) 10 – 14 10 – 18 10 – 12 12 – 15 8 – 12

Trunk diameter (cm)

60 – 160 80 – 200 60 – 180 80 – 150 -

Yield Potential

fresh starch (kg/trunk)

400 500 300 250 100

Source : Alfons and Bustaman (2005)

The type of sago palm consists of spiny and spineless. The leaf color from light until dark green, leaf length from 4-9 m, pith color are white, grey, read, and pink, and yield potential from 100-900 kg starch/trunk. In Papua, Rondo accession can be eaten directly without fiber separation, because its fiber is soft.

Table 2. Spiny Sago Palm (Identified by BPTP Papua)

No Kind of Sago Color of Starch

Production Number of Sucker

Origin

1 Para Hapou White very high 1 Jayapura

2 Hiyakhe, Kambea Red High 2 Jayapura

3 Mongging White High 2 Jayapura

4 Para Hongsay Red High 1 Jayapura

5 Rondo Hongleu White High 2 Jayapura

6 Epesum, Puy Red Medium 2 Jayapura

7 Rondo Hongsay Red Medium 1 Jayapura

8 Ruruna Honggleu, Walisa Honggleu

White Medium 2 Jayapura

9 Ruruna Hongsay Red Medium 2 Jayapura

10 Yakhali Red Medium 1 Jayapura

11 Yakalope Hongleu White Medium 1 Jayapura

12 Yakalope Hongsay Red Low 2 Jayapura

13 Walisa Hongsay Red Low Jayapura

14 Manno Hongleu White very low Jayapura

15 Manno Hongsay Red very low Jayapura

16 Okhu White No yes Jayapura

17 Ana Uwabu White High 1 Manokwari

18 Anangga Suanau White High Manokwari

19 Ananggemo White High 3 Manokwari

20 Bibutu Mewi, Wikuarawi White High Manokwari

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No Kind of Sago Color of Starch

Production Number of Sucker

Origin

21 Wimir, Wimor Red High Manokwari

22 Witar Somoy, Witime Uwai, Wokowurui

White High Manokwari

23 Anaraumarera White Medium 1 Manokwari

24 Anatuba Sanggono Red Low Manokwari

25 Ana Apor White Low 2 Manokwari

26 Wiakambi White Low Manokwari

27 Apaigo White High Sorong

28 Bibewo Red High Sorong

29 Bosairo White High 1 Sorong

30 Igoto Red High Sorong

31 Igoto Mogabarasu Red High 1 Sorong

32 Marido White High Sorong

33 Merepo (lunak) Red High 3 Sorong

34 Segago Red High Sorong

35 Edidao Red Medium Sorong

36 Doh Mboh Red Medium 5 Merauke

Table 3. Spineless Sago Palm (Identified by BPTP Papua)

No Name of Sago palm Color of Starch

Production A number of sucker

Origin

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Panne Follo Honggleu Osukulu Hongleu Osukulu Hongsay Wanny Honggleu Yepha Honggleu Yepha Hongsay Follo Hongsay Hanambo Hopolo Hongleu Hopolo Hongsay Wanny Hongsay Yepha Hilli Epung Yepha Fikla Kao To

White White Red Red White White Red Red Red White Red Red White White White Red White

very high High High High High High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low High Medium

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 2

Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Jayapura Merauke Merauke

Table 4. Description Several Type of Sago Palm in Kehiran, Sentani, Jayapura (Miftahorrachman and Novarianto, 2003)

No Name Stem (cm) A number of leaves

Stem of Weight (kg)

Starch of Eight (kg)

Spiny

1 Yeba 12.8 16 764.5 191.5 No

2 Osoghulu 10.3 15 849 200.5 No

3 Wanni 9.3 12 664 160.5 No

4 Phane 9.1 9 709 99.5 No

5 Hobolo 9.2 18 735 176.5 No

6 Follo 9.3 10 733 177 No

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No Name Stem (cm) A number of leaves

Stem of Weight (kg)

Starch of Eight (kg)

Spiny

7 Hilli 12.4 15 973.5 29.5 No

8 Yhoguleng 6.8 15 345 93.5 No

9 Fikhela 8.3 16 535 128.5 No

10 Yakhali - - 401 125.5 -

11 Phara 7.8 15 - - yes

12 Ebesung 8.5 15 823.5 207 yes

13 Ruruna 10 11 679.5 148.5 yes

14 Yaghalobe 10.2 16 719 155.5 yes

15 Habela 8.4 13 211 27 -

16 Rondo 5.8 14 496 107 yes

17 Phui 8.6 16 637.5 133 yes

18 Manno 9.6 12 475 67.1 yes

Sago Palm Cultivation

1. Nursery Sago palm can be propagated by seed and seedling, but the sago farmer usually use the

seedling. Some of the sago palm seed difficult to grow because the seed has no embryo. At least three kinds of seedling, i.e. ‘L’, horse shoe, and taro types. The ‘L’ type is the best seedling because it has carbohydrate reserve more compare with other types. However, if the ‘L’ type seedling is not enough, the farmers use horse shoe and taro type. Seedling types can be seen at Figure 3.

Figure 3. The Type of Sago Seedling

Sago seedling is digging from sago palm cluster, especially from around the mother plant which is at least 6 m height. The sucker which will be taken as seedling should be mature enough, we can know it if we can shake the sucker easily. The sucker should not be too near with the mother plant. When we cut the baneer, the baneer is hard enough. The wound should be sprayed with pesticide to avoid from pest and diseases attack. The seedling must be taken from free of pest and disease sucker after digging out. The seedling must be dipped in pesticide and laid in a raft made from sago leaves. It will be better if the sago seedling in the raft is under paranet.

Sago palm nursery is not only raft system in the canal. Sago seedling can be placed at polybag in a pool or without pool (ordinary polybag). The media in polybag is peat soil. Nursery type can be seen in Fig. 4.

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Raft, Spine

Raft, Spineless

Polybag, Spine

Polybag, Spineless

Pool, Spine

Pool, Spineless

Figure 4. Nursery Type a) Raft in Canal, b) Polybag in Pool c) Ordinary Polybag

After around 3 months in its nursery (±3 leaves), the sago seedlings must be moved to its field. Wibisono (2011) carried out an experiment on type of nursery and type of sago palm. His experimental result indicated that spineless is better than spiny sago and the raft system is better than pool and ordinary polybag system (Fig. 5a, 5b, and 5c).

Figure 5a. 2nd

Petiole Length Growth (Wibisono, 2011)

Figure 5b. Number of 1st Leaflet Growth (Wibisono, 2011)

Raft, Spine

Raft, Spineless

Polybag, Spine

Polybag, Spineless

Pool, Spine

Pool, Spineless

Raft, Spine

Raft, Spineless

Polybag, Spine

Polybag, Spineless

Pool, Spine

Pool, Spineless

Age (week)

2n

d P

etio

le L

en

gth

(cm

) 1

st L

eafle

t G

row

th

Age (week)

a b c

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Spine

Spineless

Figure 5c. Number of 2

nd Leaflet Growth (Wibisono, 2011)

Maulana (2011) also stated that spineless sago is better than spiny sago. It survival rate of

spineless sago seedling at its nursery are more than 80 % (Figure 6). Furthermore, Maulana (2011) stated that the best survival rate of sago palm seedling is coming from seedling which has taken from at least 4-6 m of mother plant and the best weight of seedling is around 2.0-4.5 kg (Fig. 7 and 8).

Figure 6. Survival of Rate Based on Type of Sago Palm (Maulana, 2011)

Figure 7. Survival of Rate Based on The Mother Plant Height (Maulana, 2011)

Age (week)

2n

d L

ea

flet

Gro

wth

Su

rviv

al R

ate

(%

)

Week

Week

Su

rviv

al R

ate

(%

)

Harvested mother plant

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