thÁi nguyÊn university school of education
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THÁI NGUYÊN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION. CULTURE OF VIETNAMESE ETHNIC MINORITIES. Assoc. Professor NGUYỄN HẰNG PHƯƠNG Faculty of Vietnamese Email: [email protected] Tel: 0915.363.229. TH ÁI NGUYÊN, 2013. CONTENT. CHAPTER 2 CUSTOMS (WEDDING & FUNERAL). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THÁI NGUYÊN UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF EDUCATION
Assoc. Professor NGUYỄN HẰNG PHƯƠNG
Faculty of Vietnamese Email: [email protected] Tel: 0915.363.229
CULTURE OF VIETNAMESE ETHNIC MINORITIES
THÁI NGUYÊN, 2013
CONTENT
CHAPTER 2
CUSTOMS
(WEDDING &
FUNERAL)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 3
CUISINE
CHAPTER1CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
1.1. Basic terms (khai niêm cơ ban)
- Culture = system of physical and mental values mankind >< nature &
society.
-Nation (dân tôc) = a community which includes many ethnic groups, each
with its own language, lifestyle, and cultural heritage.
-Ethnic (tôc ngươi) = a smaller community within a nation, which has its own
language and customs.
However, in many cases, it is possible to use the word ‘dân tôc’ (nation) to
refer to an ethnic group.
1. 2. Some main characteristics (Một số đặc điểm cơ ban)
1.2.1. Number
- 54 ethnic groups (53 ethnic minorities).
Population:
-5 ethnic minorities> 1 million people (Tày, Thái, Mương, Khme, Mông);
-5 ethnic minorities< 1 million people (Si La, Pu Péo, Rơmăm, Brâu, Ơ
Đu)
1.2.2. Distribution (Tinh chât cư tru)
1.2.2.1. Co-habitation forms cultural regions (Cư tru xen ke)
- The ethnic minorities often inhabit together with others in an area (province,
district).
E.g: There is even 20 ethnic groups within a district.
- In each area, there is 1 or 2 groups with higher development level, which play the
main role in establishing a cultural region. Ethnic minorities mostly live in 5
regions.
- Within a region, there are sub-regions. In each sub-region, there is a centered
ethnic group which might be the centered ethnic group of the whole region or
another one
6 cultural regions:
1. The Northwest (Thái, Mường)
2. The Northeast (Vi t Băc: Tày, Nùng)ê
3. The North Delta (Việt)
4. The Central (Trung B : Việt, Chăm)ô
5. The Central Highland (Tây Nguyên: Mon-Khmer Groups)
6. The South Delta (Việt, Chăm, Hoa and native groups such as Khmer, Mạ, Xtiêng,
Chơro, Mnông...)
Việt (Kinh): deltas. Ethnic minorities: other areas.
.
1.2.2.2. Effect of co-habitation (Hê qua cua cư tru xen ke)
- Advantages (Thuân lơi):
+ Share each other’s techniques and good customs strengthen the
union.
+ Form multi-cultural areas for cultural tourism.
-Disadvantages (Kho khăn):
Social management: Disagreements between different ethnic groups,
which origin from the differences in religions and customs.
1.2.3. Specific territorial distribution (Vi tri cư tru cu thê)
-Most ethnic minorities live in border parts and other area which
are very important in terms of the nation’s economy, politics,
defense and environment.
- 3 minority groups: the deltas (Kinh, Hoa, Chăm)
- 50 other groups: the midland and the mountainous areas.
* Importance of the distribution of ethnic minorities (vai trò địa bàn cư tru)
- Kinh tế: the ethnic minorities live in the border part, coastal area and
forest, which are very important to foreign trade, agriculture and mine
industry.
-Politics and Defense: It’s important to maintain the peace and
development in the border parts most Vietnamese feudal dynasties
have their own policies to strengthen the relationship to ethnic minority
leaders:
+ wedding
+ office and title
+ Viet (Kinh) officials
- Environment: Ethnic minorities live in forest area/coastal area
important forest/coastal environment protection
1.2.4. Time of inhabitation (Về thời gian sinh tu ở Viêt Nam)
- Native groups: Việt (Kinh), Mương, Tày, Chăm
- Early time A.D – 19th century: Hoa
-7th – 13th century: Lự, Thái, Nùng
-…
Though ethnic minorities came to VN at different times, they has been
maintaining a tradition of co-operating in national building and defense.
1.2.5. Cultural characteristics (Về văn hoa)
Culture = tangible culture heritage + intangible culture heritage
-Economy: self-sufficient economy (agriculture: cassava/corn/rice
cultivation)
-Administration: village (làng/bản/buôn) is the basic unit; some others (Thái,
Mương) apply a larger administrative system (mương: mương > village).
-Religion: mostly polytheism.
CHAPTER 2:CHAPTER 2:
CUSTOMS OF VIETNAMESECUSTOMS OF VIETNAMESEETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITIES
2.1. Introduction (Khai quat vê phong tuc): customs = diversified
* Economy:
- hunting + gathering + cultivation (rice/corn/cassava + veg.)
Some cultivates in terraced fields (Mông, Pu Péo, Phù Lá….)
Some: wet fields (Chăm, Hoa, Tày…)
- Some traditional crafts: pottery (Chăm, Khơ me, Hoa), textile weaving
(Khơ me, Tà ôi...), bamboo weaving (Thái, Cống, La Chí, La Hủ...).
- Goods transportation: human/boat/horse carry goods to trade. Popular:
human-carrying.
* Lifestyle (Vê sinh hoạt - ăn, ở, mặc)
- Cuisine: chapter 3.
-Clothes:
+The Northeast + Northwest: women wear dresses, men
wear shirts and trousers.
+ The Central and the Central Highland: women wear
dresses, men wear loin-cloth….
- House: Popular: stilt house (from wood); a few: ground house (from
bamboo or soil).
* Social relationships (Vê quan hê xã hội)
-Most ethnic minorities use village as the basic administrative unit, in which
the leader is a respectful elder.
-In some ethnic community: gap between rich & poor
-Some ethnic minorities: maternal society (Chu - ru, Cơ – ho, Ê – đê, Gia –
rai, Khơ – me, Ba – na, Khơ - mú....). Some in the transition from maternal
society paternal one (Chơ – ro, Giẻ Triêng...)
* Rites of passage (wedding, childbirth, funeral): following parts
2.2. Marriage (Hôn nhân)
Purpose: tight the relationships between couples, families and clans.
2.2.1. Giới thiệu khái quát
- Decide: parents, head of the clan.
- Depending in the system (paternal/maternal) the bride/bridegroom’s family
organize and pay for the wedding. Maternal society: bridegroom live with the bride’s
family. Some: respectively live with bride’s family and bridegroom’s one.
- Most ethnic minorities forbid cousins to get married. Some allow (Bru Vân Kiều, Tà –
ôi, Cơ – tu, Gia – rai, Ê – đê).
- Most: couples are free to marry their lovers. Some groups create ‘wife/husbad
kidnapping’ to allow couples overcome social/financial obstacles.
- Wedding procedure: engagement ceremony, wedding, report ceremony (visit bride’s
parents)
2.2.2. Some wedding styles
2.2.2.1. Wedding ceremony of the Tay (Đám cưới của người Tày)
- Ceremonies: Greeting, engagement, New Year gift giving, wedding time
selection, wedding day, taking the bride, accompanying the bride to
bridegroom’s house.
- Cost: paid by bridegroom’s family show gratefulness to bride’s parents
- Meals:
+ 4 - 5 p.m: for elders
+ 7 - 8 p.m: young people (couple’s friends). Everyone stays after
the meals to talk/drink/play games/sing all night.
- Taking the bride:
+ Party: quan lang (male matchmaker), pả mẻ (female
matchmaker), bridegroom, 2 best men, a young girl and some young,
unmarried people who carry the presents.
+ Presents: 100 green cakes, 400 white cakes, 2 big white cakes
(traditional cakes), 1 roast pig, 2 chicken, wine, trầu cau, 2 fishes, some
pork innards, a bag of seeds, some sugar, a red bag, a wet-dry cloth
bride’s parents
- Receiving ceremony (Đon tiếp):
+ Greeting: bride-sided female matchmaker greets the party,
bridegroom-sided male matchmaker greets back.
+ Obstacle game: hanging rope/ laying the groom or leave a
cat at the door bridegroom-sided male matchmaker needs to sing
politely and cleverly to win over.
+ Present receiving Bow at the ancestor’s altar Wine
offering People give wishes to couple dinner together.
Chăng dây trong đam cưới của người Tày(Hanging rope in wedding of the Tay)
Búi toc ngươc trong lễ Tằng khẩu (đám cươi ngươi Thái)Upside down hair bunning in wedding of the Thai
Mâm cỗ cươi của ngươi Bru Vân KiềuWedding meal in wedding of the Bru Van Kieu
2.2.3. Funeral (Phong tuc tang ma cua đồng bào dân tộc thiêu số)
* Introduction (Giới thiệu chung)
- An important rite of passage to Vietnamese ethnic minorities shows
the love and respect towards the death.
- Differences:
+ Some ethnic minorities in the Northern mountainous area: fresh
funeral + dry funeral.
+ Some ethnic minorities in the South: grave-leaving
ceremony. Some provide meals and buffalo to the death.
+ Especially, some ethnic group in the Central Highland organize
big grave-leaving ceremony and build the new tomb for the death.
Some typical funerals
(a) Dry funeral of the H’mong (Đám ma khô của ngươi Mông)
- Held 13 days after the fresh funeral (burying the death). The Mông
people believe that the death only recognizes that he/she was dead
already after 13 days. No annual anniversary for the death in Mông culture
dry funeral is the last ceremony to say goodbye to the death
important.
- Careful preparation: : food + funeral facilities + announcement
+ The death’s family gathers relatives to drink and choose the
time for the dry funeral.
+ Invites the previous funeral band (priest, music band,
coffin carriers).
-Dry funeral:
+ Family members bow to the funeral band and offer them
wine.
+ Fake figure of the death wears the death’s clothes.
+ Priest does ceremony to deliver the death’s spirit to the
other world officially separate the livings and the death.
Meanings of dry funeral
(Y nghia đám ma khô cua người Mông/Tày/Nùng):
- Explain about the salvation of the spirit in the other world belief:
universe = world of the living + world of the death
- Piety of the children to parents + sharing of the families member and
villagers to the death’s family strengthen the relationship within
community.
Đám ma khô của ngươi Tày Cao Bằng Dry funeral of the Tay in Cao Bang
(b) Grave-leaving ceremony of some ethnic minorities in the Central Highland
(Lễ bỏ mả của một số dân tộc miền Trung Tây Nguyên)
* Temporary tomb: a simple hut for the death. The death’s head is turned towards the sun’s
rising. Family members have to clean the hut and offer meals to the death regularly
Believe: the death’s spirit is still around the family members.
* Grave-leaving ceremony: rid of the temporary hut build a new, long-life tomb
Meanings:
- Sadness: last time to say goodbye to the death
- Joy: the livings pay full responsibility to the death. The death is no longer around to haunt
the family.
- Time: 3-7 days + 1 month of preparation.
- New house grave (the Banar): two low roofs, no walls. Top:
decorated with bird, animal and man figures.
- Tomb statues (man, monkey, buffalo, bird…): wooden. Rough but
lively Highlanders believe the death’s spirit will possess the statues
statues become slaves of the death in the other world every
feeling of mankind (sadness, grief, happiness, worry) is expressed in
the statues’ faces. There are some sexual statues highlander
worship penis wish for fertility.
Tượng nhà mồ ở Tây Nguyên Tomb statues in the Central Highland
CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3
CUISINE CULTURE OF VIETNAMESE CUISINE CULTURE OF VIETNAMESE ETHNIC MINORITIESETHNIC MINORITIES
3.1. Introduction
-Use ingredients which are available in nature. clean, fresh and nutritious.
-Popular dishes: roast/steamed glutinous rice, glutinous rice cakes, roast/smoked
meat & fish.
- Spices and sauces: hạt dổi, mắc khén, húng rừng, mắc mât, mắc kham chẩm
chéo, nươc nhút...(from forest and garden).
- Wine: popular and important drink use in ceremonies, treat visitors.
Ingredients: corn/cassava/rice + ferment from forest leaves
Delicateness and flexibility in cuisine + thorough life stance
3.2. Typical cuisine
3.2.1. Steamed sticky rice with ant’s eggs
of the Tay
* Ingredients: black ant’s egg, sticky rice,
special onion (củ kiệu), oil.
* Recipe:
-Steam the rice. Stir-fry onion with eggs
and spices. Stir everything together and
put some fried onion on top.
- Serve hot.
Steamed sticky rice with ant’s eggs
3.2.2. 5-colored steamed sticky rice of
the Tay
* Ingredients: sticky rice, ginger leaves,
turmeric powder, special red leaves (la cơm
đỏ)
* Recipe: Steep rice and grind red leaves in
water red and purple steamed rice; Rice
+ turmeric yellow; red sticky rice
black. 5 different colors are put together in
the dish Five Elements Theory (kim, mộc,
thuỷ, hoả, thô - 5 elements which create
the universe)
Use in sacred ceremonies
3.2.3. Khâu nhục of the Tay, Nung, Hoa
* Ingredients: belly pork, lá tầu soi (special pickled vegetables), black bean sauce,
soy sauce, garlic, húng liu
* Recipe: Boil the pork add spices roast. Fry purple potato. Mix pork fat,
aromatic mushroom, bean, egg together to make stuffing.
Put the pork and all the stuffing and spices together in the bowl and steam it in 5
hours.
Khâu nhuc
2.2.4. Roasted moss of the Thai
* Ingredients: river moss, hạt dổi, hạt mắc khén (two special spices from forest),
pepper, garlic, ginger, lemon grass, lemon leaves + pork fat
* Recipe: Moss is taken from clean river. Mix moss with spices and fat. Use dong
leaves to cover the mixture. Put it in warm ash for a while roast it on burning
charcoal. Besides the special flavor of spices, the moss taste fresh and pure.
Rêu sông
3.2.5. Thắng cố of the Mông (H’mong)
* Ingredients: Bones, inner organs of horse/ox, spices
* Recipe: Put all of ingredients into the boiling deep pan. Rid of the froth. Serve hot
with salt. Customers can have it together with homemade corn cakes. When some
friends join, they buy some wine to cheer up together.
3.2.6. Tube wine (rượu cần) of the Mường in Hoà Bình
* Ingredients: Sticky rice, ferment from forest leaves, pottery vase
* Recipe and serving
- Specialty of Hòa Binh. The wine is made from rice and natural ferment safe &
great flavor.
- Wine is put in a vase and people drink it through bamboo tubes a wine for
drinking together. Tradition: drinking together + game + alternately singing
Tube wine culture community spirit
3.2.7. Mountain field pigs of the Central Highlanders
* Ingredients: naturally-raised pigs , parsley, coriander, lemon grass, pepper, salt..
* Recipe
- Pigs are raised naturally in mountain fields less fat + soft + juicy.
- These pigs can be spiced and roasted in two ways: roast barbecue sticks or
roast the whole pig.
Heo rẫy
Măng rừng (măng lay, măng vầu)
Forest bamboo shoots
Nậm Pịa ( a sauce made from buffalo/ox/horse/goat’s inner organs)
Nước lèo thịt dêSoup made from goat meat (the Cham group)
Lẩu la rừng Hotpot of forest vegetables
Banh la ngai Cakes made from sticky rice and a vegetable
Mèn mén (Steamed mash corn)
Cơm lam (Sticky rice cooked in a bamboo tube)
CONCLUSION
1. Co-operation of Vietnamese ethnic groups
- VN is a multi-ethnic country (54 groups: 53 ethnic minorities)
- The ethnic minorities share some similarities and well co-operate.
- Each have its unique cultural characteristics contribute to the diversity of VN culture .
2. Diversity and humanity of the culture of ethnic minorities
- Their cultural characteristics origin from the Southeast Asia environment and life stance
of the inhabitants.
- The diversity and humanity of the culture of ethnic minorities nourish the soul and
better the behavior of the people.
3. Preservation and application of the culture of ethnic minorities nowadays
-There are some factors in modern lifestyle which threaten the culture of ethnic minorities
VN authorities attention to preserve and apply those values.
- There are some customs of ethnic minorities which need to be removed/adjusted to
both reserve the good values of the culture and build up the progressive culture of the
whole nation.