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AF

P

MB

Armed Forces Pest Management Board

Information Services Division

WRAMC, Forest Glen Annex, Bldg. 172

6900 Georgia Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20307-5001

Personal Protective Measures Against Insects

and Other Arthropods of Military Significance

Armed Forces Pest Management Board

Technical Guide No. 36Updated: OCT 2009

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Technical Guide (TG) No. 36 was originally adapted from U.S. Army Environmental

Hygiene Agency (USAEHA) Technical Guide No. 174 through the efforts of the Armed ForcesPest Management Board (AFPMB) Repellents Committee and the U.S. Army Center for Health

Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM). Updated photos were provided by the

USACHPPM (Mr. John G. Snodgrass), Navy Entomology Center of Excellence (NECE), and theAir Force School of Aerospace Medicine.

AFPMB TECHNICAL GUIDES

This is one of a series of Technical Guides (TGs) published by the Defense Pest ManagementInformation Services Division Armed Forces Pest Management Board. The AFPMB is a

directorate within the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations andEnvironment) that recommends policies and procedures, provides guidance, and coordinates the

exchange of information related to pest management throughout the Department of Defense

(DoD). As a unit of the AFPMB, the Information Services Division collects, stores anddisseminates published and unpublished information on arthropod vectors and pests, natural

resources, and environmental biology important to the DoD. Other products include country- or

region-specific Disease Vector Ecology Profiles (DVEPs). All TGs and DVEPs, as well as adatabase of over 200,000 articles on pest management and medical zoology, are available at the

AFPMB Web site .

TGs (formerly Technical Information Memoranda or TIMs) are not policy documents; rather,

they provide technical guidance for the use of the DoD pest management community and others.

Accordingly, TGs should not be construed or referenced as policy. DoD pest management

policies may be found in DoD Instruction 4715.1, "Environmental Security," DoD Instruction4150.07, DoD Pest Management Program, May 29, 2008," and other DoD

directives/instructions including component directives/instructions/ regulations.

Inquiries, comments or suggestions for improving TGs may be directed to the AFPMB

Information Services Division at (301) 295-7476, FAX (301) 295-7473 or by accessing the link:

http://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.php
http://committee.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.phphttp://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.phphttp://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.phphttp://committee.afpmb.org/

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TG No. 36 October 2009

i

TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 36

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST

INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS OF MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... IV

LISTOFTABLES ......................................................................................................................... IV

LISTOFFIGURES ......................................................................................................................... V

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1

1-1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 1

1-2. References ........................................................................................................................ 1

1-3. Suggested Improvements .................................................................................................. 1

1-4. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2

1-5. Arthropods of Military Significance................................................................................. 3

1-6. Responsibilities ................................................................................................................. 4

2. METHODS OF PROTECTION ......................................................................................................... 8

SECTION I.INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 8

2-1. General.............................................................................................................................. 8

SECTION II.AVOIDANCE .................................................................................................................. 8

2-2. Field Strategies ................................................................................................................. 8

2-3. Information Sources ......................................................................................................... 8

2-4. Emergency Requisition of Repellents and Pesticides....................................................... 9

SECTION III.PHYSICAL BARRIERS ................................................................................................... 9

2-5. Clothing ............................................................................................................................ 9

a. Field Uniform .................................................................................................................... 9

b. Tick Checks .................................................................................................................... 11

c. Chiggers .......................................................................................................................... 13

d. Spiders, Scorpions, and Snakes ...................................................................................... 13

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2-6. ProtectiveEquipment...13

a. Introduction. .................................................................................................................... 13

b. Insect Head Net. .............................................................................................................. 14

c. Insect Protective Mesh Parka and Mittens ...................................................................... 16

d. Insect Net Protectors ....................................................................................................... 17

SECTION IV.REPELLENTS.............................................................................................................. 19

2-7. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19

2-8. Deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide). ........................ 20

a. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20

b. Health and Safety Considerations ................................................................................... 20

c. Formulations ................................................................................................................. 21

(1) Two-Ounce Tube ................................................................................................... 21

(2) Camouflage Face Paint23

(3) Insect Repellent With Sunscreen ........................................................................... 24

(4) Insect Repellent Stick ............................................................................................. 24

2-9. Permethrin ...................................................................................................................... 26

a. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 26

b. Health and Safety Considerations ................................................................................... 28

c. Methods of permethrin treatment.................................................................................. 29

(1) Individual Dynamic Absorption (IDA) Kit ............................................................ 29

(2) Aerosol Spray Can ................................................................................................. 36

(3) 5.1-Ounce (151 ml) Bottle ..................................................................................... 38

(4) Factory Treatment of military uniforms ................................................................. 42

2-10. Miscellaneous Repellent. .............................................................................................. 43

2-11. DoD Insect Repellent System ....................................................................................... 45

2-12. Area Repellents............................................................................................................. 45

2-13. Repellent Devices that are Worn on the Body .......................................................... 45

SECTION V.INEFFECTIVE AND HAZARDOUS PRACTICES ................................................................ 47

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2-14. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 47

2-15. Commercial Products ................................................................................................... 47

a. Non-deet Products .......................................................................................................... 47

b. Ingested Products ............................................................................................................ 47

SECTION VI.PESTICIDE REDUCTION THROUGH PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL MODIFICATIONS AND

SANITATION................................................................................................................................... 48

2-16. DoD and IPM................................................................................................................ 48

SECTION VII.CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 48

2-17. Summary ....................................................................................................................... 48

2-18. Training Package .......................................................................................................... 49

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 50

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Arthropods of Military Importance and the Major Diseases They Transmit ....................... 5

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1. Proper wearing of field uniform minimizes exposure to arthropod attack .................... 10Figure 2-2a. Buddy-System check for ticks ........................................................................................... 12Figure 2-2b. Buddy-system tick removal with tweezers ....................................................................... 12Figure 2-3. Remove ticks using a lint roller ........................................................................................... 12Figure 2-4. Remove ticks using a ring of tape ....................................................................................... 13Figure 2-5. Insect Head Net NSN 8415-00-935-3130 photographed .................................................... 14Figure 2-6. Insect Head Net, NSN 8415-00-935-3130 photographed over helmet .............................. 15Figure 2-7. Remove insect net from the back ........................................................................................ 15Figure 2-8. Insect head net being treated with permethrin aerosol can .............................................. 16Figure 2-9. Insect Protective Mesh Parka ............................................................................................... 16Figure 2-10. Insect net protector (Mosquito Bed Net), NSN 7210-00-266-9736 on folding cot ......... 18Figure 2-11. Standard Military Skin Repellent, NSN 6840-01-284-3982 ............................................ 22Figure 2-12. Camouflage Face Paint ..................................................................................................... 23Figure 2-13. Insect Repellent With Sunscreen ...................................................................................... 24Figure 2-14. Insect Repellent Stick, NSN 6840-00-142-8965, ............................................................... 25Figure 2-15. Permethrin IDA Kit, NSN 6840-01-345-0237 .................................................................. 30Figure 2-16. IDA kit instructions for treating coat ............................................................................... 31Figure 2-17. IDA kit instructions for treating trouser .......................................................................... 32Figure 2-18a-d. Steps 1-4 in using the IDA Kit, NSN 6840-01-345-0237 ............................................ 33Figure 2-19a-d. Steps 5-8 in using the IDA Kit NSN 6840-01-345-0237 ............................................. 34Figure 2-19e. Step 9 in using the IDA Kit NSN 6840-01-345-0237 ....................................................... 35Figure 2-20. Permethrin aerosol, NSN 6840-01-278-1336 .................................................................... 37Figures 2-21a and 2-21b. Applying permethrin aerosol to the field uniform ..................................... 38Figure 2-22. Permethrin 5.1-ounce (151-ml) bottle, NSN 6840-01-334-2666 ...................................... 39Figure 2-23. Applying permetrin by air-compressed Sprayer to multiple field uniforms ................ 41Figure 2-24. Applying permetrhin by air-compressed sprayer to insect net protector ..................... 42Figure 2-25. Applying permethrin by air-compressed sprayer to external surface of a tent ............ 42Figure 2-26. CHIGG-AWAY 188-ml plastic squeeze bottle, NSN 6840-01-137-8456, .................... 45Figure 2-27. Skin lesions on the legs caused by human use of flea and tick collars ........................... 47

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TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 36

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST

INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS OF MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE

1. INTRODUCTION1-1. Purpose

This Technical Guide (TG) provides preventive medicine (PVNTMED) information and

guidance to Department of Defense (DoD) personnel who may come into contact with nuisanceor disease-carrying arthropods (disease vectors), or who are responsible for protecting the health

of personnel. It describes the DoD Insect Repellent System and other techniques that provide

maximum, safe protection from arthropod attack. These techniques include the use of protective

clothing and equipment, repellents, pesticides, and other strategies. This AFPMB TG is basedon, and supersedes, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (USAEHA) TG No. 174,

Personal Protective Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance,June 1991, and the Armed Forces Pest Management Board TG No. 36, Personal Protective

Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance, May 2006 version.

1-2. References

References are listed inAppendix A.

1-3. Suggested Improvements

The organization responsible for this TG is the Armed Forces Pest Management Board(AFPMB). Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements either by e-mail

(www.afpmb.org) or mail directly to:

Information Services DivisionAFPMB

WRAMC,Forest Glen Annex, Bldg. 172

6900 Georgia Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20307-5001

(301) 295-7476 or DSN 295-7476

or by accessing the following link: http://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.php
http://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.phphttp://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.phphttp://www.afpmb.org/forums/sendmessage.php

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1-4. Background

a. Historically, in every war and military conflict, combat power has been reduced moresignificantly by disease and non-battle injuries than from direct combat casualties. A large

number of diseases affecting the troop strength of deployed units is directly attributed to disease-

carrying arthropods. Moreover, arthropods can inflict severe physical, psychological, andeconomic stresses that threaten the military mission. Not only do they transmit disease, but the

bites they inflict can be painfully distracting and can lead to devastating secondary infections,

dermatitis, or allergic reactions. Further, contamination of food and damage to othercommodities are costly.

b. History is replete with examples of how arthropod-borne diseases have significantly

impacted military operations (Bunn et al., 1955; Dickens, 1990; Gambel ,1995; Plorde, 1983).

(1) In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with 422,000 men. Within three months,

seven of every ten soldiers had fallen to epidemic louse-borne typhus, leaving a force of only

100,000. Cold injuries completed the devastation of the disease-weakened force, and by the timeNapoleon's Grande Arme retreated out of Russia only 10,000 remained. Dysentary and

pneumonia joined with typhus to further reduce the force to fewer than 3,000 living troops.

(2) General George Washington's Continental Army experienced ten soldiers

dead of diseases for every combat casualty. In the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson's

victory at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 was immediately followed by the death ofmost of the surviving American and British troops from mosquito-borne malaria. During the

Civil War, there was a 2:1 ratio in deaths from disease versus combat. In 1898 during the

Spanish-American war, Army disease casualties included 90,416 cases of malaria, 1,169 cases ofyellow fever and 249 cases of dengue fever, with respective fatality rates of 4, 123, and 8 per

1,000 cases.

(3) During World War I, the ratio of deaths from disease versus combat in U.S.

troops improved to 1:1, but there were still 16,930 cases of malaria. During World War II, it is

estimated that over 24,000,000 man-days were lost to arthropod-borne diseases. An entire

regiment was rendered ineffective by scrub typhus. Dengue fever reached a high of 28,292 casesin the Southwest Pacific with 52 cases per 1,000 troops per year. An outbreak of dengue in the

New Hebrides in 1943 affected 26 percent of U.S. forces (more than 6,000 personnel). During

the Korean War, U.S. Army forces suffered more than 30,000 cases of malaria, and hundreds ofAmericans were hospitalized during a 1951 epidemic of Korean hemorrhagic fever. During the

Vietnam War, diseases accounted for 56 to 74 percent of all U.S. Army hospital admissions.

From 1965 through 1970, the Army lost 2,000,000 man-days to malaria alone. Units operatingin the Ia Drang Valley in 1965 reported an annual malaria rate of 600 cases per 1,000 troops,

which rendered two entire battalions ineffective for a time. Annual epidemics of Japanese

encephalitis were also devastating.

(4) In 1993, over 200 cases of malaria were reported among U.S. military

personnel who served in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope. Dengue virus infections

occurred in military personnel stationed in Haiti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy in

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1994, and cases of leishmaniasis were an outcome of military operations in Central and South

America, and the Middle East in the 1990s.

(5) During Operation Iraqi Freedom, there were 653 cases of cutaneous and 2

cases of confirmed visceral leishmaniasis by the close of March 2004. Some estimates have

placed the actual number much higher; figures ranging up to 2,500 have been cited which wouldbe an infection of 1% of US service members serving in Iraq during 2003 2004 (Korzeniewski

and Olszanski, 2004).

(6) In the United States, tick-borne infections such as Lyme disease continue to

have a significant impact on morbidity of service members training in areas of the Southeast,

Northeast, and upper Midwest; in addition, newly emerging infections such as the human

ehrlichioses are now posing further hazards. Nuisance arthropod bites and the diseases theytransmit will continue to be a serious threat to service members in training and in combat.

1-5. Arthropods of Military Significance

a. Table 1lists the major arthropod pests of military importance and the primary diseases

that they transmit (Heymann, 2004; Speilman and James, 1990).This section is only intended to

be a simple introduction to the topic. The AFPMB website (www.afpmb.org) contains an

electronic library of publications pertaining to medical entomology from general entomology

information to specific journal articles on a myriad of vector species. Information can be

retrieved by accessing the website and then clicking on the icon Search Literature Databaseand following the instructions or by simply accessing the following link:

http://lrs.afpmb.org/rlgn_app/ar_login/guest/guest

In addition, the U.S Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine has a website

devoted to military entomological issues which can be accessed at the following link:

http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/ento/

Readers are also encouraged to review the following references for detailed information onarthropod vectors: Mullen and Durden (2009),Goddard (2007) Elridge and Edman (2004),Kettle (1995), or Rossignol and Feinsod (1990).

(1) In most regions of the world, mosquitoes are the foremost disease vectors and

nuisance pests. They transmit three of the most serious vector-borne diseases that jeopardize

U.S. forces: malaria, dengue, and viral encephalitis.

(2) Phlebotomine sand flies transmit other major diseases of military importance such

as sand fly fever and leishmaniasis.

(3) Other arthropods that cause disease, nuisance problems, or direct injury, are black

flies, deer flies, horse flies, stable flies, tsetses, horse and deer flies, filth flies, bot flies, Tumbu

flies, biting midges, fleas, mites, ticks, lice, kissing bugs, bees, wasps, ants, and scorpions.
http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://lrs.afpmb.org/rlgn_app/ar_login/guest/guesthttp://lrs.afpmb.org/rlgn_app/ar_login/guest/guesthttp://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/ento/http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/ento/http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/ento/http://lrs.afpmb.org/rlgn_app/ar_login/guest/guesthttp://www.afpmb.org/

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(a) Ticks can host a broad range of pathogens, including the agents of Lyme disease,

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and the human ehrlichioses.

(b) Although some arthropods, notably filth flies, do not bite and are therefore not true

biological vectors of disease, they can mechanically transmit many serious illnesses such as

dysentery, cholera, salmonella, shigellosis, and typhoid fever. Additionally, they are oftennumerous enough in many areas to pose an extreme nuisance, constantly seeking moisture from

sweat and from fluids of the eyes, nose, and mouth.

(c) Other arthropods that directly cause human injury, but are also not true vectors of

disease, are the bot flies and the Tumbu fly. Larvae (also known as maggots) of these flies

burrow into human skin and develop in the tissue, causing intense pain and itching. Invasion of

tissue by fly maggots is called myiasis.

1-6. Responsibilities

a. Personal protection is an individual responsibility, although it is also an importantadjunct to unit-level and higher echelon preventive medicine countermeasures. Military

personnel must be aware of the following:

(1) Types of arthropods in an area;

(2) Their habits;

(3) The threat they present;

(4) The resources available for protection;

(5) How to use these resources effectively.

b. Command emphasis is essential! Each of the three services of the DoD provide

guidance and policy formulation that ultimately tasks Commanders and medical personnel with

ensuring that personal protective strategies are in place, that all appropriate protective resources

are being provided, and that individuals are using these protective resources properly (US Army

Regulation 40-5; US Navy P-5010-8, US Air Force Instruction 48-102 ). U.S. Army Pamphlet

40-11 (DA PAM 40-11) 2005 requires all company and battery-sized units to pre-stock specific

quantities of the standard military skin and clothing repellents for each individual. It is

imperative that service members have immediate access to sufficient personal protective supplies

if they are to be adequately protected upon deployment.

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Table 1. Arthropods of Military Importance and the Major Diseases They Transmit

Visual ID Common Name Genus Diseases

Biting midges Culicoides - Visceral

filariasis

(mansonellosis)

- Oropouche

fever

Body lice Pediculus - Epidemic

typhus

- Relapsing

fever

- Trench fever

Black flies Simulium - Onchocerciasis

(river blindness)

Bot flies Dermatobia - Myiasis

Deer flies Chrysops - Eye worm disease(loa loa)

- Tularemia

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(Continued)


Fleas Xenopsylla - Plague

- Murine typhus

Kissing bugs Rhodnius, - Chagas' disease

Triatoma, (American

Panstrongylus trypanosomiasis)

Mites

Chigger mites Leptothrombidium - Scrub typhus

Sarcoptes - Scabies

Mouse mites Lyponyssoides - Rickettsialpox

Mosquitoes Aedes - Dengue

- Yellow fever

- Viral

encephalitis

Anopheles - Malaria

Culex,

(Oropouche,

Aedes - Viral fevers

Rift Valley,

Chickungunya)

All three - Lymphatic

filariasis

(Wuchereriasis,

Brugiasis)

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(Continued)


Sand flies Lutzomyia, - Leishmaniasis

Phlebotomus - Sand fly fever

- Bartonellosis

Ticks

Hard ticks Dermacentor - Spotted fevers

- Colorado tick fever

Ixodes - Lyme disease

- Babesiosis

- Viral encephalitis

- Tularemia

Amblyomma

Ixodes - Human ehrlichioses

Hyalomma - Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever

Soft ticks Ornithodorus - Relapsing fever

Tsetses Glossina - Trypanosomiasis

(African sleeping

sickness)

Tumbu flies Cordylobia - Myiasis

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2. METHODS OF PROTECTIONSection I. Introduction

2-1. General

Arthropod-borne diseases and nuisance pests can be prevented or controlled by using a number

of techniques including personal protective measures and environmental controls. In many

situations, personal protective measures such as avoiding infested areas, or the use of physicalbarriers or chemical repellents, may be the only means of protection available. Environmental

controls, while not a primary focus of this TG, are nevertheless mentioned to illustrate the total

integrated approach that should be employed by a unit in field situations. They include such

measures as sanitation, mechanical and behavioral modifications, and pesticide application.

Section II. Avoidance

2-2. Field Strategies

The most effective and obvious means of preventing exposure to arthropods is to avoid theirknown habitats. Absolute avoidance of arthropod pests is often neither practical nor possible. If

the tactical situation allows, choose bivouac sites that are dry, open, and as uncluttered as

possible. Avoid sites with rodent burrows and proximity to local settlements, animal pens, and

other areas where arthropod infestations are likely to be concentrated.

2-3. Information Sources

a. Preventive Medicine personnel should provide guidance on the presence of arthropod

populations in an area based on information obtained through surveillance or via intelligence

sources.

(1)The Information Services Division of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board(AFPMB) compiles Disease Vector Ecology Profiles (DVEPs), which are concise,

comprehensive summaries of the vector-borne diseases that occur in specific countries or othergeographic areas. The DVEPs focus on causative agents, vector importance, bionomics,

behavior, and pesticide resistance, as well as provide basic information on the geography and

customs of each country. They may be obtained from the Information Services Division,AFPMB, WRAMC. Forest Glen Annex, Bldg 172, 6900 Georgia Avenue, NW, Washington, DC

20307-5001, DSN 295-7476, commercial 301-295-7476, or from the AFPMB web site at

http://www.afpmb.orgor by accessing the following link:

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/dveps.htm

(2)Up-to-date worldwide information on diseases and vectors may be obtained fromthe National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5004,301-619-7574, DSN 343-7574, or by accessing the following link:

https://www.intelink.gov/ncmi/index.php
http://committee.afpmb.org/http://committee.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/dveps.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/dveps.htmhttps://www.intelink.gov/ncmi/index.phphttps://www.intelink.gov/ncmi/index.phphttps://www.intelink.gov/ncmi/index.phphttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/dveps.htmhttp://committee.afpmb.org/

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(3) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides current information on all

communicable diseases including arthropod-borne diseases. Information can be accessed at the

following link:

http://www.cdc.gov/

2-4. Emergency Requisition of Repellents and Pesticides

a. Deploying and/or deployed forces often need pesticides and pest management equipmenton short notice. The Defense Logistics Agency has established an agency wide Customer

Interaction Center (CIC) to help meet these needs.

b. For emergency procurement of pesticides, including repellents and pest managementequipment, pesticide application equipment and pesticide protection equipment, etc.: Contact the

Defense Logistics Agency CIC at 1-877-DLA-CALL [1-877-352-2255], DSN 661-7766 and

verbally speak the phrase "Supply & Transportation" when so prompted for assistance. For credit

card orders, verbally speak the phrase "Credit Card Purchases" when so prompted for assistance.

c. For technical inquiries or assistance regarding emergency procurement of pesticides,repellents, pest management material/equipment, and all chemicals, contact the Chemical

Office, Defense Supply Center Richmond, at DSN 695-3995 or commercial (804) 279-3995

during normal duty hours [0800-1630 hrs eastern standard time (EST)] or via Government cell

phone (804) 651-4630, anytime, 7 days a week. FAX numbers are either (804) 279-3653 or 804-279-3971.

Section III. Physical Barriers

2-5. Clothing

a. Field Uniform

Clothing is the first direct line of personal defense against arthropods. Proper wearing of the

field uniform is essential to minimize skin exposure (Figure 2-1). If the risk of heat stress is afactor in a particular environment, common sense or advice from medical/Preventive Medicine

personnel should dictate when the following recommendations are not practical.

(1) Tuck the pant leg into the boot or into the sock. This forces non-flying pests such

as ticks, stinging ants, and spiders to climb up the outside of the pant leg, thus decreasing access

to the skin and increasing the likelihood of being seen.

(2)Wear the uniform with the sleeves down, wrist openings secured, and collar closedto help protect the arms and neck from attack. This is especially important from dusk until dawn

when many mosquito species and other nocturnal blood feeders are active.

(3) It is difficult for attacking pests to bite through the uniform fabric unless it is pulled

tightly against the skin. Therefore, the uniform should be worn loosely, with an undershirt wornunderneath the shirt to act as an added barrier (Schreck and Kline, 1989; USACHPPM, 2004).
http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/

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The undershirt should be tucked into the pants to decrease entry access by crawling arthropods at

the waist line.

Figure 2-1. Proper wearing of field uniform minimizes exposure to arthropod attack

(4) The field cap and its brim help protect the head and face. Some biting insects tend

to avoid the shaded area of the face under the cap's brim (Schreck, 1989). In areas heavilyinfested with flying pests, a head net can be used over the cap or helmet as shown in Figure 2-1.

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b. Tick Checks

(1) When in tick-infested habitats, check clothing routinely, and use the buddy system

to check areas of the body that cannot easily be seen during self-examination (Fig 2-2a).

(a) Ticks can be removed from clothing by hand. However, avoid crushing anyTicks with your fingernails because their body fluids may contain pathogens and therefore be

infective. After removal, disposal may pose a problem. If returned to the immediate area, ticks

may reattach to the clothing or attack another individual. They can be destroyed by placing them

in alcohol or by securing them within a piece of folded tape.

(b) An adhesive lint roller (available from most post/base exchanges and

commissaries) is a very efficient means of quickly removing large numbers of ticks from the

uniform, especially the very tiny larvae, which may be present in clusters of several hundred

(Figure 2-3).

(c) Ordinary masking tape, cellophane tape, or similar substitute, are useful to

remove ticks from clothing. A ring of tape can be made around the hand by leaving the sticky

side out and attaching the two ends. Ticks will adhere to the tape when it is dabbed against the

clothing (Figure 2-4). The tape can then be folded carefully over the ticks to prevent their escape

and discarded with the trash.

(2) Once clothing is removed, it is important to carefully check all areas of the bodyfor evidence of ticks. Re-examine the clothing, inside and out, and remove and dispose of all

ticks. If a tick is found attached to the body, seek medical attention for removal. If proper

medical attention is not readily available, follow the guidelines posted in the following link toremove the tick: http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/TickEduc/TickRemoval-April2006.pdf

Tweezers are the best means of removing attached ticks (Fig 2-2b). See NSN item link:

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-474-7377.pdf

To help combat the threat of tick-borne diseases to DoD personnel, the Entomological Sciences

Program (ESP) of the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine

(USACHPPM) provides a tick identification and testing service for DoD health clinics within the

continental United States. The ESP analyzes ticks for evidence of infection with the agents ofseveral tick-borne diseases. Best results are obtained from live ticks so do not kill the tick after

removal from body. Details of the service can be viewed at the following link:

http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/DODIRS/ticktestkit.aspx
http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/TickEduc/TickRemoval-April2006.pdfhttp://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/TickEduc/TickRemoval-April2006.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-474-7377.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-474-7377.pdfhttp://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/DODIRS/ticktestkit.aspxhttp://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/DODIRS/ticktestkit.aspxhttp://usachppm.apgea.army.mil/DODIRS/ticktestkit.aspxhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-474-7377.pdfhttp://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/TickEduc/TickRemoval-April2006.pdf

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USACHPPM ESP can be contacted directly for information on how to access the program if in an

overseas location:

http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/contactus/Wemail.asp

United States Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine5158 Blackhawk Road

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403

(800) 222-9698

DSN: Dialing from within CONUS 584-4375

Dialing from OCONUS (312) 584-4375

Figure 2-2a. Buddy-System check for ticks Figure 2-2b. Buddy-system tick removal

with tweezers

Figure 2-3. Remove ticks using a lint roller Figure 2-4. Remove ticks using a ring of

tape
http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/contactus/Wemail.asphttp://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/contactus/Wemail.asphttp://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/contactus/Wemail.asp

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c. Chiggers

(1) The larval chigger mite is the stage that feeds on humans. These larvae are

microscopic, and as such, are not seen without proper slide mounting and a microscope. The

presence of chigger mites is generally not detected until the appearance of intensely itching bites.

(2) Wearing repellent-impregnated uniforms greatly reduces the likelihood of being

infested with chiggers (Breeden et al., 1982). SeeSection IV.

(3) Bathing after field work, or as soon as operationally permissible, may reduce the

severity of the resultant chigger infestation.

(4) Medical personnel may prescribe an anti-pruritic or antibiotic to help reduce itching

or secondary infection.

d. Spiders, Scorpions, and Snakes

To reduce the chance of being bitten by spiders, scorpions (stung), and snakes:

(1) Always wear shoes or boots with the added protection of socks during waking

hours.

(2) Never walk outdoors in bare feet, stocking feet or in flip flops.

(3) Shake out boots before putting them on.

(4) Store boots with socks pulled down over the boot tops as far as possible to prevent

entry of such pests.

(5) Do not reach into concealed areas that might harbor spiders, scorpions, or snakes

without carefully checking first.

2-6. Protective Equipment

a. Introduction.

Equipment items available through the military supply system can be used to augment the

physical protection afforded by the physical clothing barrier. A current list of the available

personal protection material can be accessed on the AFPMB website (www.afpmb.org) and then

proceeding to DoD Standard Pesticides and Pest Control Equipment Lists then to DoD Pest

Management Materiel Other Than Pesticides and then finally to Section 19 - Personal

Protection Materiel. The link to where one can access the DoD Standard Pesticide and Pest

Management Equipment list is the following: http://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htm
http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pest%20management%20material%20list.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pest%20management%20material%20list.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pest%20management%20material%20list.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pest%20management%20material%20list.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pest%20management%20material%20list.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/standardlist.htmhttp://www.afpmb.org/

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Also, the AFPMB TG No. 24 (accessed at the AFPMB webiste) is the Contingency Pest

Management Guide and will provide all the items on the contingency pest management list with

stock numbers.

b. Insect Head Net.

(1) In areas heavily infested with flying pests, a head net can be used over the cap or

helmet. The insect head net (NSN 8415-00-935-3130 or NSN 8415-00-935-2914) is a finely

woven (30-mesh/inch), olive drab, nylon head covering that can be worn over the bare head, cap,

helmet, or helmet liner (Figure 2-5). The cloth top piece has an elastic headband on the inside

that fits securely over the head gear. A fabric-covered metal hoop holds the net away from the

head and neck.

Figure 2-5. Insect Head Net NSN 8415-00-935-3130 photographed

(2)Put on the head net so that the elastic headband rests comfortably on the upper part of theforehead or grips close above the brim of the helmet (Figure 2-6). Tie the drawstring permanently

so the drawstring knot is about 8 inches below the chin and the net fits snugly below the collar, both

front and back. If breast pocket buttons are equipped on the subject uniform, hook the elastic loops

found at the drawstring edge of the net over these buttons.

Figure 2-6. Insect Head Net, NSN 8415-00-935-3130 photographed over helmet

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Figure 2-7. Remove insect net from the back

(3)For quick removal of the head net, grasp the back edge where it rests over the collarand pull forward over the head (Figure 2-7).

(4)The head net is especially useful in areas of very dense mosquito or biting flypopulations. It may be worn while sleeping.

(5)For added protection, the head net may be lightly sprayed with permethrin [see Figure2-8 and paragraph 2-9c(2)]. Allow it to dry thoroughly before wearing. The treatment should be

effective for several months. In the absence of permethrin, the net may be hand-treated with deet

repellent [see paragraph 2-8c(4)] every evening by dispensing a small quantity onto the palm of

one hand (3 to 4 drops of the liquid, or a small dab of the lotion), rubbing the hands together to

spread the repellent, and finally rubbing the netting between the hands. Repeat the process until

all the netting has been lightly and evenly covered. It is not necessary to saturate the netting.

KEEP DEET REPELLENT OFF OF THE ELASTIC AS IT IS A PLASTICIZER AND

MAY DAMAGE PLASTICS, RUBBER, VINYL, OR ELASTIC ITEMS.

(6) Because of its small mesh size, the insect head net can be very hot for the wearer ormay obscure vision, making it impractical in some climates and under certain deployed

conditions.

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Figure 2-8. Insect head net being treated with permethrin

aerosol can

c. Insect Protective Mesh Parka and Mittens.

(1) A mesh parka or over jacket (Figure 2-9) is available (small, medium, large, extra

large, extra-extra large: NSN 8415-01-483-2988; -3002; -3004, -3007, -3008 respectively) thatis effective without applying repellent to it, unlike the old repellent parkas. It is made from

narrow-mesh polyester netting, is worn over outer clothing, and is snag resistant. The small

mesh size not only protects against mosquitoes bites, but also prevents bites from very smallflying insects such as no-see-ums, sand flies, black flies, and gnats. The parka is waist-length,

has a pocket, long sleeves, a drawstring and a mesh hood that covers the face and head.

Remember, this parka offers protection without being treated with repellent.

Figure 2-9. Insect Protective Mesh Parka

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(2) Insect Net Mittens (NSN 8415-01-192-2357) are also available to augment

protection from biting arthropods.

d. Insect Net Protectors

Indoor protection can be greatly enhanced by using bed nets, pop-up nets, and tent screens.

Unlike head nets, parkas, and mittens, the mesh size of bed netting and tent screens is not fine

enough to keep out all biting arthropods, especially biting midges and sand flies. Treating bednets and tent screens with repellents can significantly reduce the ability of these arthropods to

gain entry (McCain and Leach, 2007; Jinjiang et al., 1988; World Health Organization, 1989).

(1) There are currently two available bed nets (NOT including the pop-up bed netsdiscussed in section 2 below) on the NSN stock system. The insect net protector (Figure 2-10)

(NSN 7210-00-266-9736) is a finely woven (27-mesh/inch), olive drab, nylon canopy that can be

used with the folding cot, hammock, steel bed, or shelter half-tent.


Another nylon insect protector (NSN 7210-00-266-9740) is also available; this item has

slightly smaller dimensions yet can also be used with the folding cot.


(a)The insect net protector should be erected and supported in such a way as to preventcontact of the net with the sleeping person. This will decrease the risk of mosquitoes and other

blood-feeding flies from biting the individual through the net. NSN items 7210-00-267-5641

[Pole, Folding Cot, Insect Net Protector, unit of issue SE (set of four wood poles)], or NSN7210-00-300-6950 [Rod Insect Net Protector, unit of issue EA (a T-shaped metal rod) can be

used to erect a bed net. If using Rods, two are required to suspend a bed net. Rods can be

pushed in the ground. Rods do not fit or directly attach to military cots. Two Clamps, Insect Net

Protector Rod, 7210-00-359-4850 (unit of issue EA) are required to properly erect the insect net

protectors if attaching to a folding cot.

(b) Do not leave net in contact with the ground as crawling arthropods may use it to

gain access to the sleeping area. Tuck the net under the mattress or sleeping bag. Bed nets

should be installed before dusk, the time when many mosquitoes become active.

(c) Prior to retiring, a check should be conducted for the presence of flying insects,

such as mosquitoes, trapped inside the net. These insects need to be removed. If physical

removal is not feasible, the standard insecticide space spray, 2-percent d-phenothrin (NSN 6840-

01-412-4634) can be used. The label and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product

can be accessed atwww.afpmb.orgor by accessing the following link:

Label: http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-412-4634_label.pdf
http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9736.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9736.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9740.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9740.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-412-4634_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-412-4634_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9740.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/7210-00-266-9736.pdf

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MSDS: http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-412-4634_msds.pdf

Avoid breathing the pesticide vapors while spraying, and DO NOT USE 2-PERCENT D-

PHENOTHRIN ON THE SKIN OR CLOTHING.

Figure 2-10. Insect net protector (Mosquito Bed Net), NSN 7210-00-266-9736

used with poles, (NSN 7210-00-267-5641), on folding cot.

(d) Before climbing inside, spray the net lightly with permethrin aerosol [see

paragraph 2-9c(2)], or use a compressed air sprayer prior to setting it up [see paragraph 2-9c(3)(e) and Figure 2-24]. The permethrin will help protect against arthropods that are small

enough to fit through the mesh of the net (e.g. sand flies). Allow the net to dry before handling.

Permethrin applied by the 2-gallon sprayer (or compressed air sprayer) method to the bed net

should provide protection for several months to a year or more (Personal communication, 1991;

Loong et al., 1985).

(2) There are currently 3 types of pop-up bed nets on the NSN stock system:

NSN 3740-01-516-4415: self-supporting low profile bed net (SSLPB); green camouflage.NO attachments for optional rain barrier; see photo and specifications at the following

link:


NSN 3740-01-518-7310: self-supporting low profile bed net (SSLPB); coyote brown withNO attachments for optional rain barrier; see photo and specifications at the following

link:

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-412-4634_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-412-4634_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-516-4415.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-516-4415.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-518-7310.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-518-7310.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-518-7310.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-516-4415.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-412-4634_msds.pdf

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NSN 3740-01-543-5652: Improved bed net system; coyote brown. Equipped for additionof optional rain barrier; see photo and specifications at the following link:


These three pop-up bed nets, listed above, are identical in dimensions and all three are factory-

treated with permethrin to provide long-lasting repellent protection against arthropods. They caneither be used on top of a folding cot or set directly on the ground and used with or without a

roll-up mat. Neither bed net NSN 3740-01-518-7310 or bed net NSN 3740-01-516-4415 can be

combined with the optional rain shield (there are no attachment straps that connect to the rain

shield) and therefore should only be procured for use when there is not any intent to order the

rainshield components.

(a) NSN 3740-01-547-4426: this is the Enhanced Bed Net System (green

camouflage). This combined unit comes with a pop-up bed net, rain shield, one Easton pole, 8

stakes, and repair kit. As a full-package item, it is intended to protect the occupant from most

insects and also provide protection from rain and moisture. More information on this item,including photo, can be accessed at the following link:


(b) NSN 37440-01-546-4354: This is the Enhanced Bed Net System (Coyote

Brown Camouflage). This combined unit comes with pop-up bed net NSN 3740-01-543-5652

(coyote brown with attachment straps), rain shield, one Easton pole, 8 stakes, and repair kit. As a

full-package item, it is intended to protect the occupant from most insects and also provide

protection from rain and moisture. More information on this item, including photo, can be

accessed at the following link:


Section IV. Repellents

2-7. Introduction

a. The concurrent use of repellents on the skin (deet) and clothing (permethrin) provides

maximum personal protection against arthropods (McCain and Leach, 2007; Gupta et al., 1987;

Lillie et al., 1988; Scholdt et al. 1988; Schreck and Kline, 1984; Schreck et al., 1989; Schreck et

al., 1982). This dual strategy is known as theDOD INSECT REPELLENT SYSTEMand is

explained in more depth at paragraph 2-11 below.

(1) Mosquitoes and certain other biting flies can bite either exposed skin or through light-

weight clothing; whereas black flies, sand flies, biting midges, ticks, chiggers, and fleas may

crawl underneath clothing to bite, in addition to biting exposed skin. Consequently, both types

of treatments are necessary to provide maximum protection. (2) Clothing treatment with

permethrin alone ordinarily does not adequately protect exposed skin because there is very

limited vapor action.
http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-543-5652.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-543-5652.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-547-4426.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-547-4426.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-546-4354.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-546-4354.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-546-4354.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-547-4426.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/equipment/pdfs/3740-01-543-5652.pdf

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(2) Not all arthropod species are equally repelled by a particular repellent (Barnard and

Xue, 2007). While deet is highly repellent to most mosquito and biting fly species, there are

species of biting midges and mosquitoes, including certain species ofAnopheles mosquitoes

(malaria vectors), that are only partially repelled. Therefore, one should not discontinue using

repellent if some bites are received when wearing deet, as other species that are present are still

likely to be repelled. This example further illustrates the wisdom of utilizing theDoD InsectRepellent System[i.e., simultaneous use of both skin (deet) and clothing (permethrin)

repellents].

(3) Some insect species are active during the day, others primarily at night. For this

reason, it is important to follow recommendations provided by medical personnel, which may

indicate the necessity of using repellents around the clock. Remember that lack of bites during

the day, does not preclude the threat of attack during the evening or at night.

(4) Proper use of repellents may also reduce problems posed by filth flies and other

nuisance pests. Unfortunately, no repellent appears to be significantly effective against stingingarthropods, such as bees, wasps, fire ants, and scorpions. The best strategy against them is

simple avoidance.

2-8. Deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide).

a. Introduction

The standard skin repellent for the U.S. military since the mid 1950s has been the chemical N,N-

diethyl-3-methylbenzamide that is commonly referred to as deet (Moore and Debboun, 2007;

Frances, 2007). Deet is effective against a wide variety of arthropod species, especially

mosquitoes and other biting flies, but also fleas, ticks, and chigger mites. In addition, deet has

been reported to provide effective protection against land leeches, which are a problem primarily

in Southeast Asia.

b. Health and Safety Considerations

(1) Deet has been used safely for over 50 years by billions of people worldwide (Frances,

2007). Although it has an excellent safety record, there have been isolated reports of harmful

effects associated with its use. Most of these have been related to improper use, such as

swallowing, spraying into the eye or applying to already irritated skin. While most of the

complaints involve temporary minor skin or eye irritation, rare cases of toxic encephalopathy

(inflammation of the brain) have been reported, but not confirmed, to be associated with deet

usage, especially in young children. Other reported adverse reactions associated with, but not

confirmed to be directly caused by deet, have included headache, nausea, behavioral changes,

disorientation, loss of muscle coordination, irritability, confusion, and difficulty sleeping. While

200 million or more people use deet each year, there have been remarkably few reports of

toxicity as a result of dermal application.

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(2) Since a small population of individuals may be sensitive to any chemical, it is

important for personnel to apply repellents carefully following label instructions and to be aware

of possible signs of intoxication. Apply deet evenly to exposed skin in accordance with label

directions. Avoid contact with sensitive mucous membranes (e.g. eyes), the lips (accidental

ingestion), and broken skin (e.g. abrasions, sunburn, poison ivy, existing insect bites).

(3) If the tactical situation permits, wash off deet repellent after the potential exposure to

arthropods has ceased. Although deet is not soluble in water, it quickly washes off of skin, and

out of clothing, with soap and water.

(4) Deet is a plasticizer and must be used with care to prevent damage to plastics, rubber,

vinyl, or elastic items such as eyeglass frames, plastic lenses, and cases; contact lenses; combs;

watch crystals; goggles; painted and varnished surfaces; and some synthetic fabrics (nylon

excepted). The water-repellent properties of Gore-Tex are also reduced by deet. Deet does

NOT damage cotton or wool fabrics.

(5) More general information on deet can be obtained by accessing the following link:

http://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/products/DEET%20(245).pdf

c.

There are currently several deet-based products on the NSN list. The 3M products containing

33% deet, an extended-duration formulation is recommended as the standard military skin

repellent.

Formulations

(1)(Insect Repellent, Personal Application, 3M Ultrathon , EPA Reg. No. 58007-1, extended-

duration, NSN 6840-01-284-3982)(Figure 2-11)

Two-Ounce Tube

(a) THIS HAS BEEN THE MILITARY SKIN REPELLENT OF CHOICE

since 1990, when it first became available in the military supply system. It was developed by the

Department of Defense in collaboration with the 3M Corporation. The product contains 33%

deet in a controlled-release polymer base. It is applied as a non-greasy, white lotion with a mild,

pleasant odor. The polymer in the formulation slows the absorption and evaporation of deet,

thereby holding it on the surface of the skin where it can continue to repel arthropods for an

'extended' period of time. Laboratory testing shows that the extended-duration deet lotion

provides 6 hours of at least 95-percent protection against a variety of mosquito species in a

tropical environment, 10 hours in a hot, dry environment, and 12 hours in a forested/wet

environment (Gupta and Rutledge, 1989)

(b) The label and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product can be

http://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/products/DEET%20(245).pdfhttp://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/products/DEET%20(245).pdfhttp://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/products/DEET%20(245).pdf

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(e) The extended-duration deet formulation does NOT affect the infrared signature

of the soldier (NRDEC Memorandum, 1991)

(f) The extended-duration deet formulation CAN be safely used with camouflageface paint; apply a thin layer of repellent from the tube and then follow with the face paint.

(g) Storage and disposal.

(1) This product is water-based and nonflammable. It is relatively heat and

cold stable, although at high temperatures of over 140F, some separation is possible and the

product may begin to leak from the container.

Under optimum conditions, shelf -life is five years

or longer.

(2) After dispensing the contents, wrap the container in accordance with label

instructions and discard in the trash. In contingency situations, follow appropriate operational

guidance.

(2) Camouflage face paint with 30% deet, NSN 6840-01-493-7334 (Figure 2-12)

Figure 2-12. NSN 6850-01-493-7309: Without deet (Green compact on left)

NSN 6840-01-493-7334: CONTAINS deet (Brown compact on right)

(a)This product contains 30% deet on a weight-by-weight basis to the other ingredientsincluding the pigments and waxes that make up the camouflage paint. Therefore thisformulation may not be as effective an arthropod repellent as the extended-duration deet lotion.The product is designed to provide camouflage face paint and repel mosquitoes, ticks, chiggers,

deer flies, stable flies, black flies, fleas, and gnats. The product label and MSDS can be accessed

at the following link:

Label:http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-493-7334_label.pdf
http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-493-7334_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-493-7334_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-493-7334_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-493-7334_label.pdf

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MSDS:http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-493-7334_msds.pdf

(b) Do NOT get in eyes or on lips. Do not apply over cuts, wounds or irritated skin.

(c) Storage and disposal: store in a cool, dry area away from heat. Do not reuse empty

container; wrap container and put in trash or dispose of in accordance with operational guidance.

(3) Insect Repellent With Sunscreen, Personal Application, NSN 6840-01-288-2188, 2-oz

tubes and NSN 6840-01-452-9582, packets (Figure 2-13)

Figure 2-13. Insect Repellent With Sunscreen, Personal Application, NSN 6840-01-

288-2188, 2-oz tubes and NSN 6840-01-452-9582, packets

(a) These items are intended solely for use as a component of survival kits. The

specific items stocked under these NSNs vary, based on the most suitable product available at the

time. The product will contain both deet and sunscreen ingredients in various concentrations

(e.g. 20-percent deet/Sun-Protection-Factor 15). The current label and MSDS for the 2-oz tube

(NSN 6840-01-288-2188) can be accessed at the following link:



The current label and MSDS for the packets (NSN 6840-01-452-9582) can be accessed at the

following link:



(b)Follow the label directions for use and disposal instructions.(4) Insect Repellent Stick

(Personal Application, 30-percent deet, NSN 6840-00-142-8965)
http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-493-7334_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-493-7334_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-493-7334_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-288-2188_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-288-2188_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-288-2188_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-288-2188_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-288-2188_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-288-2188_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-452-9582_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-452-9582_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-452-9582_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-452-9582_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-452-9582_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-452-9582_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-452-9582_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-452-9582_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-288-2188_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-288-2188_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-493-7334_msds.pdf

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(a) This product is a 1-ounce, waxy repellent stick marketed as Cutter Insect RepellentStick (Figure 2-14). It contains 30-percent deet in a waxy base. The label for this product can be




It repels mosquitoes, biting midges, stable flies, sand flies, black flies, ticks, fleas, and chiggers.

Its stable waxy formulation and convenient small size make it suitable for inclusion in survival

kits.

(b) To use, push the stick up inch. Apply over all exposed skin. Avoid the eyes and

lips. For chiggers, fleas and ticks, also apply to the socks, tops of the shoes, and around all

openings in the outer clothing. The product will not damage nylon, cotton, or wool. However, it

may damage some synthetic fabrics, plastics, paints, and varnishes.

(c) Storage and disposal.

(1) The Cutter Insect Repellent stick is cold stable. At 140F, however, the stick will

begin to melt and leakage from the container can be expected (Personal communication, 1991).

The product is not flammable, and under optimum conditions, the shelf-life is indefinite.

(3) After using the contents, wrap the container according to label instructions anddiscard in the trash. In contingency situations, dispose of in accordance with operational

guidance.

Figure 2-14. Insect Repellent Stick, 30-Percent deet,

Personnel Application, 1-Ounce, NSN 6840-00-142-8965
http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-00-142-8965_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-00-142-8965_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-00-142-8965_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-00-142-8965_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-00-142-8965_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-00-142-8965_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-00-142-8965_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-00-142-8965_label.pdf

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2-9. Permethrin

[(3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl (+/-) cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl) 2,2-dimethyl-

cyclopropanecarboxylate].

a. Introduction

(1) Permethrin is the U.S. militarys standard repellent for application to fabric and is

considered the most effective clothing impregnant available. McCain and Leach (2007)

provided a concise history of clothing repellents in the U.S. military and fabric treatment by

permethrin. The following link provides information on the health and safety aspects of

permethrin impregnated clothing:

http://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/factsheetDetail.jsp?fact=27

The primary mode of action is contact toxicity, particularly against crawling arthropods such asticks (Evans et al., 1990; Mehr et al., 1986; Schreck et al., 1986; Mount and Snoddy, 1983;

Schreck et al., 1982a+b), chigger mites (Breeden et al., 1982), fleas(Mehr et al., 1984), and lice

(Nassif et al., 1980; Sholdt et al., 1989) Permethrin also acts as a contact repellent against

mosquitoes and biting flies (Lindsay and McAndless, 1978; Schrek et al., 1978a; Schrek et al.,

1978b; Sholdt et al., 1988), It is odorless, nonirritating, and resistant to reduction by washing

and wear (Schrek et al., 1982; Schrek et al., 1980; Wirtz et al., 1985; Wirtz et al., 1986)

Permethrin is bound so strongly to cotton or 50% cotton/nylon mix that repellency is still

achieved even after 50 washings. After several washings, treated uniforms will continue to

provide contact repellency, even though they may no longer be toxic to insects.

PERMETHRIN WILL NOT WASH OUT OF TREATED UNIFORMS WHEN WORN INTHE RAIN OR WHEN FORDING STREAMS, ETC.

(2) Because it does not evaporate, permethrin does not provide protection to exposed

skin adjacent to treated clothing. However, the concurrent use of repellents on the skin (DEET)

and clothing (permethrin) should provide maximum personal protection against arthropods.

(3) It is important to realize there is science behind the testing and evaluation of

permethrin impregnation of military fabrics and uniforms. Prospective textiles and uniforms are

tested for binding efficiency with permethrin and then the subsequent bite protection that is

conferred to the user. The following website link provides a summary of the evaluation

processes that permethrin-impregnated uniforms undergo:

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/tg36/treateduniformevaluation.ppt

(4) Permethrin can be used to treat hot weather (100-percent cotton) and temperate (50-

percent cotton/50-percent nylon; woodland or desert camouflage) military field uniforms. As of

the date of this TG, there is great variability in fabric composition and weight among the various
http://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/factsheetDetail.jsp?fact=27http://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/factsheetDetail.jsp?fact=27http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/tg36/treateduniformevaluation.ppthttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/tg36/treateduniformevaluation.ppthttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/tg36/treateduniformevaluation.ppthttp://deploymenthealthlibrary.fhp.osd.mil/factsheetDetail.jsp?fact=27

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field uniforms within the services. Not all uniforms can effectively be treated with permethrin!

It is imperative that the user first research whether or not a subject uniform can be treated and

what treatment method is approved. The following website address provides the current

permethrin-treatment status of the various uniforms now in use:

http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/contingency/Uniform_Permethrin_Treatment_Matrix.pdf

NOTE: On the document accessed by the above weblink, only those uniforms that are evaluated

and approved for treatment by the specific applications are shown in the color green.

It is also recommended that the specific services uniform authority be contacted for

recommendations on permethrin guidelines. The following contact information for the

respective uniform centers of each service is provided:

Navy:Navy Uniform Matters Office

N131U

2 Navy Annex

Washington, DC 20307

(703) 614-5076/DSN 224

http://WWW.NPC.NAVY.MIL/COMMANDSUPPORT/USNAVYUNIFORMS/

Marine Corps:Permanent Marine Corps Uniform Board (PMCUB)2200 Lester St

Quantico VA 22134

(703) 432-4607/4754 (DSN 378), FAX: (703) 432-3262

http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/SITES/MCUB/

Air Force:USAF Uniform Programs and Policy

HQ USAF/A1SO

201 12th Street South, Suite 413Arlington, VA 22202

[email protected]

DSN: 664-0147, commercial (703) 604-0147 (general questions)

DSN: 986-4810, commercial (937) 656-4810 (technical questions)
http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/contingency/Uniform_Permethrin_Treatment_Matrix.pdfhttp://www.npc.navy.mil/COMMANDSUPPORT/USNAVYUNIFORMS/http://www.npc.navy.mil/COMMANDSUPPORT/USNAVYUNIFORMS/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/SITES/MCUB/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/SITES/MCUB/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/SITES/MCUB/http://www.npc.navy.mil/COMMANDSUPPORT/USNAVYUNIFORMS/http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/contingency/Uniform_Permethrin_Treatment_Matrix.pdf

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Army:Project Manager Soldier Equipment

SFAE-SDR-SEQ

10170 Beach Road Bldg 325

Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5862

https://peosoldier.army.mil/AKO Website:https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/389

AKO Knowledge Center:https://www.us.army.mil/suite/community/190

(5) Once uniforms are treated, DO NOT DRY-CLEAN PERMETHRIN-

TREATED UNIFORMS. The solvents used in the dry-cleaning process will remove the

permethrin from the fabric as stated on the permethrin product labels.

(6) Other cloth items such as mosquito netting, camouflage helmet covers, ground

covers, and tentage (with the exception of vinyl-coated temper tents) may also be treated in the

field. Temper tents that have a vinyl-urethane finish cannot be treated with permethrin. Becausethe finish is water repellent, permethrin solutions will simply drip off.

b. Health and Safety Considerations

(1) The uniform cap should NOT be treated with permethrin because of the potential

for excessive permethrin absorption through the scalp. Treatment of the cap is not critical since,

due to its construction, it is considered impenetrable to biting insects.

(2) Do NOT treat underwear, including undershirts, or physical training uniforms.

Although permethrin is poorly absorbed and is rapidly inactivated in mammals

(McCain andLeach, 2007; Taplin and Meinking, 1990), wearing untreated undergarments significantly

reduces the risk of exposure to fabric impregnants (USAEHA, 1982; USAEHA, 1988a;

USAEHA, 1988b).

(3) Precautionary measures should be observed when handling and mixing permethrin.

Avoid permethrin contact with the face, eyes, and skin, and avoid breathing vapors or spray mist.

Do not allow skin contact with treated surfaces until the chemical has dried completely. Wear

protective gloves when handling wet, treated uniforms. In case of contact with the eyes, flush

with plenty of water, and in case of contact with skin, wash with soap and water. Get medical

attention if irritation persists. Do not allow the chemical to contact food, mess gear, or water

supplies. Thoroughly wash dishes and utensils contaminated with permethrin.

(4) THIS PESTICIDE IS EXTREMELY TOXIC TO FISH AND AQUATIC

INVERTEBRATES. Keep out of lakes, ponds, streams, or any waterways such as storm drains

and irrigation ditches. Do not contaminate water by cleaning equipment or disposing of wastes,

or with runoff resulting from treatment of uniforms.
https://peosoldier.army.mil/https://peosoldier.army.mil/https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/389https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/389https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/389https://www.us.army.mil/suite/community/190https://www.us.army.mil/suite/community/190https://www.us.army.mil/suite/community/190https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/389https://peosoldier.army.mil/

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c. Methods of permethrin treatment

Several different methods of permethrin treatment to fabric or material are available within the

military supply system.

(1) Individual Dynamic Absorption (IDA) Kit

(Insect Repellent, Clothing Application, Permethrin, NSN 6840-01-345-0237)

(a) This item is a protective treatment kit for service field uniforms or equivalents

that are approved for treatment with the IDA kit. This label and Material Safety Data Sheet

(MSDS) can be accessed at the AFPMB websitewww.afpmb.orgor at:

Label: http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-345-0237_label.pdf

MSDS: http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_hilton.pdf

or

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_sawyer.pdf

It provides excellent long-term protection (one treatment is effective for the life of the uniform).

The IDA kit is sometimes referred to by the nicknames "baggie method" or "shake and bake."

The kit contains materials sufficient to treat one complete uniform (shirt and trousers): two

plastic vials of permethrin [40-percent emulsifiable concentrate (EC), 9-ml each], two plastic

treatment bags, two pieces of twine, one pair of disposable protective gloves, and one black

marking pen (one pen per four kits) (Figure 2-15).

(b) This item is perhaps the safest and most environmentally friendly field method

by which individuals can treat their uniforms. An ideal way to train personnel on the correct use

of this kit, is to provide instruction during a unit formation. The unit leadership can thus ensurethe subject personnel have at least one treated uniform, and that each member knows how to treat

additional uniforms. A big advantage of this method is that the IDA kits are compact and can be

readily transported via air transport. The protection conferred by this permethrin treatment

method is designed to last through 50 launderings of the garment.

(c) Wear the protective gloves when mixing to avoid accidental exposure to

concentrated permethrin should spillage occur. Also wear protective eye wear such as safety

glasses, eyeshield, or safety goggles; these items can be shared among users. Treat the uniform

shirt and trousers separately, following the instructions printed on the back of each treatment bag

(Figures 2-16 and 2-17).
http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-345-0237_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-345-0237_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_hilton.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_hilton.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_sawyer.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_sawyer.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_sawyer.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-345-0237_msds_hilton.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-345-0237_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/

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Figure 2-15. Permethrin IDA Kit, NSN 6840-01-345-0237

for treating a single field uniform with permethrin

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Figure 2-16. IDA kit instructions for treating coat

half of the field uniform with permethrin, as they appear on Bag A of the IDA Kit.

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Figure 2-17. IDA kit instructions for treating trouser

half of the field uniform with permethrin, as they appear on Bag B of the IDA Kit

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(d) See Figures 2-18a-d for steps 1 through 4. Assemble all materials and don the

proper personal protective gear (Step 1). Pour 450 milliliters (ml) of water (units will need to

determine a reference for the 450 ml quantity and mark it on a readily available item such as a

disposable plastic water bottle; when canteens were a common accouterment, 450 ml of water

equaled of a canteen cup) into one of the bags (Step 2), add the contents of one of the vials of

permethrin into the bag (Step 3), and gently agitate to mix (Step 4).

Figure 2-18a. Assemble material Figure 2-18b. Don protective gear

Figure 2-18c. Add contents of one vial to water Figure 2-18d. Agitate mixture

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(e) Figures 2-19a-e detail the next steps. After rolling and tying the garment according

to the instructions, place it in the bag (Step 5), re-seal the bag, agitate again (Step 6), and then

allow the bag to be stationary for approximately 3 hours (Step 7). During this time, all the liquid

is absorbed by the garment. Open the bag, remove the garment, and hang until dry which will

take 2-4 hours, or more, depending upon weather conditions (Step 8).

(f) Do not reuse empty treatment bags. Place all used kit components into one

treatment bag (Step 9), seal the bag, and put in the trash. In contingency situations, dispose of in

accordance with operational guidance.

Figure 2-19a. Placing garment into bag Figure 2-19b. Resealing bag

Figure 2-19c. Agitate with garmet Figure 2-19d. Drying of garmet

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(l) This product is flammable and must be shipped in accordance with Department of

Transportation (DOT) regulations.

(2)

(Insect Repellent, Clothing Application, Aerosol, Permethrin Arthropod Repellent, NSN 6840-

01-278-1336)

Aerosol Spray Can

Figure 2-20. Permethrin aerosol, NSN 6840-01-278-1336, 6-ounce can

0.5 percent Permethrin

(a) This product contains 0.5-percent permethrin in a 6-ounce can (Figure 2-20).

The product label and MSDS can be accessed at the AFPMB websitewww.afpmb.orgor

clicking on this link:


http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-278-1336_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-278-1336_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-278-1336_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-278-1336_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-278-1336_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-278-1336_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-278-1336_msds.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-278-1336_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/

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The aerosol spray can be used by the individual to treat field clothing (Figures 2-21a and b) as

well as mosquito netting. Treatment of head nets (Figure 2-8) is considered mosquito netting

and as such is acceptable. DO NOT TREAT UNDERWEAR OR CAP. This aerosol method

of permethrin treatment is also available commercially under several different trade names.

(b) All applications should be made outdoors. Select a location protected from thewind. Shake well before using. Spray with a slow, sweeping motion while holding the can at a

distance of 6 to 8 inches from the clothing (while not being worn).

(1) Spray the outer surfaces of the clothing, back and front, until the surface of

the fabric appears moistened and a slight color change is noted (the original color will be

restored when the uniform dries). Treat the shirt/blouse/coat and then the trousers, each for a

minimum of 30 seconds on each side. Pay particular attention to the trouser cuffs and the shirt

cuffs. Use approximately three-fourths of the can to treat one complete field uniform.

(2) The outer surface of the socks may also be LIGHTLY sprayed, regardlessof whether they are cotton, wool, or a synthetic. The most critical areas are the top and front

portions of the socks. This will aid in protecting against chiggers and tiny immature ticks which

may find their way through the boot eyelets.

Figures 2-21a and 2-21b. Applying permethrin aerosol to the field uniform

(3) Allow the uniform to dry completely before being worn. This takes

approximately 2 hours (or up to 4 hours under humid conditions). If possible, and if timepermits, allow to dry in a shaded area because sunlight hastens degradation of permethrin.

Permethrin has no odor once dry. Follow standard field uniform laundering procedures weekly.

A drawback of this method is that reapplication is needed after 6 weeks or the sixth laundering,whichever comes first. Remember that dry-cleaning will completely remove permethrin.

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(c) Storage and disposal.

(1) The aerosol should be stored at temperatures between 32F and 130F. At

temperatures above 1300F there is increased chance of the can bursting. At temperatures below

32F, permethrin will begin to crystallize out of solution, although upon return to temperatures of

60-80F, it re-dissolves with no apparent effect on the quality of the product (Personalcommunication 1990). Under optimum storage conditions, the shelf-life of the aerosol is

indefinite. Check permethrin containers for deterioration annually as evidenced by leakage or

loss of propellant. Turn damaged product in for proper disposal.

(2) After the contents of the can have been dispensed, replace the cap, wrap the

container in several layers of newspaper to provide a protective puncture buffer and discard in

the trash per label instructions. Do not puncture or incinerate. In contingency situations, dispose

of in accordance with operational guidance.

(3) This product is NOT flammable, and may be safely carried aboard aircraft.Refer to DOT regulations for detailed guidance.

(3) 5.1-Ounce (151 ml) Bottle

(Insect Repellent, Clothing Application, Permethrin, 40-Percent Liquid, air compressed Sprayer

NSN 6840-01-334-2666).

(a) The product label and MSDS can be accessed at the AFPMB website

www.afpmb.orgor at the following link:

Label:http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-334-2666_label.pdfMSDS:http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/msds/6840-01-334-2666_msds.pdf

Figure 2-22. Permethrin 5.1-ounce (151-ml) bottle, NSN 6840-01-334-2666insect repellent, clothing application, permethrin, 40-Percent Liquid, air-compressed sprayer
http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-334-2666_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/labels/6840-01-334-2666_label.pdfhttp://www.afpmb.org/pubs

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