MINISTIIY OF ENVIIiQNMENT & MINEIUL IIESOUIICES

OFFICE OF THE PERMANENT SECIiETAIW

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i h,ls l7cer. a n act.ivc participant in advancing the i s to,. ci)nsiitcrarioi~ t ) f :lctivitics tl-.;lt rcducc deforestation a n d forest cicgrad;ltic.)n i:; ctcvc1r)ping co~lnr r ies to participate in c l i n ~ a t c change mitigation ~ , r~ . )c .cs~cs . T h e proccss, rckr rcd to as thc I \eJ i~ccd Iln-lixsion f rom

l )ct.orcsr;~rion and forcsr I)cxracii1tion (IlIII3D) uras finally approlfcd el L I rillK t!lC 13"' C o n k r c n c c of 1':trtics to tl-ic U N I C C C in 13ali, Incloncsi;l.

. . l'or ci.lccrive participation in thc R1JL)I) process, cicvcloping coi~ntr ich arc

rccl~lircd to adccli~atcly prepare thcn~sclvcs. Th i s prcparatic:n involves a m o n g others , development of hasclinc carbon emissions and dcvclopmcnt

of a strategy for i n ~ p l c n ~ c n t i n g the REDD programs. T h e Forest C a r b o n 1';trtncrship l ~ ~ ~ c i l i t y of the Worlcl Rank (FCl'T:) presents a very good r ~ i for sclcctcJ developing co i~n t r i c s t o develop 1,asclinc in formiltion I1cccssar); for s i ~ ~ : c e s . ; f ~ ~ l implementat ion of thc. proccss.

I 1 1 this ~ - c \ ~ i l r J , Kcn);;~ n.0~11cl ~ \ . i s h to l?c consiclcrccl t he W o r l J I?;\nl\: for par r ie ip ;~r io l~ i tnJcr the 1:(1:1't: r o i m p l c n ~ c n r rhc IIIJDII l.ei\clincss phase of rhc ~ )~ .occss . -1'on.ards this cncl, r l ~ c (;o\.t~i-:?menr has rhroi1g11 a cons~11t;tric.c

proccs.: clevclopccj licaclincs>- i>liln Idc i~ Korc (I\-I'IN) for cons ic lc rar io~~

l ~ y the World I3ank. T h e R-PIN has been prepared using the template prc.scribcd by thc World Bank.

As the (3ovcrnment Ministrv charged with the rcspc)nsil~ility of coordinating all environmental management issucs including c l in~a tc

change, I n7ish to formally sul>mit this II-I'IN for cc)nsicjcration b y the Dank o n l~ehal f of the (;ovcrnment of Kcnya.

I'rof, Ja.mes L. Ole Kiyiapi, C'I3S

PEIIMANENT SECRETAXW

FCPF R-PIN Template

d The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)

Readiness Plan ldea Note (R-PIN) Template

March 8, 2008

Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) Readiness Plan ldea Note (R-PIN) Template

Guidelines: (tl 1. The purpose of this document is to: a) request an overview of your country's interest in the FCPF program, and b) provide an overview of land use patterns, causes of deforestation, stakeholder consultation process, and potential institutional arrangements in addressing REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest degradation). This R-PIN will be used as a basis for the selection of countries into the FCPF by the Participants Committee. Information about the FCPF is available at: www.carbonfinance.or9/fc~f

2. Please keep the length of your response under 20 pages. You may consider using the optional Annex 1 Questionnaire (at the end of this template) to help organize some answers or provide other information. fl 3. You may also attach at most 15 additional pages of technical material (e.g., maps, data tables, etc.), but this is optional. If additional information is required, the FCPF will request it.

4. The text can be prepared in Word or other software and then pasted into this format. n 5. For the purpose of this template, "Deforestation" is defined as the change in land cover status from forest to non-

I forest (i.e., when harvest or the gradual degrading of forest land reduces tree cover per hectare below your country's definition of "forest." "Forest degradation" is the reduction of tree cover and forest biomass per hectare, n via selective harvest, fuel wood cutting or other practices, but where the land still meets your country's definition of "forest" land.

6. When complete, please forward the R-PIN to: 1) the Director of World Bank programs in your country; and 2) Werner ~ornex l (wkornexl@worldbank.orq) and- Kenneth Andrasko (kandrasko6worldbank.orq) of the FCPF team. -

fl Content presented below: L -

1. R-PIN- Kenya 2. A list of acronyms used 3. Annex 1 Map of Kenya's forests 4. Annex 2 IUCN list of critically endangered species in Kenya

FCPF R-PIN Template

Zountry submitting the R-PIN: Kenya la te submitted: May 1 4'h 2008 I. General description: I ) Name of submitting person or institution: Professor James Ole Kiyiapi ritle: Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources ;ontact information: Iddress: 3051 3-001 00, Nairobi, Kenya relephone: +254 20-375490416 ,20-2020285 =ax: +254 20 3764249,20-2020811 :mail: kfs@wananchi.com, alfredsichu@yahoo.com, Nebsite: www.kfs.go.ke

Iffiliation and contact information of Government focal point for the FCPF (if known): The Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is the lead forest agency in Kenya, but has to be authorized by the Government to act as 3 FCPF focal point. The national REDD program in Kenya will be managed by KFS in collaboration with other major ;takeholders in the forest sector.

1) List authors of and' contributors to the R-PIN, and their organizations:

Alfred N. Gichu, Anthony M. Maina, Patrick Kariuki, E. 0. Omollo all forestry specialists at KFS

Hewson Kabugi - Forest Specialist, Dr. Kasiki - Biodiversity, Research and Monitoring both KWS

Charles Situma - Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS)

William Omondi - Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)

D.R. Maingi -World Wildlife Fund ( WWF - EARPO)

Enock Kanyanya - Nature Kenya (NGO)

:) Who was consulted in the process of R-PIN preparation, and their affiliation?

Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Planning & National Development, Ministry of Regional Development, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Lands & Settlement .,

Dr. Paul Konuche - Director - Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)

Paul Matiku - Executive Director - Nature Kenya (NGO)

Michael Gachanja - Coordinator - Kenya Forest Working Group (NGO) - Taye Taferi - Conservation Program Director, Regional Representative -World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

Dr. Antti Erkkilae, Counselor Forests, Embassy of Finland

David Kuria - Coordinator - KENVO - Community Based Organization (CBO)

Ali Kaka - Executive Director - East African Wildlife Society

2. Which institutions are responsible in your country for:

3) forest monitoring and forest inventories:

KFS is in charge of forest inventory and monitoring in Kenya. The organization has a forest inventory and GIS Department carrying out natural and plantation forest inventories, biodiversity and socio-economic surveys. Witt support from the World Bank (NRM project) and the Government of Finland the capacity is currently further beins developed in order to be able to implement national forest inventories e.g. to develop national baselines and tc monitor carbon stock changes as required to develop and implement a REDD program.

In addition, KFS is coordinating and supporting research organizations and other government agencies and NGOs ir Kenya to design and implement specific forest monitoring and inventory projects:

With support from Nature Kenya, KFS has the capacity to develop a forest threat analysis in a number of ke) forest ecosystems to improve forest management and conservation practices.

The Department of Resource Survey & Remote sensing (DRSRS) is a government agency for natural resourcc surveys, remote sensing, aerial surveys, vegetation mapping and database development. DRSRS has substantia

FCPF R-PIN Template know how and long time series of satellite data sets for animal censuses and habitat mapping. Recently the department has shown competence in developing climate change early warning systems.

The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is the government lead agency in charge of protected areas and therefore has capacity on inventory and monitoring in protected areas, with a focus on habitat change and wildlife monitoring.

1 The Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) is supporting KFS on forest growth monitoring. I The Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD), under the auspices of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), promotes development and use of geo-information for natural resource management in Eastern and Southern Africa. The Centre has the capabilities and has expressed its strong interest to support development for national and regional REDD initiatives. The national FCPF readiness process will be supported by RCMRD.

I The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) undertakes forestry productivity studies in agro-forestry systems. I

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), has been involved in forest inventory and monitoring in the coastal regions and in monitoring of population changes in Mara and Mau forests.

1 The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has a unit specialized in deforestation and forest degradation monitoring with a long term interest in particular in Mt Kenya and the Aberdares. The unit is a long term partner of KFS.

I b) forest law enforcement: I I

1 Givernment institutions with forest law enforcement responsibilities include:

In the framework of the FCPF readiness process, the cooperation among institutions involved in forest monitoring in Kenya will be strengthened, data sets will be shared and future inventories will be jointly designed and implemented to benefit from complementary expertise in order to generate synergies and to be cost efficient.

n Kenya Forest Service (KFS): Overall responsibility on behalf of the government, for forest governance and forest law enforcement under the Forest Act 2005,. The act clearly defines the powers of the forest officer, the prohibited activities in the forest and the kind of penalties to be levied. The act also confers prosecutorial powers to forest officers for offences under the act. ' Ministry of Lands: Mandate over land and land use policy (see also Lands Act)

Office of the Attorney General: Registration of Community Forest Associations (CFAs)

National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): Mandate for policy coordination and harmonization, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), compliance under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EM,,) ,999. and resolution of intersectoral cross-sector&disputes through the Environmental Tribunal ' Local Authorities: Mandate over forestslwoodlands on trust local within their jurisdiction

I) . Commissioner of Police; Mandate of law enforcement and prosecution

Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS): Mandate for enforcement of the rules and regulations governing the management of wildlife in parks and nature reserves that also contain forests (see also Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (376)).

I I Ministry of Water- Mandate for gazettment of water catchment. I h I Civil society organizations that play an important role in forest law enforcement include: I

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NGOs such as the Green Belt Movement (GBM), the Kenya Forest Working Group (KFWG), and the Forest Action Network (FAN) have been playing critical roles in bringing issues relating to forests to the attention of the public and holding the government accountable on these issues. For example, their role in lobbying against the 2001 excisions was vital in exposing mismanagement and bad practice.

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The Green Belt Movement has been at the center of national debate on forest issues. The Kenya Forest Working Group (KFWG) and the Forest Action Network (FAN) played an important role in the national forest policy and institutional reform process, and have been strong advocates of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and forest law enforcement and governance, including the thorough studies, assessments and community mobilization for the establishment of forestry associations for forest blocks threatened by bad governance or inadequate law enforcement.

The advocacy role will continue to be vital and will largely remain in the hands of the civil society organizations. Their role in PFM, and the incentives provided for in the Forest Act (2005) will motivate them to be more

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FCPF R-PIN Template

I c) forestry and forest conservation:

I 1 1 B ;4

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I KFS is responsible for sustainable management and conservation of forestry resources. I

aggressive in promoting forest protection and sustainable forest management. However, in view of their own interest, there will be need to hold them accountable in order to ensure they are advocating for the public good.

International NGOs (including IUCN, WWF and the East African Wildlife Society (EAWS)) have been championing the case for PFM and the need for conservation and sustainable management of forests for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. In particular, IUCN has documented important experiences on PFM, while WWF and EAWS have been in the forefront of forest conservation policy advocacy.

Community based associations: The government's commitment to PFM has come about partly as a result of pressure from community based associations who, in the past, approached the former Kenya Forest Department with proposals to pilot and work with them towards their involvement in forest management. Examples include the Gong Forest Sanctuary Society; the Ngare Ndare Forest Trust; the Eburu Forest Conservation Network, Ngong hills forest association; and the Olobollosat community forest associations. These associations contribute significantly to forest law enforcement and are expected to be more effective under the Forest Act 2005 which has empowered them through recognition and provision of legal status.

Kenya Forestry Research Institute is responsible for forestry research, product development and germplasm conservation.

The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is responsible for forest conservation and protection within National Parks, national reserves and sanctuaries.

Moi University is responsible for forest education and research.

Egerton University is responsible for natural resource education and research.

The Kenya Forestry College is responsible for technical education in forestry conservation and management.

National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is responsible for control of environmental matters.

Local Authorities are responsible for conservation and management of local authority forests.

The National Museum of Kenya (NMK) is responsible for preservation of unique forests (sacred trees and grooves, areas of cultural, ethno botanical or scientific significance).

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d) coordination across forest and agriculture sectors, and rural development:

Office of the President through disaster management programmes, Coordination of Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASAL) development strategies, Provincial Environmental and Agricultural Boards and District Development Committees.

The Ministry of Planning coordinates integrated development programmes in the districts and provides guidance on resource allocation to the various sectors.

The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (through the National Environment Management Authority) coordinates all matters of environment through Environmental Committees, National Environmental Tribunals and Public Complaints Committees.

KFS through Forest Conservancy Committees (FCC), and Community Forest Associations (CFA). The FCC's draw membership from a wide cross section of stakeholders in the forestry and related sectors.

I The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (through the Water Catchments Committees) coordinates at the grass roots I level.

The Ministry of Agriculture (through Agricultural Boards, extension and land productivity and food security).

The responsible agencies at the national level will coordinate respective activities with regional & district level representatives.

3. Current country situation (consider the use of Annex 1 to help answer these questions):

a) Where do forest deforestation and forest degradation occur in your country, and how extensive are they? (i.e., location, type of forest ecosystem and number of hectares deforested per year, differences across land tenure (e.g., national forest land, private land, community forest, etc.)):

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FCPF R-PIN Template

The main forest types in Kenya are a) natural high forests, b) dryland forests referred to as woodlands and c) forest ~lantations. Most of the forests (97.8%) are either state owned or managed by local authorities, only 2.3% private forests $xist. The woodlands are mainly on trust-land, held in trust for residents by local authorities until formalization of rights. \latural high forests play a critical role in water catchment areas, they are also referred to as the five water towers. \levertheless these forests are threatened by deforestation & forest degradation through excisions, exploitation, illegal ogging, pit-sawing, charcoal burning and forest fires. Dryland forests, including woodlands and bush-lands significantly ;ontribute to people's livelihoods by providing fuel wood, charcoal, bee habitat and fodder. If sustainably managed, these 'orests can reduce the pressure on the remaining highforests. Main threats for the woodlands are conversion pressure and unsustainable charcoal production. Forest plantations are the main source of timber production, including for the pulp jnd paper industry. The plantation area was estimated at 165,000 ha in 1988, 160,000 ha in 1995 and 120,000 ha in ,002. Currently the World Bank is supporting the inventory of the plantations. Drivers of respective deforestation are a ack of law enforcement to ensure replanting after harvesting. Timber plantations are important for the respective industry n Kenya and to reduce the utilization pressure from natural and protected forests.

lccording to FA0 (2006), the annual deforestation rate in forests and other wooded land in Kenya was 0.3 % between 1990 and 2005. The growing stocks, indicating forest degradation, decreased by 0.08 m3 per ha and year, which means :hey are decreasing e.g. four times faster compared to the reported numbers in neighboring Uganda. In Kenya the .emaining forests cover 3.5 million ha (6 % of total land area), and other wooded land 35 million ha (60% of total land ~ e a ) . Productive forest plantations covered some 200,000 ha in 2005. Deforestation occurred at a rate of 12,000 ha 1 /ear during the period 2000-2005, other wooded land was lost at a rate of 40,000 ha 1 year for the same period.

n the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010) a 10 km x 10 km grid sampling survey will ~rovide more accurate and up-to-date baseline data for a national REDD program. The Government of Finland based on :he request from the Government of Kenya and FA0 has expressed initial interest to provide technical and implementation ;upport which will definitely strengthen Kenya's FCPF readiness capacity.

The following studies serve as references to describe the national deforestation & forest degradation baseline in Kenya:

State forests inventories (from 1960s to date)

National charcoal survey (2005)

District land use maps (last done in 1978)

First national communication to UNFCCC (2000)

State of environment report - NEMA (2003)

Vegetation maps from 1979 and 1998 (DRSRS)

Kenya Forestry Master Plan (1 994)

KIFCON commercial plantation survey in Kenya (1995)

Deforestation and forest degradation reports from individual forest ecosystem:

- Mt. Kenya Forests (1999 and 2002)

- Aberdares Forest (2002)

- Mt. Elgon Forests (1 997)

- Mau Forests (2002)

- Changes in forest cover in the five water towers (Cherangani, Nandi, Mt. Elgon, Aberdares, Mau and Mt Kenya) of Kenya (2002 and 2007), report and data-set available from Nature Kenya

- Forests boundary monitoring (Nandi, Kakamega (2007)

Wood Biomass survey of Machakos, Makueni, Mwingi and Kitui districts of Eastern Province (1991)

Gaps concerning analytic work exist in:

Policy formulation and support (lack of recognition of forests outside state ownership until 2005 has lead to: - inadequate forest inventories and mapping for various types of forests,

- undocumented data on forest loss.

Lack of inventory & data management harmonization resulted in challenges to integrate and interpret differen

FCPF R-PIN Template data sets. In the framework of the FCPF, existing data will be harmonized and an agreement will be reached concerning principles for future data collection. A regional forest inventory data harmonization process will be initiated as well with support from the World Bank.

Capacity at different levels to handle resources assessments, growth modeling and degradation monitoring. The current support from the World Bank and the Government of Finland will overcome respective shortcomings within the next four years.

Access to appropriate technology to assess deforestation and forest degradation trends.

Most of the studies in state forests have been conducted jointly between state agencies and international organizations mainly UNEP, FAO, World Bank, ICRAF, WWF and IUCN or with technical support provided by Donor organizations.

b) Are there any estimates of greenhouse or carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in your country? If so, please summarize:

Between 2000 and 2005 Kenya lost an average of 12,000 hectares of forest per year according to figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FA0 (2006) further estimates that each hectare of Kenyan Forest stores an average of 348 tC02lha in above-ground and below-ground biomass that would be otherwise released by deforestation and subsequent land conversion for agriculture or pasture. So deforestation in Kenya releases on the order of 348 metric tons of carbon for each hectare of cleared or converted for agriculture or other purposes. As such, Kenya's annual deforestation rate of 12,000 hectares may produce 4,276,000 tons of carbon emissions per year. Studies on forest degradation require to be carried out to establish data on carbon emission levels but KFS is currently compiling all the available data on forest degradation to come up with an estimate for forests and shrublands (woodlands).

c ) Please describe what data are available for estimating deforestation andlor forest degradation. Are data published? Describe the major types of data, including by deforestation and forest degradation causes and regions if possible (e.g., area covered, resolution of maps or remote sensing data, date, etc.).

Satellite images are available at the national level and forest degradation has been documented for selected forests, i.e. Mau, Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt. Elgon, Cherangani, Coastal Forests, Kakamega and South Nandi forests.

Aerial photographs are available and for some major forest ecosystems (Mt. Elgon, Mt. Kenya, Mau, Aberdares and Kakamega forest).

Forest inventory data is available from Nature Kenya (Kakamega forest), KWS (Ecological monitoring for Aberdares)

Vegetation maps (DRSRS I Africover, KWS, ILRI)

Land use maps (Ministry of Agriculture)

KFS reports on forests excision

Aerial survey Mt. Kenya (1 999)

Aerial survey Mt. Kilimanjaro(2001)

Aerial survey of the Aberdare Range forests (2003) (data deposited at UNEPIDEWA, Nairobi)

d) What are the main causes of deforestation andlor forest degradation?

(i) Unsustainable utilization A partial presidential logging ban has been in place since 1999. With the partial ban still in place, only a few larger industries with Government shareholdings are allowed to harvest trees in state forest plantations. Harvesting operations are wasteful since the concessionaires are only paying a very low price for the extracted timber. There is no concession currently active in natural forests. However, despite the logging ban, unsustainable utilization continues for the reasons provided below.

(ii) institutional failures arising from: Weak governance structures Inadequate capacity to enforce the law

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FCPF R-PIN Template Inadequate forest management plans Lack of real community participa.tion in forest management

For further information please refer to the homepage below covering newspaper articles on the topic: http:l/www.illegal-logging.info/sub~approach.php?country~title=kenya

(iii) Poverty and inadequate resource mobilization Forest goods and services are largely public in nature and therefore depend on public resources. However the forestry sector in Kenya was marginalized during the last decade.

In the 2007108 financial year the budgetary allocation for forestry development was 0.3% of the national budget, which is hardly adequate for reforestation, afforestation and management activities. Incentives to support private sector investments are inadequate.

(iv) Property rights in forest resources In 2005, the Forest Act 2005 was approved by the parliament and provides the legal basis for the private sector, joint forest management and community participation in forestry. Respective regulations are outlined in the Forests Participation in Sustainable Forest Management Rules-2007. This legal framework, considered as the most advanced in the region, provides a strong basis for the introduction of a national REDD program. However, most of the woodlands in Kenya are still on trust-land and are still lacking a clear legal management framework.

(v) Shifting cultivation system Shifting cultivation still exists mainly ontrust-land in semi-arid regions, but not on large areas anymore. With increasing population pressure the fallow periods are decreasing leading to woodland degradation and severe food shortages. The adoption of Sustainable Land Management practices and the protection of trees on farms can increase agricultural productivity, reduce the vulnerability of agricultural systems to climate change and increase carbon stocks.

(vi) Pressure for expansion of agricultural land, settlement, and development Compared to many other countries, there is a limited pressure to expand agricultural land and settlements. In Kenya it is widely recognized that increasing agricultural productivity and reforestation are the most promising options to sustain the growing population and to support rural development. A landscape mosaic of cropland, woodlots, fruit orchids and managedlprotected forestslwoodlands is envisaged and developed in some areas already. As outlined in the World Development Report 2008 on agriculture, fruit trees are already contributing to about 10% of rural income generation. Therefore, a national REDD program in Kenya will focus on reducing emissions from forests, agroforestry and woodlands. The latter are also crucial for fodder production and to reduce the climate change vulnerability in pastoral systems. However, a joint effort is required to support the adoption of ~Gstainable Land Management Practices, including agroforestry and fodder production.

(vii) Unsustainable charcoal production and marketing Charcoal is the a) main source of energy for many households and industries, b) a leading cause of forest degradation in many areas (Lambrecht et a/. 2003) and c) a livelihood system for more than 100,000 charcoal burners. However, currently most of the charcoal is unsustainably produced in woodlands and therefore sustainable charcoal production is not cost competitive. Currently the land owner and the producer only receive 23% of the gross revenues. The Government is also often not receiving any resource use or income tax demonstrating the need to improve the system while creating legal job opportunities in particular for the youth in rural areas. In the framework of a REDD program the conversion technology will be improved and the legal ambiguity reduced to achieve emission reductions. In the framework of the REDD program a coherent taxation system and a fair reward mechanism for emission reductions will be developed with support from community associations, local government agencies and NGOs.

(viii) Overgrazing Forest grazing is common practice in many deforested and degraded state forest reserves and a source of income for KFS, as long as the partial logging ban is in place and resources for reforestation or other incomes are lacking. In the framework of the World Bank Green Belt Movement's BioCarbon Fund, regulatory mechanisms to control grazing inside forest reserves and to support the establishment of fodder trees and zero grazing systems outside the reserve are promoted. Overgrazing can be controlled in a joint effort between community associations and Government agencies.

(ix) Forest fires Forest fires continue to decimate the country's forests mainly due to lack of adequate preparedness and prevention measures arising from low resource allocation, lack of fire fighting equipment and a lack of collective responsibility across government agencies in dealing with fire outbreaks. Elsewhere communities have traditionally used fire as a management tool or a way to regenerate pastures, but due to disruption of grazing patterns (as a result of changing weather patterns and population pressure), this practice is no longer effective. It is therefore necessary to introduce tree fodder banks in

FCPF R-PIN Template forestry programmes outside of developing fire management plans.

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e) What are the key issues in the area of forest law enforcement and forest sector governance (e.g., concession policies and enforcement, land tenure, forest policies, capacity to enforce laws, etc.)?

(x) Wildlife damage In some areas like Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt. Elgon and Arabuko-Sokoke forests, large herbivores are a constant threat to young forest plantations-causing economic and biodiversity losses. The Aberadares fencing project is one option to reduce wildlife damage. In the past, wide ditches placed in strategic wildlife movement areas reduced the wildlife damage. A close cooperation between KFS, KWS and local communities can reduce respective damage.

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I (xi) Replacement of superior forest cover types On the coast, some privately owned high-conservation natural forests have recently been converted into coconut plantations. Regulations, combined with Payments for Environmental Services for maintaining carbon stocks and biodiversity, can contribute to the reduction of these respective incidents in the future.

(I

R I Ensuring adequate financial resources to support the maintenance of public goods and provision of services and to enforce the law.

The key issue for the forestry sector in Kenya is to implement the Forest Act 2005 in a transparent process & involving concerned stakeholders at all levels of decision making. Respective key issues are listed below:

Increasing public awareness about the provisions of the Forest Act 2005.

1 Developing KFS capacity at headquarter and field level.

Involving the private sector and communities in forest management based on a) concessions, license and community forest management agreements, b) management plans and c) implementation monitoring.

management, etc.):

There are a number of forest dweller groups in Kenya that have a long associations with the forests from where they

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t. - derive basic requirements including fuel, grazing, bush-meat, food and3Gditional medicine. Some of the forest also have strong cultural values and have been preserved as cultural sites. The traditional resource use patterns of these dwellers had always been sustainable, until the commercial utilization of the forests for timber, poles, grazing and charcoal led to degradation.

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Harmonization and coordination of laws and policies relevant to the forest sector.

4) What data are available on forest dwellers in lands potentially targeted for REDD activities (including indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers)? (e.g., number, land tenure or land classification, role in forest

1 Only limited quantitative data was available for the important groups listed below:

Forests and rural people's livelihoods in Kenya are intricately related. The Mau, Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Cherangani and coastal forests provide a wide range of products for direct consumption. Forest dwellers as well as forest adjacent communities, in total about 500,000 households, have critical roles to play in the protection, management and conservation efforts in these forests which are also important national assets.

The Sengwer is an indigenous community that lives within and adjacent to the Cherangani hills, another important water catchment area that has previously been degraded, and therefore a REDD target area. It is a community of hunters and gatherers, but the majority also engage in farming and livestock keeping. Their number is currently put at between 40,000 and 60,000 people.

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The Mau forest complex is one of the five major water catchment areas which will benefit from interventions under the REDD Mechanism. The complex is home to one of the indigenous people of Kenya known as Ogiek. The Ogiek are also found in Mt. Elgon forest block at the border to Uganda, and which will equally be targeted to maximize their conservation functions. Traditionally, the Ogiek had occupied most of the forests in the extreme west and south of Western Kenya, but today their main area of living is in and around the Mau forest. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in 2002 estimated their total population to be between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals. The Ogiek people are hunter- gatherers, though the majority grow vegetables and keep livestock. They gather not only wild plants, but also honey from beehives which they make from hollow logs and place in the high branches of the forest trees.

FCPF R-PIN Template derive their livelihoods from wine tapping and fishing.

1 A sub-tribe of the Samburu people resides in the forested Ndotto's range and derives thei; livelihood solely from honev.

a hunting and gathering from the forest.

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Payment for environmental services in water catchment management can be a very useful instrument to empower indigenous communities to manage their resources in a sustainable way, protect indigenous land and user rights, contribute to poverty reduction, and provide long term benefits to the indigenous people. There are immense opportunities for employment creation, poverty alleviation, good governance and recognition of ancestral rights.

The Pokomos, the Orma and Wardei tribes reside in the vast forests of Tana River district which is generally dry and prone to drought. The district comprises several areas of forest patches, the bulk of which are managed by the Local Authorities. There also exist extensive woodlands and grasslands which are centers of endemism. This region presents an interesting case of the nexus between conflict and food security. lnspite of its vast endowment with natural resources, a recent survey found that the district is 79% food insecure and has a 62% incidence of ~overtv.

5. Summarize key elements of the current strategy or programs that your government or other groups have put in place to address deforestation and forest degradation, if any:

a

Kenya Forestry Master Plan 1994, which enforced forest conservation and protection and already predicted substantial deforestation if business as usual practices prevail. However, the plan was not implemented due to a lack of political commitment and resources.

The proposed REDD program will be implemented within the framework of the Forests Act 2005 that seeks to entrench community participation in forest management. Under such arrangements, indigenous peoples will benefit from their efforts in forest rehabilitation, afforestation, reforestation and conservation. The Government of Kenya recognizes that, given their close association with forests, wildlife, and other natural resources, any interventions should take cognizance of the potential impacts on identity, culture, and customary livelihoods of the indigenous communities.

Forest Act 2005, providing radical changes in forest governance and management in the country. The Act has broadened the scope of forest management, provided stringent regulatory practices while opening up forest management to the private sector and communities. Private sector and community participation within a functioning governance system is considered to be a successful model to prevent deforestation and degradation while increasing forest cover, density quality and related income. In order to fulfill its governing role, KFS received a respective mandate from the Government and was establis6ed as a semi-autonomous Government institution.

Draft Forest Policy 2008, highlights the need to revitalize forest income generation, engages communities in forest protection and management, and supports the development of forest based SMEs. KFS, funded through fees, plantation forest revenues and for providing services, will receive a sustainable funding source to fulfill its governance role of preventing deforestation and forest degradation in high conservation value forests.

I Other strategies include the Kenya National Biodiversity Action Plan (2003), the KFS Strategic Plan, energy policy, national environment policy, Vision 2030, and review of wildlife policy, biofuels strategy, bamboo utilization strategy, Kenya Strategy for Revitalization of Agricultural, Protected Area Planning Framework within KWS, National Biofuel strategies, Elephant conservation strategy, Alternative energies (solar and wind), Kenya adaptation to climate change in ASALs.

a) What government, stakeholder or other process was used to arrive at the current strategy or programs?

All strategies have been developed in a participatory process, however, in the past; government agencies from other sectors (Agriculture, Tourism, Water and Energy) have not been sufficiently involved. With the Forest Act 2005 community and private sector participation in forest management was sufficiently addressed for the first time. The involvement of these stakeholder groups in the preparation of a national REDD program is considered to be a key success factor not only for a REDD but for the development of forests and forestry in Kenya.

b) What major programs or policies are in place at the national, and the state or other sub-national level? Vision 2030 which embraces the three major strategies (social, economic and political) Strategy for Revitalization of Agriculture (SRA) ASAL Development Program Regional programme under regional authorities Disaster preparedness and management Kenya ~bricultural Productivity program (KAPP)

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FCPF R-PIN Template 1 Kenya forestry development policy

protection measures, such as fencing, have been successfully implemented in the Aberdares and could be used as an example for other areas as well.

6. What is the current thinking on what would be needed to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in your country? (e.g., potential programs, policies, capacity building, etc., at national or sub-national level):

Preventing further forest fragmentation and strengthening the development of forest corridors or forest step stones across agricultural landscapes to provide the habitat for highly threatened mammals and to ensure gene transfer Strict protection of water catchment forests: Kakamega Forest, Mt. Elgon Forest and Cheranganyi Forest, Aberdare Forest, Mt. Kenya Forest, Meru Central Forest Promotion of improved stoves & other energy conservation technologies to reduce fuel-wood utilization pressure Promotion of nature based micro enterprises Institutional strengthening to enhance sustainable forest management Public education and awareness in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and other relevant Ministries Supporting afforestation and reforestation to reduce the current national timber deficit Promotion of fast growing non conventional species (e.g. bamboo, papyrus) to support community needs of indispensable forest products while reducing the non-formal natural forest utilization pressure Improvement on fire monitoring and management Provision of incentives, particularly payment for environmental services and tax holidays I tax rebates Incentives to promote efficiency in forest resource utilization

a) How would those programs address the main causes of deforestation? Energy conservation measures and improved efficiency in utilization of available forest resources reduces demand for wood and provides an opportunity to replenish carbon stocks in forest areas. lmproved agricultural productivity improves incomes, reduces reliance on forestry resources to support livelihoods and reduces the need for expansion of agricultural land Promotion of nature based enterprises and non wood forests product creates employment, improves incomes for the local communities and enhances conservation and community support Institutional strengthening promotes forest governance and forestry enforcement Public education and awareness creation will impact positively on attitudes and behaviour towards forestry and environmental conservation lmproved livestock husbandry improves income and reduces avergrazing in woodlands

b) Would any cross-sectoral programs or policies also play a role in your REDD strategy (e.g., rural development policies, transportation or land use planning programs, etc.)?

I A number of cross-sectoral programs and policies will strengthen and support the development of a REDD strategy: I The energy sector, especially, the national hydro electric power generating authority, KENGEN, has initiated a water catchment protection program where rural communities are encouraged to engage forest, soil and water conservation activities. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation also has an ambitious water catchment protection program.

The Policy on arid and semi arid lands is including the protection of forest resources and within a new climate change adaptation policy forestry is a key adaptation strategy.

IIR m

stakeholders Provide an economic assessment of links between environment and natural resource management and Kenya's economic arowth ~otential

In addition, public education and awareness cuts across all segments of society and is likely to impact positively on matters of forestry and environment.

Vision 2010: leading to poverty reduction undertakes a shift to industrial economy. This is aimed to improve livelihood with a positive impact on forest conservation. Implementation of the strategy will involve all sectors of the economy including: improved agricultural productivity, improved conservation of the five water towers and improved infrastructure and marketing channels.

I

~ t r e n ~ t h e i government capacity and mechanisms to deliver an environment policy which incorporates poverty I 10

The Poverty and Environment Initiative (PEI) lead by the Ministry of Planning and National Development (MPND), in partnership with ME&MR and NEMA will:

Improve understanding of poverty and environment linkages within ministries, government institutions, and other

FCPF R-PIN Template dimensions Provide tools for the integration of environment into development planning and budget processes Enforce more effective participation of stakeholders in policy, including the formulation of the Environment and Development Sessional Paper and Kenya's Environmental Policy.

The PEI is an important entry point for forestry to engage with finance and planning ministries to secure resources. It also provides an opportunity to collaborate with key line ministries which are responsible for policies and program that have poverty-environment linkages.

The Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) as a National Policy Document will also contribute to the prevention of deforestation and forest degradation. It will steer the development of the agricultural sector in Kenya for the period up to 2014 by the Agricultural Sector Ministries representing the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Livestock, Ministry of Fisheries Development and the Ministry of Cooperative Development. The strategy proposes far-reaching policies and institutional changes that are necessary for reversing the decline of the sector and placing it competitively on the global arena. The overriding goal of SRA is to achieve a lasting reduction in unemployment and poverty, the two major challenges that Kenya continues to face. The strategy outlines policy and institutional reforms that the government will implement over the long term in order to realize this goal.

The Integrated Natural Resources Assessment (INRA), an FAO-GoK funded project initiated in 2006 in the framework of the FAO-Netherlands Partnership Program (FNPP) will focuses on forestry, land use resources management, cropping systems and crop-associated biodiversity, livestock systems and animal genetic resources, soil, water resources, fisheries and aquatic resources, and socio-economic issues. The ultimate goal is to enhance ecosystem services through sustainable natural resource management. It will support natural resource inventories and policies that address land degradation and food security in the short and medium terms.

Environmental policy is currently being developed and it addresses climate change and other cross sectoral environmental issues including forestry. A land use planning program, to address land reforms, access land, property rights and land allocation is currently under development.

c) Have you considered the potential relationship between your potential REDD strategies and your country's ,broader development agenda in the forest and other relevant sectors? (e.g., agriculture, water, energy, transportation). If you have not considered this yet, you may want fp identify it as an objective for your REDD planning process.

REDD is not explicitly mentioned in the broader development agenda but forest conservation and community participation in natural resource management is a pillar of Kenya's development policy vision 2030, which is the blueprint for Kenya's economic development road map. Specific relationships are mentioned below:

Social pillar - water towers, payment for environmental services, livelihood improvement, food security Economic pillar - efficient forests industries Political and governance pillar - creation of new institutional arrangement for forest sector administration through decentralization, equity, gender and community empowerment Strategy for revitalization of agriculture (land productivity, processing and marketing, herd and rangeland improvement) ASAL development strategy (improve charcoal production, non-wood forests product, riverrine protection) Energy (hydropower and geo thermo generation, bio-fuels, alternative energy sources) Watershed protection in forest areas Rural development (micro enterprises, rural credit, rural infrastructure) to decrease forest utilisation pressure Industries (sustainable wood supply from private sources)

The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources is strongly supporting the development of CDM projects and in particular, the land-use sector is considering the sequestration potential and co-benefits. With support from the Ministry and the World Bank BioCarbon Fund, a CDM AR project has been successfully developed by The Green Belt Movement supporting Community Forest Associations in 7 project sites in Kenya. Currently, the first agricultural land use Carbon Finance methodology is being developed in Kenya- together with two pilot projects for the voluntary carbon standard with support from the World Bank BioCarbon Fund. The methodology will provide a baseline and a monitoring methodology for Sustainable Land Management activities adopted by smallholder farmers in Western Kenya and for smallholder coffee; turning sun grown coffee into shade coffee. Both projects will have strong adaptation benefits and will reduce deforestation and forest degradation in the vicinity to the project area. These pilot agricultural mitigation projects and the national REDD program can benefit from each other and there are carbon monitoring synergies.

FCPF R-PIN Template

Kenya is among the top 10% water-stressed countries in the world and management of the scarce resource has fallen short of expectations. Increasing pressure from agriculture, manufacturing and urban areas, coupled with deforestation, are threatening Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt. Elgon, the Mau escarpment and Cherangani Hills - the main catchment areas. In total, these "water towers" cover more than 1.0 million hectares and, except the Tsavo River, form the upper catchments of the main rivers of Kenya. They provide water for human and livestock use, supply hydroelectric power to 3 million people in Nairobi alone, and feed irrigation systems, agriculture and industry. The Mau forest complex is crucial to supplying water to Masai Mara and Serengeti National Parks.

d) Has any technical assistance already been received, or is planned on REDD? (e.g., technical consulting, analysis of deforestation or forest degradation in country, etc., and by whom): NO.

The Government of Kenya has not received any technical assistance to prepare a national or project based REDD program. However, the following projects are currently implemented that will contribute to provide an enabling environment for a REDD program:

The Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund (CEPF) is currently supporting activities to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in the Taita Hills, in Southeast Kenya. The forest area is about 250 km2 and part of a global biodiversity hot-spot. CEPF supported first stakeholder consultations in 2005 to agree with communities, relevant government departments, and research institutions on forest conservation objectives and priority actions to reduce natural forest degradation and deforestation.

In 2004 a 5-year UNDP supported project started on reducing illegal logging in Kenya dryland forests and woodlands through improved governance. Its objectives are to determine the scale of illegal logging. promote multiple use and alternative livelihoods, build the capacity of local communities and government agencies, create an enabling environment, and provide innovative and practical systems for monitoring, tracking and certifying timber chain of custody (see KFS, 2007: p. 36). The Government of Finland is currently supporting the Forest Sector Reform in Kenya in the framework of an 18 month initial phase program ("Miti Mingi, Maisha Bora"). The program will focus on three key areas: efficient and adequately staffed KFS with a clear strategic plan, the promotion of community and private sector participation in forest management, including a well functioning and dynamic Forest Information System (FIS) that meets the needs of the KFS and forest sector at large; and improved livelihoods and sustainability for dryland areas populations through participatory forest management. A second phase of this program can support the preparation of a national forest inventory as a baseline for a REDD program. The Counsellor on Forests at the Finnish Embassy in Kenya has indicated that a respective proposal from the Government of Kenya would be well received. The World Bank Natural Resource Management Project, particularly- the Forest Management Resource component, supports the rapid assessment of forest resources, forest boundary demarcation, and implementation of guidelines for community forestry associations by July 2009.

7. What are your thoughts on the type of stakeholder consultation process you would use to: a) create a dialogue with stakeholders about their viewpoints, and b) evaluate the role various stakeholders can play in developing and implementing strategies or programs under FCPF support?

a) How are stakeholders normally consulted and involved in the forest sector about new programs or policies?

The recent forest policy development and national certification standard development processes are two examples of national level consultation supported by district and provincial consultative forums involving government, NGO and private sector. The processes involved official documentation and reports, mass media relations, public hearings, focus groups and other special events to engage with stakeholders. The Government of Kenya is strongly supporting stakeholder initiatives on Carbon Finance CDM AR projects and KFS is currently supporting Community Associations in the framework of the Green Belt Movement BioCarbon Fund project to succeed.

b) Have any stakeholder consultations on REDD or reducing deforestation been held in the past several years? If so, what groups were involved, when and where, and what were the major findings?

REDD is a new concept in Kenya. A first stakeholder consultation workshop was conducted on April 21-22, 2008 and in addition technical meetings with agencies, NGOs and research organizations took place to prepare this R-PIN. In addition to the specific REDD consultation, there has been a number of stakeholder consultations in reducing deforestation, including the following:

FCPF R-PIN Template f 1 Kenya Forest Master Plan 1994

a! invited and actively participated in the process.

1

I a c) What stakeholder consultation and implementation role discussion process might be used for discussions across federal government agencies, institutes, etc.?

A REDD Coordinating Task Force will be established and coordinated at the Ministry of Environment to develop a platform including NGOs, private sector and other Ministries to develop a strategy for a national REDD program.

Forests Act 2005 Wildlife Policy 2008 Draft Forest Development Policy 2007 Forest Certification draft 2007 and 2008 Strategic environmental assessment of the forest sector 2007 Review of the environmental impact assessment guideline 2008 Development of the Environmental Policy 2008 Energy policy and Biofuel strategy - ongoing Forest rules and subsidiary legislation 2007 - ongoing State of plant genetic resources 2008 Poverty Reduction Strategy 2000 - 2003

In all consultations relevant government ministries, CBOs, Community representatives, Local Leaders, NGOs have been

The results from the consultation will be discussed under the NCCACC, within collaborating Ministries, the Environmental Council and within respective Boards of relevant State Corporations (KFS, NEMA, KWS, KEFRI, KENGEN, Water Boards

The District Development committee (DDC) and the District Executive committee (DEC) provide a platform at the regional level to involve stakeholders. A special REDD forum will be established at each of the ten Forest Conservancy Committees (FCC) covering most forested areas in the country. The FCC have a multi sectoral approach in dealing with all forestry matters within the conservancy and are important avenues to develop alliances to reduce deforestation and

bb

forest degradation.

etc.' d) Across state or other sub-national governments or institutions?

I e) For other stakeholders on forest and agriculture lands and sectors, (e.g. NGOs, private sector, etc.)? 1 Within the forestry and agricultural sectors, Community Forest Associations (CFA) and locational and divisional agricultural committees could be used as consultative fora for the REDD process.

Kenya is in the process of establishing a national consultative forum on forests, which would be held annually. In the next forum the REDD proposal will be shared with stakeholders.

8. Implementing REDD strategies: a) What are the potential challenges to introducing effective REDD strategies or programs, and how might they be overcome? (e.g., lack of financing, lack of technical capacity, governance issues like weak law enforcement, lack of consistency between REDD plans and other development plans or programs, etc.):

I

I Successful implementation of the REDD program may have to address the following challenges:

f) For forest-dwelling indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers?

Based on the Forest Act 2005 forest dwellers are encouraged to form Community Forest Associations (CFAs) through which consultations regarding deforestation and degradation could be undertaken.

I. Policy and legislative challenges: these include:

- Lack of national climate change policy and strategy with regards to land-use projects

- Lack of subsidiary legislations (rules, regulations, guidelines and procedures) to operationalise the Forest Act 2005, but these are developed within the next two years according to the KFS business plan

I I - Harmonization of sectoral instruments which currently fall under several statutes and ministries

FCPF R-PIN Template

I I - Insecurity or lack of land tenure rights (Trust land)

'1 These challenges might be overcome through: I - Formulation of a national climate change policy through a consultative process

- Review the Kenya Forest Master Plan and update with a climate change focus

- Local communities, especially around remaining forest reserves, have to receive exclusive user rights coupled with environmental education in order to attain and implement a more conscious use of the forest resource

1 2. Institutional challenges these include: I -

- Capacity for law enforcement including resource mobilization to increase the number and better equip the enforcement agencies

- Capacity to coordinate multi sectoral approaches necessary to implement the REDD program

- Capacity to establish REDD baseline inventory and to monitor changes in carbon stocks

1 - Capacity for participation among the various stakeholders in the forestry sector I - Improve forest governance (weak forest governance in Kenya is evident from illegal logging, political

interference in the use of forest land, and degradation in the forest resource base)

- Strengthening community participation through effectively attaining to and putting into practice the Forest Act 2005, which essentially has addressed the concept of participatory forest management. This represents a radical departure from previous practices, where the government assumed full management responsibilities in gazetted forest reserves by giving a considerable weight to community participation in the

(1

form of CFAs.

- Strengthening the KFS, evoiving from being an enforcement agency to one that facilitates sustainable

- Capacity to exploit opportunities presented through the payment for environmental services

These challenges might be overcome through:

I forest resource use and greater investment. I - The Ministerial Declaration on Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (AFLEG), signed in

October 2003, reaffirming the intention to work together to strengthen the institutional reforms already started in the forest sector by African countries, should be considered as a general framework.

~ 1 3 . Sustainable forest management challenges:

7 - Poor state of forest management

d - lnadequate involvement of stakeholders in forest management

- Lack of management information .I - lnadequate forest inventory data to guide planning and biomass estimation

These challenges might be overcome through:

I - Development of tools for capacity building in participatory forest management (PFM) 1 - Development of management plans for the various ecosystems and forests

- Development and maintenance of an adequate database on forest resources, growth, yield and modalities of executing agreements on concessions

- Streamlining and regulating the charcoal industry as part of the strategy for sustainable management of

I dryland forest resources

- Development of incentives including subsidies to promote efficiency in wood utilization

I 4. Information challenges:

- Lack of management information system to capture information required for REDD and climate change

- Lack of harmonized standards, methods, procedures and guidelines for natural resource data and I information collection, management and dissemination guidelines

FCPF R-PIN Template - Natural resource data is currently scattered in different institutions and in different formats, making its

access cumbersome

- High cost of acquisition, processing, and dissemination of natural resource data and information, in particular geo-information. Consequently, there are inadequate resources to support a comprehensive framework for collection, analysis, management and dissemination of natural resource data and information

- Lack of Carbon Finance information and an understanding about realistic revenue streams in the future

These challenges might be overcome through:

- Exploring synergies between all relevant institutions (see 2a) to share know-how and resources for data collection, processing and synthesis

- Establishment and operationalization of an effective management information system

- Establishment of base line data and monitoring of subsequent changes in forest cover, utilizing the three carried out aerial surveys and information from all the other individual studies (see answers to question 9) as a baseline, to be able to compare forest cover change over time

- Access to information on carbon prices and trend and interaction with the carbon market

b) Would performance-based payments though REDD be a major incentive for implementing a more coherenf strategy to tackle deforestation? Please, explain why. (i.e., performance-based payments would occur affer REDD activities reduce deforestation, and monitoring has occurred):

Kenya has already experiences, although on a small scale, with carbon finance projects in the forestry sector and with respective performance or upon delivery payments. However, the initial investment to develop and implement a national REDD program is substantial and there is a certain emission reduction delivery risk which has to be studied in more detail. Therefore, an upfront FCFP input is useful in providing the foundation for subsequent performance contracts. In the short- term, Kenya requires that initial foundations are laid with support from the Readiness Mechanism to establish the institutional environment for a REDD program, baselines and monitoring procedures.

Small-scale farmers in Kenya and poor communities involved in forest utilisation for their livelihoods need tangible incentives to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. REDD co-benefits e.g. clear land use arrangements anc exclusive forest user rights that are enforced might provide incentives to engage in a respective initiative, but an integrated rural development approach reducing the deforestation pressure and pro~icding alternative income generation activities ir particular for the youth is required to successfully implement a REDD project in Kenya. A REDD strategy with a piggy back of other benefits (revenues from eco-tourism, non-timber forest products, biodiversity offsets andlor water services) anc with returns visible in the short-term to meet the total opportunity costs of land degradation is required.

Within this described framework, performance-based payments through REDD would represent one additional revenue stream as an incentive to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. However, REDD cannot be successful as a stanc alone project. A REDD project definitely will strengthen the awareness at the political level to support forest conservatior in a multi-sectoral approach in Kenya. The forest sector in Kenya has recognized the policy momentum of REDD anc climate change and is ready to develop and successfully implement a national REDD project in partnership with civi society, research and other government agencies.

9. REDD strategy monitoring and implementation: a) How is forest cover and land use change monitored today, and by whom? (e.g., forest inventory, mapping remote sensing analysis, etc.):

Even though the monitoring of forest cover and forest density changes in Kenya is not properly coordinated in E systematic manner, there are several individual activities in forest mapping in the broad sense.

Examples include: WWF: forest mapping and assessment in the coastal region of Kenya, Mara and Mau ecosystem forests UNEP-KFS: time series data on major forest blocks State forests inventories (from 1960s to date ) District land use maps (1978) DRSRS: Vegetation maps Forest ecosystem reports (Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt. Elgon, Mau)

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fi 1 1 KWS: Forest boundary monitoring (2007) I The new National Policy on Natural Resource Data provides the enabling legislative framework to establish monitoring arrangements for a REDD program whereby DSRS is taking a lead role.

Currently there is no REDD monitoring system in Kenya. In the framework of research projects a number of forest specific deforestation baseline studies and Permanent Sample Plots have been established. The main limitation of these studies is that the satellite images and the data are often not publicly available, the data collection and analysis methodology is not documented in order to use it for follow-up surveys and a comprehensive framework to make sure that different case studies are compatible for national level analytical work does not exist. For a REDD project the following key constrains

n

dl have been identified:

b) What are the constraints of the current monitoring system? What constraints for i ts application to reducing deforestation and forest degradation? (e.g., system cannot detect forest degradation of forest stands, too costly, data only available for 2 years, etc.):

Available satellite images do not cover all forest areas in Kenya - .- Aerial photographs are available nationwide from 1999, 2001, 2003 but not from subsequent years

I Limited practical experience with GHG inventories I Inadequate institutional arrangements e.g. DSRS and KFS and standard analysis procedures

Absence of an integrated forest management information system

c) How would you envision REDD activities and program performance would be monitored? (e.g., changes in forest cover or deforestation or forest degradation rates resulting from programs, using what approaches, etc.)

The following step-wise approach is proposed for the development of a national REDD baseline and carbon monitoring system in Kenya using remote sensing technology and ground based verification procedures. It considers minimum requirements to develop a national REDD database and to monitor deforestation and forest degradation based on historical reference scenarios.

Step 1 : Harmonization of REDD relevant data Since monitoring information is scattered, not sufficient or collected consistently as described in 9a, all data useful for monitoring land-use and land-cover change in Kenya, monitoring of deforestation driver variables in order to estimate quantity and location of future deforestation and degradation, as well as existing data useful for estimating carbon stocks must be collected, analyzed and archived. The KFS and the DRSRS will jointly collaborate in the preparation of a monitoring plan, leading to a systematisation of data collection, data collection procedures, organization and responsibilities of the parties involved, quality control and quality assurance procedure as well as data archiving. Monitoring of project implementation: Additional to the national data regarding REDD, all measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, measures to enhance carbon stocks and measures to reduce the risk of leakage must be described, dated and geo-referenced. Only then interventions can be surveyed in the field, and emissions of GHG quantified. To be able to achieve this, it is important to gather all available information, editlpre- process all this information in a systematic way concerning the needed information for REDD activities, invite key persons (preferably those that were involved in carrying out the individual activities) to a workshop, and arrive at a solid baseline for the country. I

Having arrived at this baseline, well thought on and discussed with all knowledgeable key persons and stakeholders involved, systematic follow up assessments should be developed.

Step 2: Designation of initial forest area for acquiring satellite data REDD monitoring needs to cover the whole forest and woodland area of Kenya and agroforestry systems with a certain minimum forest cover should be considered. The Kenya CDM forest definition (canopy cover 309'0, area O.lha and tree height 2 m) will provide some guidance for the forest area to be included. This defined area is subject to monitoring in each reporting period. Ideally, an initial wall-to-wall assessment of the entire national extent will be carried out to identify forested area according to UNFCC forest definitions at the beginning of the reference period. Existing forest maps at appropriate spatial resolution could be used for identification. It is important that the area must include all forests within the national reference boundaries and a consistent foresl extent must be used for monitoring for future reporting.

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FCPF R-PIN Template 1

Step 3: Selection of satellite imagery and coverage A fundamental requirement of a Kenyan monitoring system is to use a consistent methodology at repeated intervals which has to be developed in conjunction with those key persons that were already involved in carrying out the individual activities, as well as including representatives of DRSRS, KWS, KEFRI, RCMRD, etc. The only practical approach for this national monitoring system is through interpretation of remotely sensed data supported and verified by ground-based observations. The only free global mid-resolution (30m) remote sensing data are from NASA (Landsat satellites). Almost complete global coverages from these Landsat images are available at low or no cost and data around years 1990, 2000 and 2005 will be most suitable to assess historical rates of Deforestation in Kenya. Fortunately, the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD) in Nairobi is providing consultancy services in surveying and mapping, applications of remote sensing, GIs and GPS in resource assessment and management, and development of geo-spatial databases. The centre has a large Landsat data archive dating from 1972 to present. Furthermore, the centre implemented the AFRICOVER project in collaboration with FAO, preparing a land cover database including maps for nine East African countries

I including Kenya from high resolution imagery.

Step 4: Processing and analyzing satellite data Typically, analysis of deforestation (land-use and land-cover change) through remotely sensed data is performed in three steps: (i) pre-processing including geometric correction, cloud and shadow removal and radiometric corrections; (ii) interpretation and classification, according to IPCC 2006 GL AFOLU land-use and land-cover changes can either be detected through post-classification (Deforestation maps are generated for two different time points and then compared) or through pre-classification; a more sophisticated approach using statistical methods to detect locations of deforestation at different dates and from this to derive certain patterns of spatial deforestation in Kenya, (iii) post processing, to further stratify the heterogeneous forest land-use classes in Kenya into more homogenous classes with regard to carbon density using GIs. The broad range of different carbon densities in Kenyan forests must be stratified using mainly biophysical criteria (climatic or agro-climatic zones, soil and vegetation types, elevation and rainfall data, etc.), But also so-called disturbance indicators might be of

1 importance (vicinity to roads, settlements, etc.) since there is a clear correlation between such indicators and forest degradation.

The data will be stored and updated in a REDD database which will be part of the forest management information system I which is currently being developed. 1 10. Additional benefits of potential REDD strategy:

a) Are there other non-carbon benefits that you expect to realize through implementation of the REDD strategy

I (e.g., social, environmental, economic, biodiversity)? What are they, where, how much?

Social benefits will accrue to forest dwellers, forest adjacent communities, forest owners and the public through: Legal access to the forest and well defined user rights that can be enforced lncreased employment and improved livelihoods Sustainable supply of forest products, including timber Preservation of important cultural sites Reduced soil erosion and higher agricultural productivity in nearby farm plots lncreased ecotourism potential Improved water quality, health and well-being

I Environmental benefits will accrue to the global community, urban centres, agricultural communities, pastoralists and water users through:

Landscape improvement, thereby reducing soil erosion Regular and clean water flow Micro climatic improvement I Biodiversity conservation

Economic benefits will accrue to resource owners, investors, industries and consumers through: lncreased and diversified incomes from forest earnings Industrial growth Income opportunities from non wood products

I Increased agricultural and livestock productivity

b) Is biodiversity conservation being monitored at present? If so, what kind, where, and how? I

FCPF R-PIN Terndate

KFS & KWS, together with partners such as Nature Kenya, will develop an ecosystem and species level monitoring system to assist the conservation efforts. Important birdlife area indices are used to assess the biodiversity performance within managed and conservation forests. Annual reports of status and trends will be produced. National Museum of Kenya carries out species surveys of both flora and fauna for monitoring purposes. In-situ conservation and monitoring of indigenous plants and vegetables. National Biodiversity Action Plan - plan does exist including a baseline but monitoring is still pending

c) Under your early ideas on introducing REDD, would biodiversity conservation also be monitored? How?

Kenya is aiming to streamline Payments of Environmental Services into Government policies in the framework of the REDD program. The Government is expecting that there is a future market for global public goods and it will develop a conducive market environment. The example from Costa Rica will serve as a model. A number of small pilot projects rewarding biodiversity and watershed protection services exist already. Considering that Kenya has a high biodiversity, is a member of the Mega Bio-diverse Group and has ratified respective conventions (CITES, RAMSAR, CBD, etc) the regulatory environment to develop a PES system is quite favourable.

d) Are rural livelihood benefits currently monitored? If so, what benefits, where, and how?

The National Bureau of Statistics produces an annual National Economic Survey which monitors income and livelihood trends at the household level. However, the respective data cannot be used to assess the impacts of a REDD programme unless more specific parameters are considered. Some NGOs capture data from integrated natural resource and livelihood projects operating along adjacent forest communities. However, these data are usually only available for the lifespan of the project and sometime even a baseline survey is missing. The Kenya Forest Service through its Participatory Forest Management initiatives and Plantation Establishment for Improved Livelihood Scheme, are planning to monitor rural livelihood benefits in the framework of Community Forest Associations.

e) Under your early ideas on introducing REDD, would rural livelihood benefits also be monitored? How?

This application is based on the assumption that a national REDD program is providing real tangible rural livelihood benefits which will justify the investment. Measuring rural livelihood benefits e.g, based on household input - output tables is quite complex and requires substantial resources if it aims to be representative. In the preparation of the REDD program we will screen the available systems presented above and we will--;encourage research organisations to develop a methodology that can be adopted. At the REDD program level only a few indicators on rural livelihood benefits will be monitored.

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11. What type of assistance are you likely to request from the FCPF Readiness Mechanism?

- Identify your early ideas on the technical or financial support you would request from FCPF to build capacity for addressing REDD, i f you are ready to do so. (Preliminary; this also could be discussed later.)

- Include an initial estimate of the amount of support for each category, i f you know.

- Please refer to the Information Memorandum and other on-line information about the FCPF for more details on each category:

a) Setting up a transparent stakeholder consultation on REDD (e.g., outreach, workshops, publications, etc.):

The envisaged REDD program will be implemented through a multi-sectoral approach that exploits institutional strengths within the implementing institutions. The REDD preparation activities aim to identify partners and their expected roles and responsibilities. In addition, institutional mechanisms have to be developed. Considering the possibility that public, private, community managed forests and agroforestry systems will be involved in a REDD mechanism, a fund which aggregates land and REDD credits and rewards land users to reduce deforestation and forest degradation has to be developed. The Fund has to be transparent and has to provide a confident legal structure to investors. Furthermore, awareness raising activities about the principles of a REDD program have to be communicated and capacity building activities are required at different levels.

A REDD business plan outlining among others the financial support required to develop a national REDD program still has to be developed. Kenya's development partner's have expressed support to co-finance some of the required activities to develop a national REDD program if Kenya is part of the FCPF process.

FCPF R-PIN Template b) Developing a reference case of deforestation trends: Assessment of historical emissions from deforestation andlor forest degradation, or projections into the future.

As detailed in question 3 above, there are a number of forest specific case studies where a deforestation and forest degradation baseline already exists. In cooperation with respective partners, follow up surveys will be conducted to assess historical emissions based on international best practices. In particular for Agroforestry landscapes, respective methodologies still have to be developed. Kenya has a unique institutional environment to support the development of these respective methodologies (the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) has it's headquarter in Nairobi). The FCPFP is considered as a platform to gain and to share knowledge and experiences with other countries. The technical assistance and capacity building required will be identified in the framework of the REDD business plan preparation process as mentioned above.

c) Developing a national REDD Strategy: Identification of programs to reduce deforestation and design of a system for providing targeted financial incentives for REDD to land users and organizations (e.g., delivery of payments, governance issues, etc.):

For the development of a national REDD strategy some activities that require technical assistance and financial support are outlined below:

Development of a national REDD strategy for Kenya - initial ideas are a two pronged strategy - focusing on securing the protection of 5 water towers and improvement of ASALs Development of community action plans that lay out how communities will address the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation that will target activities to enhance alternative livelihood through diversification of production systems Development, testing and refining of community-based carbon management regimes (measurement, monitoring, verification and payments) Facilitation of organizing farmers and group ranches into cooperative business relationships (beekeeping, tree growing, fuel briquette and fodder production and marketing thereof)

d) Design of a system to monitor emissions and emission reductions from deforestation andlor forest degradation:

Kenya has a number of competent national and international institutions with substantial expertise in monitoring emissions and emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation (see question 2a above). In the REDD preparation phase respective institutions will be invited to participate in the joint development of a REDD monitoring system and to share expertise and data based on the general approach outlined in 9c.

e) Other?:

In the framework of a national REDD project, other Payments for Environmental Services will be piloted. The project will closely collaborate with the current WB project exploring water environmental services in a pilot area. Experiences from the Costa Rica Payments for Environmental Services Program (PESP) will be reviewed and opportunities to develop a respective Fund to reward land owners for providing respective services will be explored.

12. Please state donors and other international partners that are already cooperating with you on the preparation of relevant analytical work on REDD. Do you anticipate these or other donors wil l cooperate with you on REDD strategies and FCPF, and if so, then how?:

Current cooperation: United States Agency for lnternational Development (USAID), Japanese lnternational Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Finland) supported the R-PIN development process.

Future cooperation: All major development partners supporting the forest sector are indirectly or directly contributing to REDD implementation.

13. Potential Nest Steps and Schedule: Have you identified your priority first steps to move toward Readiness for REDD activities? Do you have an estimated timeframe for them yet, o r not?

Present proposal to FCPF, secure partnership arrangements with FCPF, start REDD activities including consultation. As Kenya awaits the result of the FCPF R-PIN submission and REDD enabling environment will be established in Kenye involving NGOs, private sector and development partners.

. . .

FCPF R-PIN Template . List any Attachments included ptional: 15 pages maximum.) ' List of acronyms I References quoted

Map of Kenya's forests

1 IUCN critically endangered species in Kenya

FCPF R-PIN Template List of acronyms

ASAL CCD CBD CBO CDM CEPF CFA CITES CSO DDC

DRSRS EAC

ERS ESDA EMCA ELCl FA FAN FA0 FCC FCPF FD FLEG FNPP FG FlPU FIS I k c

i NMK NP

Arid and Semi Arid Lands Convention to Combat Desertification Convention on Biodiversity Community Based Organizations Clean Development Mechanism Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Community Forestry Association Convention on lnternational Trade on Endangered Species Civil Society Organizations District Development Committee District Executive Committee Department for Resource Survey and Remote Sensing East African Community East African Wildlife Society Environmental Impact Assessments Economic Recovery Strategy Energy for Sustainable Development Africa Environment Management and Coordination Act (1 999) Environmental Liaison Center lnternational Forestry Associations Forest Action Network Food and Agriculture Organization Forest Conservancy Committees Forest Carbon Partnerships Facility Forest Department Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FA0 Netherlands Partnership Program Forest Guard Forest Inspection and Protection Unit Forest Information Systems Forest Reserve Forest Management and Conservation The Green Belt Movement World Agroforestry Center Integrated Natural Resource Assessment Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lnternational Union of Conservation of Nature lnternational Tropical Timber Association Japanese lnternational Cooperation Agency Kenya Association of Forest Users Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kenya Forest Research Institute Kenya Electricity Generating Company Kenya Forest Service Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Forest Working Group Multilateral Environmental Agreement Monitoring and Evaluation Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Ministry of Planning and Natural Development National Rainbow Coalition National Climate Change Activities Coordinating Committee National Environment Management Authority New Partnership for Africa Development Non-Governmental Organizations National Museum of Kenya National Park

7 NRM

I NTFP PEI PESP

1 PFM REDD

FCPF R-PIN Template Natural Resource Management Non- Timber Forest Products Poverty and Environment Initiative Payments for Environmental Services Programme Participatory Forest Management Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation

! SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAlD United States Agency for International Development

References quoted:

Adriaensen, F., M. Githiru, J. Mwang'ombe, E. Matthysen, L. Lens. 2006. Restoration and increase of connectivity among fragmented forest patches in the Taita Hills, South-east Kenya.

1 FAO. 2006. Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)

I Glenday J. 2006. Carbon storage and emissions offset potential in an East African tropical rainforest. Forest Ecology and Management 235,72-83

1 KFS. 2007. Forest law enforcement and governance in Kenya.

Lambrechts, C., B. Woodley, C. Church, Gachanja, M, etal. 2003. Aerial Survey of the Destruction of the Aberdare Range Forests. Division of Early Warning, UNEP. 36. p.

.; Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 1994. Kenya Forestry Master Plan Development Programmes Nairobi.

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 1994. Kenya Forestry Master Plan Executive Summary. Nairobi

! Njuguna, P., Holding C., and Munyasya C., 2000. On farm woody biomass surveys (1993 and 1998): a case study from Nakuru and Nyandarua Districts in Kenya. In Temu A.B. (eds) Off-forest tree resources of Africa. A proceedings of a workshop held at Arusha, Tanzania, 1999. African_ Academy of Sciences.

J Vermeulen, S. & Walubengo, D. 2006. Developing partnerships for sustainable management of forests in Kenya Review 1 of existing models and set of options for further support. IlED report

\ Wass, P. 1995 Kenya's Indigenous Forests. Status. Management and Conservation IUCN Forest Conservation : Programme / ODA. IUCN Gland, Switzerland.

I WB. 2007. Natural Resource Management Project. Project Appraisal Document. 177 p.

Kenya's

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FCPF R-PIN Template forests

H COAST MANGROVES

ARABUKO SOKOK

60 0 60 120 Kilometers -

FCPF R-PIN Template

Annex 2. Critically endangered species in Kenya

/search Results (standard search I expert senrct~) ! Sort by: Scientific Name sod 1 Viewing page 1, results 1 to 16 of 16 (Export) . .., . .. ..., ... ........ ......... ... .............. - . . -. . . . " ... .. . . . ..... ...... ..... ..... ... ..

I Result page: << 1 >>

# [Scientific Name] Common Name@) Red List Trend

1 Apalis fusciqularis TAITA APALIS (Eng) CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(ii) ver 3:l (2001 1

I + 2 A~throleptides dutoiti DU TOIT'S TORRENT FROG (Eng) CR BZab(iii) ver 3.1 (2001 1 +

I 3 Beatraqus hunteri HIROLA (Eng) HUNTER'S ANTELOPE (Eng)

CR A2cd ver 3.1 (2001 )

B 4 Boulengerula niedeni CR B'lab(iii) ver 3 . l (2001)

5 Cephalophus adersi ADERS' DUIKER (Eng) CR A4acd ver 3.1 (2001) + G Combreturn tenuipetiolaturn CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (19942

7 D~ceros bicomis BLACK RHINOCEROS (Eng) CR A2abc ver 3.1 (2001 ) HOOK-LIPPED RHINOCEROS (Eng) RHINOCEROS GOIR (Fre) RINOCERONTE NEGRO (Spa)

I 8 Eretmochelvs imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE (Eng) CR A1 bd ver 2.3 ('1994) CARET (Fre) (needs updating) TORTUE CARET (Fre)

I TORTUE lMBRlQUEE (Fre) TORTUE A BEC FAUCON (Fre) TORTUE A ECAILLES (Fre) TORTUGA CAREY (Spa)

I 9 Euphorbia tanaensis CR B1+2c, D ver 2.3 ( 1 9941

10 FICUS faulkneriana CR C2a, D ver 2.3 (19W)

I 'I I Holmskioldia aiqas CR B1+2abcde, D ver 2.3 ('19941

.I2 Platvcvpha amboniensis MONTANE DANCING-JEWEL (Eng) CR Blab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1 (2001) ?

13 Procolobus rufomltratus EASTERN RED COLOBUS (Eng) CR B I+2abcde, C2a ver 2.3 (19941 3

I TANA RIVER RED COLOBUS (Eng)

14 Sor~ndera calantha CR B I+2d ver 2 3 11 9941

15 Turdus hellerl TAlTA THRUSH (Eng) CR BZab(l,l~,~ii,lv,v) ver 3 1 (2001 ) $. 16 Zlncl~s radlolata CR Blab(i,~~i) ver 3 1 (200 I ) 3

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Citation: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.orq>. Downloaded on 11 May 2008.