TEXTUAL SUPPORT FOR A 6400 BCTEXTUAL SUPPORT FOR A 6400 BCTEXTUAL SUPPORT FOR A 6400 BCMICHAEL A CAHILLMICHAEL A. CAHILLSchool of Biomedical Sciences Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 WaggSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagg

@mcahill@csu.edu.au. @

ABSTRACT I E h 77 1 M thABSTRACT In Enoch 77:1 Methuh h bThe hypothesis that a catastrophic flood inundated the Black Sea basin Thomas. Both can be sThe hypothesis that a catastrophic flood inundated the Black Sea basin

approximately 6 400 BC has been controversial but remains consistent with meaning for Aryan isapproximately 6,400 BC has been controversial, but remains consistent withll b i A i l i id f h P I d

g y‘member of one’s ownall observations. Apparent spatio-temporal coincidence of the Proto-Indo- member of one s ownand Adams 1997 pEuropean (PIE) language and Neolithic technology near the 6,400 BC and Adams, 1997, p.

hi i th i )p ( ) g g gy ,Bosporus region suggest that Neolithic PIE-speakers could have been among

worshipping ethnic) grBosporus region suggest that Neolithic PIE-speakers could have been among

l ff t d b t ti fl d Fl d t i l d Th B k fThomas could have b

peoples affected by a putative flood. Flood accounts include The Book of *tómhxes- meant ‘darkEnoch (Enoch), Genesis, Gilgamesh, Indo-Iranian, Greek and Celtic x

Mount Armon (Laure( ), , g , ,mythology and the Plato Atlantis accounts Considering comparative Indo-

Mount Armon (Laurerule of heaven that twomythology, and the Plato Atlantis accounts. Considering comparative Indo

European mythology and linguistics I argue that various flood accounts ofrule of heaven that two

f M t A ’ (EEuropean mythology and linguistics, I argue that various flood accounts ofhi i l i i b d i i l li hi

of Mount Armon’ (Enhistorical antiquity may represent extant but corrupted vestigial Neolithic The eri/ery- phoneme owritten records, supporting both Renfrew’s ‘Anatolian origin’ of PIE and the could be related to Lwritten records, supporting both Renfrew s Anatolian origin of PIE and the6 400 BC Black Sea flood hypothesis The closest linguistic relationships of Erythræan ‘Aryan land6,400 BC Black Sea flood hypothesis. The closest linguistic relationships ofth PIE l ith U li d S iti l ti

Erythræan Aryan landPIE root *men /*munthe PIE language are with Uralic and Semitic language groups, suggesting PIE root *men-/*munSi il l th l tithat it was the fusion of these two ethnic groups that formed the three-tiered Similarly the locationg p

structure of PIE society as reconstructed by comparative Indo-European oath of defection fromstructure of PIE society as reconstructed by comparative Indo-Europeanth l h i tl (F1) d U li i (F2) f ti ld been related to westernmythology, where priestly (F1) and Uralic warrior (F2) functions would i e Ardis ‘Aryan sepahave dominated an agricultural/fertility (F3) Semitic function. Supportingly, i.e. Ardis Aryan sepa

strong case that the org y ( ) pp g yobscure names and places in Semitic flood accounts provide semantic sense

strong case that the orA PIE kobscure names and places in Semitic flood accounts provide semantic sense

when translated using Indo European phonetic roots There are also textualAryan PIE speakers

when translated using Indo-European phonetic roots. There are also textualf h Bl k S i b h h G l h d E h fl d

connected with world oreferences to the Black Sea in both the Gilgamesh and Enoch flood accounts.The veracity of Plato’s Atlantis account is strengthened by geographic 3. TEXTUALEVIDe ve c y o o s s ccou s s e g e ed by geog p creference to the Black Sea and by a hitherto unrecognised reference by an 3 1 The myth of Phareference to the Black Sea and by a hitherto unrecognised reference by anE ti i t t th C L i th M th f Ph t Th

3.1 The myth of PhaEgyptian priest to the Cygnus Loop supernova in the Myth of Phaeton. The Plato’s Critias and TimEnoch and Plato descriptions are compatible on several counts, putatively to the Egyptian Templep p , p yidentifying Atlantis as an astronomical observatory complex on the pre-

to the Egyptian Temple1991) An Egyptian pidentifying Atlantis as an astronomical observatory complex on the pre

6 400 BC Bosporus sill at the site of modern Istanbul All these otherwise1991). An Egyptian pb th h d ‘6,400 BC Bosporus sill at the site of modern Istanbul. All these otherwise because they had ‘no

unlikely concordances strongly suggest that these sources represent ancient nor any science whichrecords transmitted from the flood era. If historical veracity can be attributed

ythe myth of Phaëthonrecords transmitted from the flood era. If historical veracity can be attributed

to those sources then we must seriously consider that the proposed commont e yt o aët obodies moving in theto those sources, then we must seriously consider that the proposed common

l f h I d E d S i i di i i dbodies moving in theupon the earth” (Platoelements of the Indo-European and Semitic traditions represent ancient and upon the earth (PlatoC Acorrupted historical accounts of an early high civilisation. This work Cygnus. A supernova wp y g

challenges conventional thought regarding both human cultural development and to noticeably affecchallenges conventional thought regarding both human cultural developmentd th f t l li bilit f i t t

yConsider the probabiland the factual reliability of ancient accounts. Consider the probabil

1) close enough to be1 INTRODUCTION

1) close enough to be2 000 light years) and1. INTRODUCTION 2,000 light years), and

hi f h lA putative 6400 BC date for the flooding of the Black Sea is plausible but remains archives of the templeA putative 6400 BC date for the flooding of the Black Sea is plausible but remainshighly controversial (Ryan 2007) In view of the implications for our 8,000 BC). The Milkyhighly controversial (Ryan, 2007). In view of the implications for our

d t di f i t hi t it ld b d t t i fi ti

) yradial disc surroundedunderstanding of ancient history it would be advantageous to acquire confirmation radial disc surrounded0 3% (-0 6%) of the esby independent means. Flood accounts are a feature of several cultures, including 0.3% (-0.6%) of the eslight years of the EarthThe Book of Enoch (Enoch) (Laurence, 1833/2000), and Plato’s Atlantis account light years of the Earthf h h l Milk W

f ( ) ( , ),from Egypt (Plato Critias Timaeus) Hierarchical linguistic cluster analysis for the whole Milky Wfrom Egypt (Plato, Critias, Timaeus). Hierarchical linguistic cluster analysissupports Renfrew’s ‘Anatolian origin’ of PIE suggesting a date of c 6 700 BC for (or perhaps 2) supernosupports Renfrew s Anatolian origin of PIE, suggesting a date of c. 6,700 BC forth PIE ki i t i t th ti f th A t li Hittit li

( p p ) pour 7,000 year windowthe PIE-speaking society prior to the separation of the Anatolian Hittite lineage our 7,000 year windownight sky A simplifyi(Atkinson et al., 2005; Gray and Atkinson, 2003). This timing would be consistent night sky. A simplifyiabo t 7% ( 14%) of sta

( y ) gwith involvement of the putative Black Sea flood in an early Anatolian PIE about 7% (-14%) of sta

( 14%) h lw vo ve e o e pu ve c Se ood e y oseverance event followed by a later staging of a major Indo-European radiation (-14%) that a close reseverance event, followed by a later staging of a major Indo-European radiationfrom the steppe north of the Black Sea (Piazza and Cavalli Sforza 2006) If both remnant supernova isfrom the steppe north of the Black Sea (Piazza and Cavalli-Sforza, 2006). If bothh E h d A l i d ib h i h h i

pago. It appears quite lathe Enoch and Atlantis accounts describe these events we might expect otherwise ago. It appears quite la1 760 light years distanimprobable congruencies between them, such as PIE traces or joint geographical 1,760 light years distan14%) f th i t

p g j g g preference to the Black Sea. I examined these accounts to look for such 14%) from the priest

i ‘A l ireference to the Black Sea. I examined these accounts to look for suchcongruencies accompanying ‘Atlanticongruencies.

3 2 The Atlantis acc2 TEXTUALEVIDENCE FROM ENOCH

3.2 The Atlantis acc2. TEXTUALEVIDENCE FROM ENOCH The description of the2.1 Enoch describes the Black Sea

pcircular complex Con

Geographical reference to a Black Sea location is provided by Enoch 76:6 7circular complex. Conmound palisaded ringGeographical reference to a Black Sea location is provided by Enoch 76:6-7,

hi h d ib i fl i i bi imound palisaded ring

i id ith th twhich describes seven great rivers flowing into two great seas, a combination coincide with the putawhich seems to unambiguously relate to the Black and Caspian Seas (Fig 1). Even attempt at reconstructig y p ( g )the Caspian lowland desert is apparently mentioned, while the Black Sea would be independent descriptiothe Caspian lowland desert is apparently mentioned, while the Black Sea would bereferred to as the Erythræan Sea Four of these rivers originated in the ‘cavity of

p p2) reports ‘mountains’referred to as the Erythræan Sea. Four of these rivers originated in the cavity of

the north’ according to E h which should probably be translated as ‘emptiness2) reports mountainswas their surface” (Enthe north’ according to Enoch, which should probably be translated as ‘emptiness

f h h/ ’ f h h i h id ifi i f h Bl k dwas their surface (Enfi th h idof the north/steppe’, further strengthening the identification of the Black and fires; three on each sid

Caspian Seas. perhaps resembled primp

2 2 E h d ib b lp p pplaced one upon the o2.2 Enoch describes an observatory complex placed one upon the ocould provide seven po

One of the subject matters in Enoch seemingly concerns the operation of acould provide seven po

Following Richter (2One of the subject matters in Enoch seemingly concerns the operation of aStonehenge like astronomical observatory in the section entitled The Book of

Following Richter (2G k d d ibStonehenge-like astronomical observatory in the section entitled The Book of

L i i S h t i l i b bl h t i ti f N lithiGreek stades describ

Luminaries. Such astronomical sciences were probably characteristic of Neolithic constructed a man mapeoples. distance of the pre-floo2 3 A B l ti f th b t

distance of the pre floopoint could indeed hav2.3 A Bosporus location for the observatory point could indeed hav

In high summer the day was sixteen hours long at the putative observatory (Enoch 4 CONCLUSIONSIn high summer the day was sixteen hours long at the putative observatory (Enoch71:17-20) which places the location between perhaps 45 degrees north latitude

4. CONCLUSIONS71:17-20), which places the location between perhaps 45 degrees north latitude(e g the Bosporus) and 49 degrees (e g the Danube delta) (Laurence 1833/2000) These considerations m(e.g. the Bosporus), and 49 degrees (e.g. the Danube delta) (Laurence, 1833/2000).E h 75 d ib f h l di i f h i d V 9 f pre-flood Bosporus teEnoch 75 describes gates for the twelve directions for the wind. Verse 9 refers to pre flood Bosporus te

Enoch’s observatory sothe northern-most gates as ‘north, which is called the sea’, consistent with an Enoch s observatory soAtlantis implying thatg , ,

observatory location at the Bosporus (Fig 2). Atlantis, implying thatbl k d b iobservatory location at the Bosporus (Fig 2). was blocked by an im

2.4 Possible PIE influences on Enoch (Plato, Critias), i.e. thefSeveral words and contexts throughout Enoch would be consistent with a PIE

( , ),was blocked by silt. ThSeveral words and contexts throughout Enoch would be consistent with a PIE

i fl it i i F i t th PIE l h d t t fwas blocked by silt. Th

Indeed there is no othinfluence on its origins. For instance, the PIE language had two systems of Indeed there is no othdisc ssed abo e at a lodescribing the cardinal directions. One of these was based upon the observer discussed above at a loi di l h f ‘facing the sunrise, with east being ‘the front’, south being ‘right’, etc. (Mallory immediately south of ‘g , g , g g , ( y

and Adams 1997 p 159) To describe the wind directions referred to above four others from theand Adams, 1997, p. 159). To describe the wind directions referred to above,Enoch 75:2 uses this PIE directional terminology to describe the twelve gates of discussed above. TheEnoch 75:2 uses this PIE directional terminology to describe the twelve gates ofth i d d i th i t t ith id bl ti it f th t t “Th

discussed above. Thereasonable and demathe winds, and is thus consistent with a considerable antiquity for the text. “Three reasonable and dema

of them are open in the front of heaven [i.e. east, where the sun rises], three in thedwest, three on the right side of heaven [i.e. south], and three on the left [i.e. Read not to contr, g [ ], [

north] ” Using this system of directions the weather pattern described by Enoch weigh and considnorth]. Using this system of directions the weather pattern described by Enoch75:4 11 is also consistent with a Bosporus location (Fig 2)

g75:4-11 is also consistent with a Bosporus location (Fig 2).

ATLANTIS 2011 Conference (25 26 June 2011 Santorini GreeceATLANTIS 2011 Conference (25-26 June 2011, Santorini, Greece

C BLACK SEA FLOODC BLACK SEA FLOODC BLACK SEA FLOODDnieper Don UralVolga

ga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia Bugga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.D i

Bug

Dniester

Dan beDanubeOther

l h i i f d th t th f th A d h S

OtherGreat Sea

uselah is informed that the names of the sun are Aryares andi ll i d i h i l

Erythræan SeaSt

withdesert

semantically interpreted using PIE roots. The conventional PIE Steppe

Caspian lowland desert

Figure 1: Seven great rivers and two great seas from Enoch 76:6 7 Into the ‘Erythræanthought to have defined an ethnic group: *h4erós~ *h4erios

Caspian lowland desert

Figure 1: Seven great rivers and two great seas from Enoch 76:6-7. Into the ErythræanSea’ flow one river from the west (Danube), two from the north (Dniester, Bug), and two f h ‘ i f h h’ (D i D ) T (V l U l) fl f h ‘ i

g g p 4 4n (ethnic) group, peer, freeman; (Indo-Iranian) Aryan’ (Mallory from the ‘cavity of the north’ (Dnieper, Don). Two more (Volga, Ural) flow from the ‘cavity

of the north’ (i.e. emptiness/steppe) ‘into a great [Caspian] sea, where it is said there is a

n (ethnic) group, peer, freeman; (Indo Iranian) Aryan (Mallory213) However a meaning of ‘member of one’s own (sun desert’ (i.e., the Caspian lowland desert). Modern distributions of steppe and Caspian

lowland desert landscapes are indicated. The graphic is reproduced from Figure 8.4 of 213). However a meaning of member of one s own (sun-

’ ld fit ll If A th l i th o a d dese a dscapes a e d ca ed e g ap c s ep oduced o gu e 8 oParadise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the kind permission of Interactive Press.roup’ would fit equally. If Aryares was the glaring sun, then

North been the darker sun of dawn/sunset or of eclipse, since PIE'the sea'’ (Mallory and Adams, 1997, p. 147).

N2 N1.

( y , , p )ence 1833/2000) was named after an oath to defect from the N3. 

Mist, frost, 

N2. Rain, dew, life, 

N1. Dew, rain, blight & destruction

ence, 1833/2000), was named after an oath to defect from theo hundred Watchers swore among themselves ‘at Ardis on top , ,

snow, rain, dew, & blightW1

health & destructiono hundred Watchers swore among themselves at Ardis on toph 7 6 7) ft h i d d d f h (E h 63) & blightW1. 

Dew, rain, frost, E3

noch 7:6-7) after having descended from heaven (Enoch 63).cold, snow & chill E3. 

Cold & droughtof Erythræan Sea could be related to PIE *h4erós, and -thræanLatin terra and the Indo-European -tan ‘land’ suffix (i.e.,

E2. 'Equity'Rain fruitfulness

W2. Rain

p ( ,d/country’) Armon could be ‘Aryan mountain’ based upon the Rain, fruitfulness, 

health, & dewRain, health & 

d/country ). Armon could be Aryan mountain based upon then /*mon ‘mountain’ (Mallory and Adams 1997 p 270)

E1 D t ti

blessingn-/*mon- mountain (Mallory and Adams, 1997, p. 270).f A di t f t A hi h d ft th E1. Destruction, 

drought, heat, & W3.D ht

of Ardis on top of mount Armon, which was named after theperditionDrought, 

destruction, m heavenly rule sworn by the Watchers in Enoch 7:7, may havescorching & perdition n PIE *dis- ‘apart, asunder’ (Mallory and Adams, 1997, p. 25); pe d op , ( y , , p );

aration’ These and other textually-based arguments provide aS1. Hot wind

S2. Grateful odour dew

S3. Dew rain blight &

aration . These and other textually based arguments provide arigin of the flood account of Enoch was both influenced by Hot windGrateful odour, dew, 

rain, health & lifeDew, rain, blight & destruction

rigin of the flood account of Enoch was both influenced byd i i ll d th Bl k S hi h h band originally concerned the Black Sea, which has been

Figure 2: The weather associated with winds from the direction of each of the twelve ‘gates’ of the putative observatory from Enoch 75. E = east, S = south, N = north, W = oceans since Neolithic times (Ryan et al., 2003; Ryan, 2007). g p ywest. The inset shows the modern Bosporus: compare with Enoch 75:9 “north, which is called the sea” corresponding to the central gate N2. The cross marks the approximatecalled the sea corresponding to the central gate N2. The cross marks the approximate presumed position of the observatory complex at the lowest point of the pre-flood Bosporus saddle watershed now occupied by the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul TheDENCE FROM PLATO Bosporus saddle watershed, now occupied by the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul. The graphic is reproduced from Figure 8.2 of Paradise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the ki d i i f I t ti Paëthon and the Cygnus Loop Supernova kind permission of Interactive Press.

5 ' t di ' 260

aëthon and the Cygnus Loop Supernova5 'stadia' = 260 mRoad with towers, bridges & gatesNmaeus describe the visit of the historical Greek figure of Solon

Stone wall with ‘bronze’ plating (1 ‘stadia’ = 1 khet = 52.4 m)

Ti ll 12 i d

ge of Neith at Sais around 590 BC (de Camp 1970; Pellegrino Tin wall

S l ti

12 wind gates

O i h l ll

e of Neith at Sais around 590 BC (de Camp, 1970; Pellegrino,riest told Solon that the Greeks were ‘like children’ in mind Summer solsticeOrichalcum wall

East Stone:

riest told Solon that the Greeks were like children in mindld i i h d d d [th ] b i t t diti Gold wall

East Stone:Variegated

tiold opinion handed down among [them] by ancient tradition,

Horse track

antimony & margariteh is hoary with age’ (Plato, Critias). The priest then referred to Horse track

EquinoxesTemple of Poseidon

y g ( ) pn, revealing that it actually referred to “a declination of the

Central Stone:alabaster

Temple of Poseidon

Sacred grove

, evea g t at t actua y e e ed to a dec at o o t eheavens around the earth and a great conflagration of things

WaterSouth Stone:

gheavens around the earth, and a great conflagration of thingsCritias) The story specifically concerns the constellation of

Underground tunnels

South Stone: Red, Critias). The story specifically concerns the constellation of

ld b h l h b fi i hi d i i2.6 km channel to the

g

Winter solsticewould be the natural phenomenon best fitting this description,

Sea of Marmara inletWinter solstice

Fi 3 S h i d i f Pl ’ A l i i i i lt the earth it would have to have been relatively nearby.

Figure 3: Schematic attempted reconstruction of Plato’s Atlantis assuming it is also Enoch’s observatory. Dimensions of the plan are those given by Plato, adapted for the

y ylity that there was a supernova in Cygnus that would have been

52.4 m Egyptian Khet instead of the 185 m Greek Stades for the unit of length as proposed by Richter (2007). Labels on the left hand side represent features of Atlantis

lity that there was a supernova in Cygnus that would have beennoticeably but not catastrophically uncomfortable (say within p oposed by c e ( 00 ) abe s o e e a d s de ep ese ea u es o a s

described by Plato, while those on the right depict the ‘mountains’ (triangles) and ‘wind gates’ described by Enoch Colours of the stones are from Enoch 18:9-10 “Where burnt

noticeably but not catastrophically uncomfortable (say withind 2) recent enough to have potentially been recorded in the gates described by Enoch. Colours of the stones are from Enoch 18:9-10. Where burnt,

both by day and by night, six mountains formed of glorious stones; three towards the east and three towards the south Those which were towards the east were of a

d 2) recent enough to have potentially been recorded in theff f E i S i ( i b 1 000 BC east and three towards the south. Those which were towards the east were of a

variegated stone; one of which was of margarite, and another of antimony. Those d h h f d Th iddl h d h d

e staff of Egyptian Sais (say occurring between 1,000 BC –towards the south were of a red stone. The middle one reached to heaven … composed of Alabaster, the top of which was of sapphire.” The ‘mountains’ could just as well have Way galaxy is modelled as a central spherical core with a flatbeen located outside of the outer water ring, in which case traces of the stones would still be expected to be detectable. See also Figure 4. The graphic is reproduced from

y g y pby a diffuse halo of stars (Bahcall and Soneira, 1980). About s be e pec ed o be de ec ab e See a so gu e e g ap c s ep oduced o

Figure 8.17 of Paradise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the kind permission of Interactive Press

by a diffuse halo of stars (Bahcall and Soneira, 1980). Aboutstimated 1011 stars in the galaxy are thought to lie within 2 000

4.1 Interactive Press.stimated 10 stars in the galaxy are thought to lie within 2,000

h The expected rate of supernova occurrence is about 0 05 p ah. The expected rate of supernova occurrence is about 0.05 p.a.W (C ll l 1999) I f ll h b 1

South NorthWay (Cappellaro et al., 1999). It follows that we expect about 1

South North

Sea levelovae to have occurred within 2,000 light years of the earth in

Sea level, g y

w. The constellation of Cygnus lies across the Milky Way in the50 ‘Stadia’ = 50 khet = 2.6 km artificial trench to navigable water

w. The constellation of Cygnus lies across the Milky Way in theing assumption which adequately serves our purposes is that Sea of Marmara

(marine)New Euxine Lake

(freshwater Black Sea)Bosporus

Observatory4.2 ing assumption which adequately serves our purposes is that

ars sho ld be in C gn s leading to a probabilit of aro nd 7% ( ) ( )yars should be in Cygnus, leading to a probability of around 7%ld i C Th C Lecent supernova would occur in Cygnus. The Cygnus Loop

>100mc. 50 km

Bosporusthe remains of a star that exploded probably 5-10,000 years pSill

p p y , yarge in our sky because of its proximity (Blair, 2001), and isarge in our sky because of its proximity (Blair, 2001), and isnt (Blair et al 2005) Plato likely knew of this star shard (p<7

New Euxine Lake4.3nt (Blair et al., 2005). Plato likely knew of this star-shard (p<7-t f S i ti t l b l t i th dibilit f th (fresh)

Bosporus River4.3 t of Sais, proportionately bolstering the credibility of the

i ’ Sakarya RiverObservatory

is account’.Observatory

count is compatible with Enoch’s observatorySea of Marmara

count is compatible with Enoch s observatorySea of Marmara

(marine)e settlement of Atlantis provided by Plato’s Timaeus is of aAegean Sea

p yncentric circular settlements were characteristic of earthen- g

(marine)ncentric circular settlements were characteristic of eartheng forts of the Early Neolithic (Andreou et al 2001) and

Figure 4: Schematic postulated plan of the pre 6 400 BC observatory of The Book of

g forts of the Early Neolithic (Andreou et al., 2001), andti B b t d ib d b E h A ti Figure 4: Schematic postulated plan of the pre 6,400 BC observatory of The Book of

Enoch, incorporating details from Plato. (4.1) Proposed location of the Atlantis complex f Fi 3 Th d l f Fi 3 i h h ti ll b d Th

ative Bosporus observatory described by Enoch. A cautiousfrom Figure 3. The ground plan from Figure 3 is shown schematically above ground. The large 6.6 km diameter outer perimeter wall extending to the sea is also indicated, as is ion of the complex can assume that Plato and Enoch providethe position of sea level to the north and south of the observatory. The man-made passages through bedrock described by Plato to allow water passage between the ns of the same pre-flood location (Fig 3). Enoch (18:10, 24:1- p g g y p gtrench rings potentially breached the height of the Bosporus Sill. (4.2) Schematic depiction of the proposed geography of the complex from a (4 3) The reconstructed

p ( g ) ( ,’ which were “brilliant and splendid to behold; and beautiful depiction of the proposed geography of the complex from a. (4.3) The reconstructed

6,400 BC pre-flood Bosporus with the region corresponding to 4.2 diagonally boxed. The proposed approximate location of the observatory is enlarged in the upper left inset as

which were brilliant and splendid to behold; and beautifulnoch 24:2) Six of the mountains were crowned with eternal proposed approximate location of the observatory is enlarged in the upper left inset as

indicated. Images reproduced from Figures 8.3 (4.2-3) and 8.10 (4.1) of Paradise R di d (C hill 2012) ith th ki d i i f I t ti P Th k t

noch 24:2) Six of the mountains were crowned with eternald f t l hit t i (Fi 3) Th ‘ t i ’ Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the kind permission of Interactive Press. Thanks to

William F. Haxby (Columbia University, with kind permission) for graphics for 4.3.de of a central white mountain (Fig 3). These seven ‘mountains’mitive stepped pyramids or ziggurats (‘strengthened by being

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

pp py gg ( g y gother’) with (ceremonial?) eternal fires at the summit, which ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Th k t Mi h l St (P j t S k t th Sl Di it l Sk S d

other ) with (ceremonial?) eternal fires at the summit, whichoints to define the six solar gates of Enoch’s observatory Thanks to Michael Strauss (Project Spokesperson at the Sloane Digital Sky Survey and 

Professor of Astrophysics at Princeton University), William Blair (Professor of Astrophysics ) (

oints to define the six solar gates of Enoch s observatory.2007) that the (52 4 m) Egyptian khet represents the (260 m) at Johns Hopkins University), Barbara Jane Margaret Hassall (Course Leader in ‘Astronomy 

by Distance Learning’ from The University of Central Lancashire), and Bernd Pfeiffer 2007) that the (52.4 m) Egyptian khet represents the (260 m)b d i A l i ( Fi 3 4) h A l dl (German Astronomical Society) for answering correspondence that assisted in 

astronomical calculations. The author bears all responsibility for the interpretation of bed in Atlantis (see Figs 3-4), the Atlanteans reportedly

p y ptheir advice and for any errors. Thanks also to William F. Haxby (Columbia University) for supplying graphics used to compose Figure 4.3, and to William Ryan for providing accessade channel of c. 2.6 km from the outer wall to the sea. The supplying graphics used to compose Figure 4.3, and to William Ryan for providing access to research results. This work was supported by a Centre for Inland Health Research Fellowship (A102‐904) and by the Grant‐writing Assistance Scheme (A105‐900‐639‐od inlet from the Sea of Marmara to the Bosporus saddle low Fellowship (A102‐904) and by the Grant‐writing Assistance Scheme (A105‐900‐639‐40003) from Charles Sturt University, both to the author.

od inlet from the Sea of Marmara to the Bosporus saddle lowve been c 2 6 km (Fig 4)

REFERENCESve been c. 2.6 km (Fig 4).

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Glass House Books. ISBN: 9781921869495; http://ipoz.biz/Titles/PR.htm). mpenetrable shoal of mud according to Plato’s Egyptian priestCappellaro, E., Evans, R., and Turatto, M. (1999). A new determination of supernova rates and a comparison with indicators for galactic star formation. Astron Astrophys 351, 459‐e newly formed post-flood Bosporus Strait at exactly sea level p g p y ,466.

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William Clowes & Sons, London) (Kempton, IL, Adventures Unlimited Press).M ll J P d Ad D Q d (1997) E l di f I d E C lt

ocation that could have flooded and subsequently silted closed‘ h ’ i hi h fl d ‘ i ’ f h d Mallory, J.P., and Adams, D.Q., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo‐European Culture 

(Chicago, Routledge/Fitzroy Dearborn).‘the sea’ into which flowed one ‘great river’ from the west andPellegrino, C. (1991). Unearthing Atlantis (New York, Avon Books).Piazza, A., and Cavalli‐Sforza, L. (2006). Diffusion of Genes and Languages in Human ‘cavity/emptiness’ of the steppe landscape to its north as g gEvolution. In The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language, A. Cangelosi, A.D.M. Smith, and K. Smith, eds. 

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anding. In the words of Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626):Richter, U. (2007). Plato s Atlantis was in a River Delta. In The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land (Atlantis 2005), S.P. Papamarinopoulos, ed. (Milos Island, G H li t P bli ti ) 451 466d d f b l d k f d b Greece, Heliotopos Publications ), pp. 451‐466..

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radict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, but to the Black Sea. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 31, 525–554.

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dwww csu edu aue) www.csu.edu.aue)