Textiles Revision Book

By Hannah Balding

ContentsPage 1: Seam TypesPage 2: Suitability of Fabrics For Specific ProductsPage 3: Decorative TechniquesPage 4: Designing a Product for a ClientPage 5: The Production of Textile MaterialPage 6: Choosing the Correct EquipmentPage 7: Production MethodsPage 8: The Properties of FibresPage 9: The Origins of FibresPage 10: Moral, Social, Economic And Cultural Issues Relating To TextilesPage 11: Good Quality Control Methods Used In The Textile IndustryPage 12: Skilled Construction MethodsPage 13: Quiz

Seam Types

Plain/Flat Seam

French Seam

Flat Felled Seam

Suitability of Fabrics

Though all cotton has a large carbon footprint for its cultivation and production, organic cotton is considered a more sustainable choice for fabric, as it is completely free of destructive toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

Decorative TechniquesAppliqué Molar (Reverse

Applique)

Tie Dye

Batik

Designing a Product for A Client

The clientThe client identifies the need for a product through market research and uses this to provide a design brief for the designer. They set production deadlines and the price of the product. The client is usually a manufacturer or retailer.The designerThe designer works to the design brief and researches market trends, fabrics and processes, taking into account any relevant societal, cultural, moral, environmental or safety issues. They produce a design specification, product costings, and help plan manufacturing.The manufacturerThe manufacturer uses models or prototypes made by the designer, and works out the most efficient way of manufacturing the product. They produce a production plan and a work schedule. During manufacture they aim to keep material and labour costs down, while producing a high-quality, safe product on schedule in a safe environment.The user or consumerThe user or consumer demands a product that meets their requirements: a high-quality, value-for-money and safe product.

The Production of Textile Material

Fabric construction involves the conversion of yarns, and sometimes fibres, into a fabric having characteristics determined by the materials and methods employed. Most fabrics are presently produced by some method of interlacing, such as weaving or knitting. Weaving, currently the major method of fabric production, includes the basic weaves, plain or tabby, twill, and satin, and the fancy weaves, including pile, Jacquard, dobby, and gauze. Knitted fabrics are rapidly increasing in importance and include weft types and the warp types, raschel and tricot. Other interlaced fabrics include net, lace, and braid. Nonwoven fabrics are gaining importance and include materials produced by felting and bonding. Laminating processes are also increasing in importance, and fairly recent developments include needle weaving and the sewing-knitting process.

Choosing the Correct Equipment

• It is important to choose materials that are fit for purpose. Choosing a fabric with the appropriate quality and cost will ensure that a product will suit the target market. When making fabric choices, ask yourself the following questions:

• Fibre content: should you use natural or synthetic fibres?• Fabric construction: should you use woven, knitted or non-woven?• Manufacturing processes: should you use dyeing, printing,

mechanical finishing or chemical finishing?• End use of the fabric: what are you making, eg jeans, sportswear

or a seatbelt?• Maintenance: what are the aftercare requirements of the product?• The fibre content, fabric construction and finishing processes

determine the fabric's aesthetic, functional and comfort properties.

Production MethodsOne-off productionIn one-off production a single product is designed and made to a client's specification. Labour and material costs are high, and a high level of design and manufacturing skills are needed. An example of one-off production would be a made-to-measure wedding dress.Batch productionIn batch production set quantities of a product are manufactured to order. Batch production requires a high level of design, pattern making and sampling skills. Materials are cost-effective and manufacturing costs are lower than one-off production. Garments are designed to fit a range of standard sizes and shapes. The quantity varies from a set of four cushions made by a designer/maker to 20,000 jumpers made for a department store.Mass productionMass production of textiles products in a factory. Mass production is the industrial-scale manufacture of large quantities of products, usually on a production line. Standardised production methods mean it is suitable for products that rarely need to be redesigned. Mass production is used for products that are needed in very large numbers, eg socks or jeans. Often, products are made overseas where labour costs are lower.

The Properties of Fibresspinning: fibres are spun into yarnsweaving or knitting: yarns become fabricsfinishing: fabrics are finished to make them more useful

There are two types of textile fibres:naturalSynthetic

Natural fibresNatural fibres come from plants, animals and minerals. They usually have short fibres, called staple fibres. The exception to this rule is silk, a natural fibre whose continuous filaments are up to one kilometre in length!• Sources of natural fibres• Cotton from the cotton plant.• Linen from the flax plant.• Wool from sheep.• Silk from silkworms.• Synthetic fibresSynthetic fibres are man-made, usually from chemical sources. They are continuous filament fibres, which means the fibres are long and do not always have to be spun into yarn.Sources of synthetic fibresViscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals.Acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.

The Origins of Fibres

The fibres generated first were the natural fibres. In this category cotton, wool, silk and all other animal and plant fibres are included. These fibres were introduced first 4000 years back but their uses were continued till 1940. All these fibres are known as first generation fibres. Very delicate handling is needed for these fibres. Fibres like silks and cottons have not good resistance against moths, wrinkles, wear and washings. So discovery of durable fibres was a greater need and about one century ago first synthesized fibres Rayon/Nylon were produced. These fibres are cheaper in comparison with natural ones. The development of these new fibres opened up fibre application to the various fields like medicine, aeronautics, home furnishing and modern apparels. Fibre engineers produced many new fibres by combining new synthetic fibres with the natural ones.

Moral, Social, Economic And Cultural Issues Relating To Textiles

Most people would prefer the products they want to be low cost and good qualitiy. One way of reducing the manufacturing costs is using computer controlled machines or robots to make the products. A negative effect of this is that fewer people are employed. A positive effect is that computer-controlled systems create jobs for highly-skilled workers to develop, program and maintain these systems. Another way of reducing costs is to make products in countries where labour costs are low. Sometimes the conditions for workers in these countries are far below UK standards. Pollution may also be higher. There is also an environmental cost in transporting goods all over the world.

Good Quality Control Methods Used In The Textile Industry

Modern fibre, textile and apparel industries are complex, high-tech trades invested with numerous competitive challenges. To cope with these, many of the nearly 30,000 textile-related companies in the United States have implemented quality management initiatives to lower costs and improve both products and customer satisfaction. A wide variety of quality methods and many different levels of implementation are used; some companies still rely on centuries-old final-inspection techniques, but other organizations can be counted among the most advanced in any industry.

Skilled Construction Methods

• One-off production• In one-off production a single product is designed and made to a client's

specification. Labour and material costs are high, and a high level of design and manufacturing skills are needed. An example of one-off production would be a made-to-measure wedding dress.

• Batch production• In batch production set quantities of a product are manufactured to order. Batch

production requires a high level of design, pattern making and sampling skills. Materials are cost-effective and manufacturing costs are lower than one-off production. Garments are designed to fit a range of standard sizes and shapes. The quantity varies from a set of four cushions made by a designer/maker to 20,000 jumpers made for a department store.

• Mass production• Mass production of textiles products in a factory• Mass production is the industrial-scale manufacture of large quantities of

products, usually on a production line. Standardised production methods mean it is suitable for products that rarely need to be redesigned. Mass production is used for products that are needed in very large numbers, eg socks or jeans. Often, products are made overseas where labour costs are lower.

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Question 1:

What is appliqué an example of?

A Quality Control Method

A Decorative Technique

A Construction Method

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Question 2:

Cotton has a large…

Surface Area

Volume

Carbon Footprint

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Question 3:

What would most people prefer?

High Cost & Good Quality

Low Cost & High Quality

Low Cost & Low Quality

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