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KINGS COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENTKINGS COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT&&

COMMERCECOMMERCE

TOPIC:TOPIC: FASHION HUBSFASHION HUBS

NAME:NAME: FATIMA MAJEEDFATIMA MAJEED

SUBMITTED TO:SUBMITTED TO: MISS AYESHAMISS AYESHA

CLASS:CLASS: BTFBTF

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TEXTILE

History of TextileThe history of textile is almost as old as that of human civilization and astime moves on the history of textile has further enriched itself. In the 6th and

7th century BC, the oldest recorded indication of using fiber comes with the

invention of flax and wool fabric at the excavation of Swiss lake inhabitants.In India the culture of silk was introduced in 400AD, while spinning of

cotton traces back to 3000BC. In China, the discovery and consequent

development of sericulture and spin silk methods got initiated at 2640 BC

while in Egypt the art of spinning linen and weaving developed in 3400 BC.The discovery of machines and their widespread application in processingnatural fibers was a direct outcome of the industrial revolution of the 18th

and 19th centuries. The discoveries of various synthetic fibers like nylon

created a wider market for textile products and gradually led to the inventionof new and improved sources of natural fiber.

History of clothing and textiles

Ladies making silk, early 12th century painting by Emperor Huizong

of Song (a remake of an 8th century original by artist Zhang Xuan),

illustrates silk fabric manufacture in China.

Clothing and textiles have been enormously important throughout humanhistoryso have their materials, production tools and techniques, cultural

influences, and social significance.

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Textiles, defined as felt or spun fibers made into yarn and subsequentlynetted, looped, knit orwoven to make fabrics, appeared in the Middle East

during the late stone age. From ancient times to the present day, methods of

textile production have continually evolved, and the choices of textilesavailable have influenced how people carried their possessions, clothed

themselves, and decorated their surrounding.

Sources available for the study of the history of clothing and textiles

include material remains discovered via archaeology; representation of

textiles and their manufacture in art; and documents concerning the

manufacture, acquisition, use, and trade of fabrics, tools, and finishedgarments. Scholarship of textile history, especially its earlier stages, is part

ofmaterial culture studies.

Ladies making silk, early 12th century painting by Emperor Huizong ofSong (a remake of an 8th century original by artist Zhang Xuan), illustrates

silk fabric manufacture in China.

Prehistoric development

A Solutrean needle and fishhook.

Interest in prehistoric developments of textile and clothing manufacture has

resulted in a number of scholarly studies since the late 20th century,including Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic

and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, as well as Women's

Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times.These sources have helped to provide a coherent history of these prehistoric

developments. Evidence suggests that human beings may have begun

wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.

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Genetic analysis suggests that the human body louse, which lives inclothing, may have diverged from the head louse some 107,000 years ago,

evidence that humans began wearing clothing at around this time.

Possible sewing needles have been dated to around 40,000 years ago. Theearliest definite examples of needles originate from the Solutrean culture,

which existed in France from 19,000 BC to 15,000 BC. The earliest dyed

flax fibers have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgiaand date back to 36,000 BP.

The earliest evidence of weaving comes from impressions of textiles and

basketry and nets on little pieces of hard clay, dating from 27,000 years agoand found in Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic.

At a slightly later date (25,000 years) the Venus figurines were depicted withclothing. Those from western Europe were adorned with basket hats or caps,belts worn at the waist, and a strap of cloth

Ancient textiles and clothing

The first actual textile, as opposed to skins sewn together,was probably felt. Surviving examples of Nlebinding,

another early textile method, date from 6500 BC. Ourknowledge of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in

the recent past thanks to modern technologicaldevelopments. Our knowledge of cultures varies greatly

with the climatic conditions to which archeologicaldeposits are exposed; the Middle East and the arid fringes

of China have provided many very early samples in goodcondition, but the early development of textiles in the Indian

subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africaand other moist parts of theworld remains unclear. In northern Eurasiapeat bogs can alsopreserve textiles very well.

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Ancient India

The inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization used cotton for clothing as

early as the 5th millennium BC 4th millennium BC.

According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition:

"Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed

the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the

Christian era cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, andtheir use spread to the Mediterranean countries. In the 1st cent. Arab traders

brought fine Muslin and Calico to Italy and Spain. The Moors introduced the

cultivation of cotton into Spain in the 9th cent. Fustians and dimities werewoven there and in the 14th cent. in Venice and Milan, at first with a linen

warp. Little cotton cloth was imported to England before the 15th cent.,although small amounts were obtained chiefly for candlewicks. By the 17thcent. the East India Company was bringing rare fabrics from India. Native

Americans skillfully spun and wove cotton into fine garments and dyed

tapestries. Cotton fabrics found in Peruvian tombs are said to belong to apre-Inca culture. In color and texture the ancient Peruvian and Mexican

textiles resemble those found in Egyptian tombs."

Ancient EgyptMain article: Clothing in the ancient world#Egyptian clothing

Men of the invading peoples generally wore short tunics, with belts, andvisible trousers, hose or leggings.

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QueenNefertari in a sheer, pleated linen garment, Egypt, c. 12981235 BC

Woven silk textile from tombs at Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan province,

China, from the Western Han Dynasty, 2nd century BC

Evidence exists for production of linen cloth in Ancient Egypt in the

Neolithic period, c. 5500 BC. Cultivation of domesticated wild flax,

probably an import from the Levant, is documented as early as c. 6000 BCOtherbast fibers including rush, reed,palm, andpapyrus were used alone or

with linen to make rope and other textiles. Evidence forwool production in

Egypt is scanty at this period.

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Early medieval Europe

Edgar I of England in short tunic, hose, and cloak, 966Main articles: Early medieval European dress, Anglo-Saxon dress, and EnglishMedieval fashion

European dress changed gradually in the years 400 to 1100. People in many

countries dressed differently depending on whether they identified with theold Romanised population, or the new invading populations such as Franks,

Anglo-Saxons, and Visigoths. Men of the invading peoples generally wore

short tunics, with belts, and visible trousers, hose or leggings. TheRomanised populations, and the Church, remained faithful to the longer

tunics of Roman formal costume.

The elite imported silk cloth from the Byzantine, and later Muslim worlds,

and also probably cotton. They also could afford bleached linen and dyedand simply patterned wool woven in Europe itself. But embroidered

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decoration was probably very widespread, though not usually detectable inart. Lower classes wore local or homespun wool, often undyed, trimmed

with bands of decoration, variously embroidery, tablet-woven bands, or

colorful borders woven into the fabric in the loom.[27][28]

High middle ages and the rise offashion

Main articles: 1100-1200 in fashion, 1200-1300 in fashion, and 1300-1400

in fashion

14th century Italian silk damasks

Clothing in 12th and 13th century Europe remained very simple for both

men and women, and quite uniform across the subcontinent. The traditionalcombination of short tunic with hose for working-class men and long tunicwith overgown for women and upper class men remained the norm. Most

clothing, especially outside the wealthier classes, remained little changed

from three or four centuries earlier.

The 13th century saw great progress in the dyeing and working of wool,which was by far the most important material for outer wear. Linen was

increasingly used for clothing that was directly in contact with the skin.Unlike wool, linen could be laundered and bleached in the sun. Cotton,

imported raw from Egypt and elsewhere, was used for padding and quilting,and cloths such asbuckram and fustian.

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Classical antiquityMain articles: Clothing in the ancient world and Clothing in ancient

Rome

Greek chiton (left) and chiton worn under himation

Dress in classical antiquity favored wide, unsewn lengths of fabric, pinnedand draped to the body in various ways.

Ancient Greek clothing consisted of lengths of wool or linen, generally

rectangular and secured at the shoulders with ornamented pins called fibulaeand belted with a sash. Typical garments were thepeplos, a loose robe worn

by women; the chlamys, a cloakworn by men; and the chiton, a tunic worn

by both men and women. Mens chitons hung to the knees, whereaswomens chitons fell to their ankles. A long cloak called a himation was

worn over the peplos or chlamys.

The toga of ancient Rome was also an unsewn length of wool cloth, worn bymale citizens draped around the body in various fashions, over a simple

tunic. Early tunics were two simple rectangles joined at the shoulders and

sides; later tunics had sewn sleeves. Women wore the draped stola or anankle-length tunic, with a shawl-like palla as an outer garment. Wool was

the preferred fabic, although linen, hemp, and small amounts of expensive

imported silk and cotton were also worn.

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Textile Industry HistoryA site devoted to the history of mills, people and companies.Updated - November 8, 2010- Check back periodically

English inventors in the 18th century began to automate textilecottage industry processes including carding,spinning and weaving. James Hargreaves developed the SpinningJenny, a device which replaced eighthand spinners in one operation. Richard Arkwright assembled theseprocesses and started the first factoryon the Derwent River in Cromford, England in 1771.

Following the American Revolution, several founding fathers feltmanufacturing should remain in England.Alexander Hamilton felt otherwise and wanted to establish a modelmill village in Paterson, New Jersey. Hisideas were ahead of their time. The "National Manufactory" went outof business in 1796.Samuel Slaterof Rhode Island visited several mills owned byArkwright and associates, memorized theessential features and returned to the US. In 1792, he opened a yarnspinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode

Island, the first successful automated yarn spinning in the US. In1814, James Cabot Lowell of Boston builta factory in Waltham, up the Charles River from Boston. Later, theBoston Associates built an entire milltown on the Merrimack River, and later named it "Lowell" in memoryof James Cabot Lowell.

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