textile softener

AZMIR LATIF MSc in Textile Engineering

1

REPORT ON

TEXTILE

SOFTENER

MSc in

Textile

Engineering


2

General Introduction:

Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting

and sewing qualities. An effective softener must be readily dispersible in

rinse water and rapidly absorbed so that uniform deposition on the fabric can

occur within a relatively short treatment time and generally, exhaustion

should take place in about 5min for the softener to be effective and

economically usable. It must impart softness, fluffiness and lubricity to the

treated cloth and reduce static build-up, especially in the case of hydrophobic

fibers like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers. These effects

should be obtained without the loss of fabric whiteness or brightness, and

then the treated fabric should retain its ability to absorb in subsequent use for

drying the body (bath towels) or other surfaces.

Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling

and make fabric softer. It is available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular

brand names include Downy (Lenor), Snuggle, Bounce, Comfort and Sta-

Soft.

Most modern washing machines have a dispenser which can add liquid

fabric softener to the load of laundry automatically on the final rinse; in

launderettes one may need to add it manually. Some brands of washing

powder have fabric conditioning built-in which is claimed to save money

when compared to buying ordinary washing powder and fabric softener

separately. Some fabric softeners are also claimed to make ironing easier or

to make clothes dry faster. For best results, un-diluted liquid fabric softener

should not be poured directly onto clothes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_cling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuggle

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounce_(fabric_softener)&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_(fabric_softener)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sta-Soft&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sta-Soft&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launderette

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironing


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Fabric softeners may also come in the form of dryer sheets, which are added

to clothing in the tumble dryer to soften the fabrics and prevent static. Many

alternative uses of dryer sheets have been suggested by users.

Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin

layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are

electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing

buildup of static electricity. Other functions are improvements of iron glide

during ironing, increased resistance to stains, and reduction of wrinkling.

Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged

groups on the surface of the fibers and neutralizing their charge; the long

aliphatic chains are then oriented towards the outside of the fiber, imparting

lubricity. Vinegar works on some materials in a similar way, as the hydrogen

ions bind to the anionic groups on the fibers.

The disadvantage of coating fibers by hydrophobic layer is in decreasing the

water absorption properties of the fabric, which may be undesirable in towels

and diapers. Therefore the cationic softeners are often combined with other

chemicals with lower affinity to the fibers. The use of fabric softener is

contraindicated in some articles, such as microfiber textiles.

Most good quality all-cotton towels do not need to be treated with fabric

softener and with repeated washings and dryings, they become softer

naturally. Over time, towels that have softened with fabric softener are less

absorbent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumble_dryer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contraindicated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfibre


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Literature Review (History):

A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during

the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work

by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer,

reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners

were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At

that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling

harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were

developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton

softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive,

corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds

were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved

formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.

By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had

begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The

popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as

manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness

and more appealing fragrances.

Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major

disadvantage: the softener chemicals are not compatible with detergents and

therefore they can not be added to the washer until all the detergent has been

removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to

make an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their

clothes. In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric

softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the

benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to


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be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer

sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because

they are more effective.

In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing

ultra-concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed

such that only about one-quarter as much product has to be used and

therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived

value to the consumer is lower because there is less product and the price is

higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in

today's marketplace.

By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United

States reached approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores,

and mass merchandisers). For the sake of comparison, about $400 million

worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such as

Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about

90% of the market share while private label brands account for the remaining

10%.


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Raw Materials

Conditioning agents:

Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty

materials that would deposit on the fabric fibers after washing. One of the

most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl

ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials

known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of

ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that

attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge

interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for

static cling. The other part of the molecule is fatty in nature and it provides

the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft.

While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them

less absorbent. This is a problem for certain laundry items such as towels and

diapers. To overcome this problem, modern formulations use quats in

combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds

have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to

interfere with water absorption.

One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations

today is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid

that has the ability to lubricate fibers to give improved softening and ease of

ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine-functional silicones,

amide-functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are

modified to be more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its

feel.


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Emulsifiers:

The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically

soluble in water because of their oily nature. Therefore, another type of

chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to form a

stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into

two phases, much like an oil and vinegar salad dressing does.

There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations:

micro-emulsions, macro-emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro-

emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to hand lotions or

hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or

silicone droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro-emulsion

is chemically similar, but it creates oil particles that are so small that light

will pass around them.

Therefore, a micro-emulsion is characterized by its clarity and transparency

as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one of the advantages of

micro-emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny that they will actually

penetrate into the fibers, while macro-emulsions only deposit on the fiber's

surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, creates dispersions that look

similar to a macro-emulsion. This system does not use true emulsifiers to

suspend and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion polymers create a

stabilized web of molecules that suspend the tiny silicone droplets like fish

caught in a net.

The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure

the appropriate level of deposition on the fabric. A blend of non-ionic

emulsifiers (those that have no charge) and cationic emulsifiers (those that

have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a


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negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have

a positive charge which would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion.

Other ingredients:

In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain

other ingredients to improve their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product

will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are added to make the

product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and

preservatives are used to ensure the product quality.

The Manufacturing Process:

The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves heating

the ingredients together in one large mixing vessel. Mixing tanks should be

constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent attack from the

corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically equipped with a

jacketed shell that allows steam and cold water to be circulated, so the

temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In addition the tank is

fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by a large electric motor.

This kind of mixing blade provides the high shear that is needed to properly

disperse the ingredients.

The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the

specified amount of water. Water is added first because it acts as a carrier for

all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it is free from

metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch. Conventional

formulations can contain as much as 80-90% water.

Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is initiated.

When the water has reached the appropriate temperature, the emulsifiers are


9

added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy solid materials they are added

at relatively high temperatures (between 158-176TF [70-80°C]). While the

order of addition depends on the specific formula, it usually more effective

to disperse the emulsifiers prior to adding the less water-soluble materials.

Emulsifiers are used between 1-10%, depending on the specific chemicals

that are selected.

The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water

soluble, so they are added to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For a

typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more concentrated

formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When blends of quats and

silicones are used, the silicones are used at levels as low as 0.5-1.5%.

When pre-emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added late in

the process when the temperature is lower and there is less mechanical

agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight silicones are used that have

not been pre-emulsified they must be added to the batch at high temperatures

with a high level of agitation to ensure the silicone oil droplets are evenly

dispersed.

Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this point

cool water is circulated around the tank to lower the temperature. As the

batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such as preservatives, dyes, and

fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much lower

concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for fragrance and

less than 1% for preservatives and dyes. When the batch is complete, a

sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to ensure it meets quality

control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The completed batch may be

pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks until it is ready to be filled.


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When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is transferred to an

automated filling line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a conveyor belt that carries

them under a filling nozzle. At the filling head there is a large hopper that

holds the formulation and discharges a controlled amount, usually set by

volume, into the bottle. The filled package continues down the conveyor line

to a capping machine that applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the

filled bottles are packed in cartons and stacked pallets for shipping.

Quality Control:

The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different

protocols. Simple laboratory tests are used to determine basic properties such

as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can help confirm that the

correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels.

Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning

correctly. One such evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called

the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure involves dropping small pieces of

treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for the

fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average

result.

Anti-wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples

of fabric before they have been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate

the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the fabric softener

treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained

panelists.


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These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only

difference being that one fabric has been treated with softener and the other

has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton pillowcases are used for

wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for

evaluating softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a

controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and 65% relative humidity for 24

hours before testing.

The Future:

There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric

softeners. The first is the impact the ultra-concentrates will have on the

market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be

accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi-

functionality will play in the future. As chemists develop new more

efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional consumer-

perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric

softener formulations are the latest trend. These new products not only soften

clothes but also improve the ease of ironing, reduce wrinkling in the dryer,

and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble

have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple

fabric care benefits.

Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners

easier to use. One new method introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the

"Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized sphere that is filled

with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle.

The ball stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle

triggers it to open and release the softener. For consumer who does not have

an automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the "Downy


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Ball" saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step.

Other innovative dispensing devices like this may become more common as

manufacturers strive to differentiate their products from the competition.

Composition:

The earliest fabric softeners were developed during early 20th century to

counteract the harsh feel which the drying methods imparted to cotton. The

cotton softeners were typically based on water emulsion of soap and olive

oil, corn oil, or tallow oil.

Contemporary fabric softeners tend to be based on quaternary ammonium

salts with one or two long alkyl chains, a typical compound being

dipalmitoylethyl hydroxyethylmonium methosulfate. Other cationic

compounds can be derived from imidazolium, substituted amine salts, or

quaternary alkoxy ammonium salts. One of the most common compounds of

the early formulations was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium

chloride (DHTDMAC).

Anionic softeners and antistatic agents can be, for example, salts of

monoesters and diesters of phosphoric acid and the fatty alcohols. These are

often used together with the conventional cationic softeners. Cationic

softeners are incompatible with anionic surfactants presenting the bulk of

surfactants used in detergents, with which they form inefficient precipitate;

therefore they can not be mixed with the detergent, but have to be added

during the rinse cycle instead. Anionic softeners can be combined with

anionic surfactants directly. Other anionic softeners can be based on smectite

clays. Some compounds, such as ethoxylated phosphate esters, have

properties of softening, anti-static, and surfactant.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_oil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipalmitoylethyl_hydroxyethylmonium_methosulfate&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazolium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxy

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihydrogenated_tallow_dimethyl_ammonium_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antistatic_agent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcohol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smectite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethoxylation


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The softening compounds differ in affinity to different materials. Some are

better for cellulose-based fibers, others have higher affinity to hydrophobic

materials like nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, etc.

Silicone based compounds such as polydimethylsiloxane comprise the new

softeners which work by lubricating the fibers. Silicone derivatives are used

as well. Modified to contain amine or amide groups; they bind better to the

fabrics and have much improved feel. They have essentially the same role as

oils had in the early formulations.

As the softeners themselves are often of hydrophobic nature, they are

commonly occurring in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations,

soaps were used as emulsifiers. The emulsions are usually opaque, milky

fluids. However there are also micro emulsions where the droplets of the

hydrophobic phase are substantially smaller. The advantage of micro

emulsions is in the increased ability of the smaller particles to penetrate into

the fibers. A mixture of cationic and non-ionic surfactants is often used as an

emulsifier. Another approach is using a polymeric network, an emulsion

polymer.

Other compounds are included to provide additional functions; acids or bases

for maintaining the optimal pH for adsorption to the fabric, electrolytes,

carriers (usually water, sometimes water-alcohol mixture), and others, e.g.

Silicone-based anti-foaming agents, emulsion stabilizers, fragrances, and

colors. A relatively recent form on the market is the ultra-concentrates,

where the amount of carriers and some other chemicals is substantially lower

and much smaller volumes are used.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydimethylsiloxane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microemulsion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foaming_agent


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In recent years, the importance of delivering perfume onto the clothes has

possibly exceeded that of softening. The perfume levels in fabric softeners

has gradually increased, requiring high shear mixing technology to be used

to incorporate greater amounts of perfumes within the emulsions. Long term

release of perfume on the fabric is a key technology now being utilized. Each

country tends to have different perfume requirements and brands may have

different softener/perfume ratio depending on the count.

Fabric softener:

Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth with a thin

layer of chemicals.

So the term softener can be defined as an auxiliary applied to textile

material in order to improve its handle with mo0re pleasing touch.

Based on the ionic natures softener can be classified into six

categories:

1. Cationic softeners

2. Anionic softeners

3. Non ionic softeners

4. Amphoteric softeners

5. Reactive softeners

6. Silicone softeners

7. Anti-ozone Softener

8. Urethane Softeners

9. Macro softener

10. Micro softener


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Some Commercial Softener

Introduction Softener Ointment OP is high polymer, applied in soft

finishing of cotton and its blending textiles. It can acquire excellent smooth

and soft handle feeling.

Advantage

(1) More advantage of smooth and excellent antistatic ability.

(2) Wide application,can be used in dipping or padding process for various

fibers.

(3) Excellent dispersibility and penetrability,Can combine with fiber quickly.

(4) Low yellowing change,especially applied to white fabrics.

(5) Special soft and fluffy, solid and thick handle.

(6) It can reduce the friction coefficient of acrylic fiber and metal.

(7) No bubble in using process, applied to overflow dyeing machine and

continuous pad dyeing process.

(8) High biodegradation, the biodegradation rate exceeds 90%.

(9) Little amount for use while delivering a notable effect, thus saving cost

effectively.

Basic Character

Appearance: off-white to light yellow ointment

Ionic: weakly cationic

PH Value: 5.0-6.5(1% water solution)

Dissolution: Dissolve in cold water of any proportion easily

Use Area

app:ds:dispersibility

app:ds:penetrability


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Soft finish of cotton,to improve the slippery,softness and sewing properties

of fabrics.

Usage amount for reference

Dipping Process

Softener Ointment OP 4-10 %( o.w.f)

Bath ratio 1:20 40℃×20min→dehydration→drying

Package 25Kg or 120kg plastic barrel.

Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. Take care of heavy pressure

to prevent agglomeration. Six months of storage period.

Introduction Softener Flake ESC is fatty acyl amide, applied in soft

finishing of cotton, hemp and its blending textiles. It can acquire excellent

soft handle feeling.

Advantage

(1) The textiles have soft, smooth and full handle feeling after finishing.

(2) It has little effect on whiteness and shade.

(3) It can be in the same bath with cationic fixative.

(4) The stability of formulated working liquid is good

Basic Character

Appearance: Tiny yellow to light yellow flakes

Ionic: Cation

PH Value: 5.0-7.0(1% water solution)

Dissolution: Dissolve in cold water of any proportion easily

Use Area

Soft finish of nature fibre, its blended knitting and tatting textiles and

slopwork

app:ds:dehydration


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(1)Dipping Process

10% Softener flake ESC 2-5 %( o.w.f)

(2)Padding Process

10% Softener flake ESC 15-40g/l

Dilution After marinating in cold water for 4 hours, it can be dissolved

completely. Or add the soft flakes in room temperature, heated until to the

4o-45℃ with continuous stirring, maintaining 30 minutes. Stir fully to be

dissolved completely

Package 25Kg/Bag

Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. Take care of heavy pressure

to prevent agglomeration. One year of storage period

Use Area : Soft Finish of cotton, hemp and its blended fabrics

Usage amount for reference:

(1). Dipping Process: Super Soft Elastic Amino Silicone Oil NB-8450

Emulsified Liquid 1-6%(o.w.f)

(2) .Padding Process: Super Soft Elastic Amino Silicone Oil NB-8450

Emulsified Liquid 10-50g/l

Emulsifying Method ：

Formula (30%Emulsion) Steps


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Silicone Oil

NB-8450

20.0% 1. First add Emulsifiers to reactor, and

then add Silicone Oil NB-8450, stirring

for 30-40minutes.

2. Add Acetic Acid I slowly, stirring

for ten minutes.

3. Slowing add water I when stirring to

the reactor.

4. Add the rest water and acetic acid.

5. Sample and test the appearance.

Qualified products is transparent

emulsion, or blue fluorescence (it is

best to put them in the glass to be

observed)

6. Test PH, the standard 5.5±0.5. If not

reach, add acetic acid.

Supporting

Emulsifier

10.0%

Acetic

acidⅠ

0.1%

Acetic acid

II

0.9%

Water I 50.0%

Water II 19.0%

Package：100Kg Plastic Barrel

Storage: Store in cool and ventilated warehouse.8 months of storage period

Introduction:

Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260 is modified silicone oil,

applied in soft finish of various fiber textiles especially cotton, terylene and

its blended fabrics, which can get perfect handle feeling.


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Advantage

(1) It endows the fabrics with excellent soft and smooth handle.

(2) Little yellow change, doesn't affect shade.

(3) The stability of working fluid of emulsified liquid is good, and it has

good compatibility with adhesive and dope.

(4) It can be the same bath with softener flake and formaldehyde-free

fixative.

Character:

Appearance: colourless to light yellow transparent heavy body

Ionic: weak cationic

Amino Value: 0.1-0.2mmol/g

Viscosity: 8000-120000mpa•s

Use Area :

Soft finish of cotton, terylene and its blended fabrics.

Usage amount for reference:

(1) Dipping Process: Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260

Emulsified Liquid 1-6%(o.w.f)

(2) Padding Process: Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260

Emulsified Liquid 10-50g/l

Emulsifying Method ：

Formula

(30%Emulsion) Steps

Silicone Oil 20.0% 1. First add Emulsifiers to reactor, and then add


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NB-8260 Silicone Oil NB-8240, stirring for 30-40minutes.

2. Add Acetic Acid I slowly, stirring for ten

minutes.

3. Slowing add water I when stirring to the

reactor.

4. Add the rest water and acetic acid.

5. Sample and test the appearance. Qualified

products is transparent emulsion, or blue

fluorescence (it is best to put them in the glass to

be observed)

6. Test PH, the standard 5.5±0.5. If not reach,

add acetic acid.

Supporting

Emulsifier 10.0%

Acetic acid I 0.1%

Acetic acid II 0.9%

Water I 50.0%

Water II 19.0%

Package：120Kg Plastic Barrel

Storage: Store in cool and ventilated warehouse.8 months of storage period.

New Type Super Soft Smooth and Clear Silicone Emulsion RH-NB-834

Introduction New Type Super Soft Smooth and Clear Silicone Emulsion

RH-NB-834 is liner block polysiloxane compound by multielement

polymerization. It has new structure and has blocked EO,PO, hyamine,epoxy

in the main chain. It has excellent handle and high performance to price rate,

which change the feature of amino silicone oil completely and solve the

problem caused by amino silicone oil.


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Advantage

(1) Special smooth and nice ,silky smooth and clear, soft handle.

(2) Wide application, excellent handle finish for terylene or terylene, viscose,

cotton blending fabrics.

(3) Little yellowing change, applied to white and light colour fabrics.

(4) It will not stick to the roller, vat and no oil spot.

(5) It can be used together with cationic/non-ionic softener to increase the

whole property largely.

(6) It has some hydrophilic and antistatic property. Can be re-dyed

(7) Increase the application property and anti-alkali and anti-acid stability

when used together with amino silicone emulsion.

(8) High temperature endurable, electrolyte endurable and acid, alkali

endurable. Good operational property

(9) Can be used together with disperse dyes, OBA, coat in same

bath（Adjust the Ph value to 7）

(10) Use directly

Basic Character

Appearance: Semi-transparent to milky emulsion

Ionic: weakly cationic/non-ionic

Ph Value: 5.5-6.5(1% water solution)

Chemical: new type block silicone macromolecule chemical

Use Method

Applied to bulky and elastic handle of terylene, terylene/cotton,cotton, T/R,

etc


(1)RH-NB-834 Dipping Process: 3-5% (o.w.f)

(2) RH-NB-834 Padding Process: 10-30g/L

Package 50kg/plastic barrel or 100kg/plastic barrel.

Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. 6 months of Storage period.


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The Manufacturing Process of Softener

A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during

the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work

by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer,

reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners

were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At

that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling

harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were

developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton

softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive,

corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds

were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved

formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.

By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had

begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The

popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as

manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness

and more appealing fragrances.

Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major

disadvantage: the softener chemicals are not compatible with detergents and

therefore they can not be added to the washer until all the detergent has been

removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to

make an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their

clothes. In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric

softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the

benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to

be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer

sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because

they are more effective.

In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing

ultra-concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed

such that only about one-quarter as much product has to be used and

therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived

value to the consumer is lower because there is less product and the price is

higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in

today's marketplace.

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/20th_Century_Fox.html


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By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United

States reached approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores,

and mass merchandisers). For the sake of comparison, about $400 million

worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such as

Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about

90% of the market share while private label brands account for the remaining

10%.

Design

Product development chemists create fabric softeners that are designed to

meet a series of specific marketing requirements. First, the formulations

must deliver a variety of attributes desired by consumers such as superior

softness, improved iron glide, reduced wrinkle formation during the wash

cycle, improved wrinkle removal after washing, better color retention, and

enhanced stain protection. In addition, the formulas must be safe to use,

environmentally friendly, aesthetically pleasing, and cost effective. Chemists

use technical evaluations in combination with consumer testing to design

formulations that are both effective and affordable.

Raw Materials

Conditioning agents

Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty

materials that would deposit on the fabric fibers after washing. One of the

most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated

tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class

of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This

kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive

charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This

charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are

responsible for static cling. The other part of the molecule is fatty in nature

and it provides the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft.

While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them

less absorbent. This is a problem for certain laundry items such as towels and

diapers. To overcome this problem, modern formulations use quats in

combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds

have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to

interfere with water absorption.

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Wrinkle.html

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Ethane.html

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Quaternary_ammonium_cation.html

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Molecule.html

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Textile.html


24

One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations

today is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid

that has the ability to lubricate fibers to give improved softening and ease of

ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine-functional silicones,

amide-functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are

modified to be more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its

feel.

Emulsifiers

The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically

soluble in water because of their oily nature. Therefore, another type of

chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to form a

stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into

two phases, much like an oil and vinegar salad dressing does.

There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations:

micro-emulsions, macro-emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro-

emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to hand lotions or

hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or

silicone droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro-emulsion

is chemically similar, but it creates oil particles that are so small that light

will pass around them. Therefore, a micro-emulsion is characterized by its

clarity and transparency as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one

of the advantages of micro-emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny

that they will actually penetrate into the fibers, while macro-emulsions only

deposit on the fiber's surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, create

dispersions that look similar to a macro-emulsion. This system does not use

true emulsifiers to suspend and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion

polymers create a stabilized web of molecules that suspend the tiny silicone

droplets like fish caught in a net.

The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure

the appropriate level of deposition on the fabric. A blend of non-ionic

emulsifiers (those that have no charge) and cationic emulsifiers (those that

have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a

negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have

a positive charge which would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion.

Other ingredients

In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain

other ingredients to improve their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Silicone.html


25

will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are added to make the

product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and

preservatives are used to ensure the product quality.

The emulsifiers and then conditioning ingredients are added to water. The

batch is heated and mixed. Then the other ingredients are added.

The Manufacturing

Process

1. The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves

heating the ingredients together in one large mixing vessel. Mixing

tanks should be constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent

attack from the corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically

equipped with a jacketed shell that allows steam and cold water to be

circulated, so the temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In

addition the tank is fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by

a large electric motor. This kind of mixing blade provides the high

shear that is needed to properly disperse the ingredients.

The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the

specified amount of water. Water is added first because it acts as a

carrier for all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it

is free from metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch.

Conventional formulations can contain as much as 80-90% water.

2. Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is

initiated. When the water has reached the appropriate temperature, the

emulsifiers are added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy solid


26

materials they are added at relatively high temperatures (between 158-

176TF [70-80°C]). While the order of addition depends on the specific

formula, it usually more effective to disperse the emulsifiers prior to

adding the less water-soluble materials. Emulsifiers are used between

1-10%, depending on the specific chemicals that are selected.

3. The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water

soluble, so they are added to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For

a typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more

concentrated formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When

blends of quats and silicones are used, the silicones are used at levels

as low as 0.5-1.5%.

4. When pre-emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added

late in the process when the temperature is lower and there is less

mechanical agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight silicones

are used that have not been pre-emulsified they must be added to the

batch at high temperatures with a high level of agitation to ensure the

silicone oil droplets are evenly dispersed.

5. Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this

point cool water is circulated around the tank to lower the temperature.

As the batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such as preservatives,

dyes, and fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much

lower concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for

fragrance and less than 1% for preservatives and dyes. When the batch

is complete, a sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to ensure it

meets quality control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The

completed batch may be pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks

until it is ready to be filled.

6. When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is

transferred to an automated filling line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a

conveyor belt that carries them under a filling nozzle. At the filling

head there is a large hopper that holds the formulation and discharges

a controlled amount, usually set by volume, into the bottle. The filled

package continues down the conveyor line to a capping machine that

applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the filled bottles are packed

in cartons and stacked pallets for shipping.

Quality Control

The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different

protocols. Simple laboratory tests are used to determine basic properties such

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Solubility.html


27

as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can help confirm that the

correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels.

Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning

correctly. One such evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called

the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure involves dropping small pieces of

treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for the

fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average

result.

Anti-wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples

of fabric before they have been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate

the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the fabric softener

treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained

panelists.

These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only

difference being that one fabric has been treated with softener and the other

has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton pillowcases are used for

wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for

evaluating softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a

controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and 65% relative humidity for 24

hours before testing.

The Future

There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric

softeners. The first is the impact the ultra-concentrates will have on the

market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be

accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi-

functionality will play in the future. As chemists develop new more

efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional consumer-

perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric

softener formulations are the latest trend. These new products not only soften

clothes but also improve the ease of ironing, reduce wrinkling in the dryer,

and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble

have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple

fabric care benefits.

Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners

easier to use. One new method introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the

"Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized sphere that is filled

with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle.

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Anti_aging_cream.html


28

The ball stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle

triggers it to open and release the softener. For consumer who do not have an

automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the "Downy Ball"

saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step. Other

innovative dispensing devices like this may become more common as

manufacturers strive to differentiate their products from the competition.

Reasons for using softener:

As the textile material goes under various mechanical and chemical

processes that make the surface of the material harsh. For example,

Removal of natural oil and waxes by scouring and bleaching.

Resin finishing of textile material also imparts some degree of

harshness. soaping of textile material also add harsh feeling to the

material.

As consumers are much more caring about the touch of textile

material. This is also reason for using softener.

Desirable properties of textile softener:

It should be easy to handle.

It should have good compatibility to other chemicals.

It should not affect the shade of the material.

It should not affect the fastness of dyed material.

It should not cause any yellowing effect on dyed and finished material.

It should be stable to high temperature.

It should be non volatile by water vapour.

It should be non toxic and non caustic.

It should be easily bio degradable.


29

Mechanisms of Softening Effect:

Softeners provide their main effects on the surface of the fabrics. Small

softener molecules, in addition, penetrate the fiber and provide an internal

plasticization of the fiber forming polymer by reducing of the glass transition

temperature. The physical arrangement of the usual softener molecules on

the fiber surface is important and shown in Fig.-1.

Depending on the ionic nature of the softener molecule and the relative

hydrophobicity of the fiber surface, cationic softeners orient themselves with

their positively charged ends toward the partially negatively charged fabrics

(zeta potential), creating a new surface of hydrophobic carbon chain that

provide the characteristic excellent softening and lubricity seen with cationic

softeners.

Anionic softeners, on the other hand, orient themselves with their negatively

charged ends repelled away from the negatively charged fiber surface. This

leads to higher hydrophilicity, but less softening than with cationic softeners.

The orientation of non-ionic softeners depends on the nature of the fiber

surface, with the hydrophilic portion of the softener being attracted to

hydrophilic surfaces and the hydrophobic portion being attracted to

hydrophobic surface.


30

Fig. 1 Schematic orientation of softeners on fiber surface (a) Cationic

softener and (b) Anionic Softener at fiber surface Non-ionic softener at (c)

hydrophobic and (d) hydrophilic fiber surface.


31

Cationic Softeners:

Cationic softeners have been defined as material which dissolved or disperse

in water, concentrate and orient at interfaces and ionize in such a way that

the cationic includes a hydrocarbon chain, which is hydrophobic and

contains from 8 to 25 carbon atoms.

Chemistry of cationic softeners:

The simplest cationic are the primary, secondary and tertiary mono-amines

and their salts, formed by neutralization of the amines, usually with acetic

acid. The primary and secondary amines have little importance in the textile

field, since the free hydrogen on the nitrogen atom leads to fabric, yellowing.

But, they serve as raw materials for making quaternary aminonium

compounds. Reaction, with alkylating like methyl chloride, benzyl chloride,

dimethyl sulphate, etc converts the insoluble amines into water soluble salts,

which are more active than the original amines. These quaternary

compounds have excellent thermal stability, especially on the acidic site.

Stearyl or distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, cetyl

dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, etc belong to this

group.

The next groups of commercial importance are amido-amines, which are

formed by the reaction of a fatty acid or a glyceride (fat) and a substituted or

unsubstitued short-chain polyamine. Generally, the reaction occurs at only

one of the amine functions, giving an amide leaving one or more unreacted

amino functional groups. The amine may be diethylene tri-amine, N. N-

diethyl ethylene, etc. Derivatives of ethylene diamine have high melting

points and exhibit poor solubility.


32

This amide is quaternised either with glacial acetic acid or hydrochloric acid

to give cationic fabric softeners. They are good, especially for chlorinated

wool, which is quite harsh. All the members of this group are quite stable to

hydrolysis.

Imidazolines are the next group of cationic softeners. These are formed from

fatty acids and polyethylene polyamine.

COOHR +H2N CH

3 CH2 NH CH

2CH

2NH

2

R CO NH CH2

CH2

NH CH2

CH2

NH

-H2O

-H2O (Heating)

CH3

CH2

N

CR

N

CH3

CH2

NH2

The cyclic compound (imidazoline) has a lower melting point and higher

solubility than the parent amidoamine. These cyclic products may

subsequently be acetylated, neutralized or reacted with ethylene oxide.

A fourth group of cationic includes aminoesters, prepared by reaction of

fatty acid or acid chloride with amino alcohols like diethanolamine or

hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine.


33

COOHR + NH CH2

CH2

OH

NH H2C CH

3OH

HOCH2 CH

2NH CH

2

R COOCH2

CH2

CH2

NH CH2

CH2

R COOH CH2

HONH

2

NH CH2

CH2

R COO CH2 NH

2

CH2

These are quite water soluble, give good softening properties and are easy to

make, but being esters, have a definite disadvantage of being easily

hydrolyzed. After quaternisation also, the ease of hydrolysis is retained by

them.

Cationic softener belonging to the fifth group may be prepared from

dicyandiamide and stearyl amine followed by reaction with ethylene oxide

and quqternisation. The treatment with ethylene oxide to obtain the adduct is

done to impart water solubility to the compound.


34

2H2N C N H

2N C NH C

NH

N

C18

H37

NH2

H2N C NH C

NH(Steanyl amine)

C18

H37

NH C NH C NH2

NH NH

(Steanyl diguanide)

CH2

O

CH2

C18

H37 NH C NH C NH CH

2CH

2OH

NH3

NH

CH3--COOH

C18

H37 NH C NH C NH

2

+CH

2CH

2OH

NH NH

HOOC CH3

Cationic Softeners.

The typical cationic softener structure for example, N,N- distearyl-N, N-

dimethyl ammonium chloride(DSDMAC).Cationic softeners have the best

softeners and are reasonably durable to laundering. They can be applied by

exhaustion to all fibers from a high liquor to goods ratio bath they provide a

hydrophobic surface and poor rewetting properties, because their

hydrophobic group are oriented away from the fiber surface. They are

usually not compatible with anionic product.

Cationic softeners attract soil, may cause yellowing upon exposure to high

temperatures and way adversely effect the light fastness of direct and

reactive dyes. Inherent ecological disadvantages of many convential

(unmodified) quaternary ammonium compounds (quaternaries)are fish

toxicity and poor biodegradability. But they are easily removed from waste

water by adsorption and by precipitation with anionic compound.

Quaternaries with ester groups, for example triethanol amine esters, are

biodegradable, through the hydrolysis of the ester group. The example of an

ester quaternary in Fig.-2 is synthesized from triethanolamine, esterified with


35

a double moler amount of stearic acid and then quaternarised with

dimethylsulfate.

CH

R N R X

CH3

3

2

- X =HSO or

--

4

R =(CH ) CH2 n 3

R = CH32

+

Quaternary ammonium salt.

R NH X3

-+

R = Long alkyl chain

Amine Salts.

CH3 (CH )2 16 CN

N

R3

CH

CH

2

2R = H or CH CH NH3 2 2 2

Imidazolines.

Fig.-2. Chemical structure of typical cationic softeners.

Cationic surfactants used as fabric softeners

"Monoesterquat" used as fabric softener.


36

"Diesterquat" used as a fabric softener.

Another diesterquat used as a fabric softener.

Distearyldimethylammonium chloride, a fabric softener with low

biodegradability, has been phased out.

Anionic Softeners.

Anionic softeners are heat stable at normal textile processing temperature

and compatible with other components of dye and bleach baths. They can

easily be washed off and provide strong antistatic effects and good rewetting

properties because their anionic groups are oriented outward and are

surrounded by a thick hydration layer. Sulfonates are, in contrast to sulfates,

resistant to hydrolysis Fig.-3.They are often used for special applications,

such as medical textiles, or in combination with anionic fluorescent

brightening agents

R SO3R = Long alkyl chainO Na

Alkylsulfate salt

R SO3R = Long alkyl chainNa

Alkylsulfonate salt

Fig.-3. Chemical structures of typical anionic softeners.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distearyldimethylammonium_chloride


37

Non-Ionic Softeners Based On Paraffin And Polyethylene. Polyethylene can be modified by air oxidation in the melt at high pressure to

add hydrophilic character (mainly carboxylic acid group).Emulsification in

the presence of alkali will provide higher quality more stable products. They

show high lubricity that is not durable to dry cleaning they are stable to

extreme pH conditions and heat at normal textile processing condition, and

compatible with most textile chemicals.

CH3 (CH )2 nCH3

Polyethylene

R 2 R = Long alkyl chainO(CH CH O) H2 m

Ethoxylated fatty alcohol

R2C O(CH CH O) H24 R = (CH ) CH4 2 3nm

Ethoxylated fatty acid

Fig.-4. Chemical structures of typical Non-ionic softeners.

Amphoteric Softener.

Typical properties are good softening effects, low permanence to washing

and high antistatic effects. They have fewer ecological problems than similar

cationic products. Examples of the betaine and the amine oxide type are

shown in Fig.-5.

CH

R N O

CH

3

3

R = Long alkyl chain

Alkyldimethylanime oxide softener.

H C O

H C3

N CH C

CH3

3

R


38

O

3

N CH C

CH3

CH

R 2

C NR 2(CH )3

3

N

CH3

CH

C

H

Betaine Softeners

Fig.-5.. Chemical structure of typical amphoteric softeners.

Silicone Softeners.

None-ionic and cationic examples of silicone softeners are shown in Fig.-

6.They provide very high softeners, special unique hand, high lubricity, good

sewbability, elastic resilience, crease recovery, abrasion resistance and tear

strength. They show good temperature stability and durability, with high

degree of permanence for those products that form cross linked films and a

range of properties from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.

Sio Sio Si

CH3

CH CH33

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 Polydimethyl silicone

Sio Sio Sio Si

CH3

CH CH33

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

Rn

X Y


39

R =(CH ) OCH CHCH N (CH ) n

2 3 2 2 3 3

OH

Cationic silicone softener.

Fig – 6. Chemical structures of typical silicone softeners.

Mode of action:

When a quaternary ammonium softener is dissolved in water, it ionizes into

a hydrophilic head with a negative charge and a hydrophobic tail carrying a

positive charge. On the other hand, when textile fibers are entered into water

they acquire a negative charge. When a textile fiber is entered into an

aqueous solution of a cationic softener.

During the softening treatment the negative charge on the fiber surface

attracts the positive tail of the cationic softener. This result in firmly

anchoring of the softener residue on the fiber substance, somewhat similar to

sheathing the fiber with an oily film. This is responsible for obtaining a soft

handle and a pliable, well lubricated fiber surface

Softening agent for fibres Fabric make changes in the structure and improve the feel of the material.

There are mainly three types : non - surfactant, surfactants, non - surfactant

and surfactant mixture. The first and third categories softener many types,

such as silicone oil, mineral oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty amines, and

other neutral oil. Since these two categories softener difficult to dissolve in

water, when used to be dissolved in solvents, except in special

circumstances, the average has not. Currently used mainly surfactants, such

as cationic, anionic, gender-based and other non-ionic surfactant, the

development trend is most used quaternary ammonium salts, is also useful

and silicone-type of polyethylene. Recently there and play the role of soft

detergent formulations, washing fibers can be inhaled to maintain and

upgrade the textile softness.


40

Chemical structure of different softener


41


42

PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) with the Mono-Aminoalkyl Functional

Group


43

The interaction energy is at its lowest (most negative) for

PDMS-diamine


44

Materials & Methods

Materials:

1. silicone Softener

2. Cationic Softener

3. Non ionic softener

4. Acetic Acid & Alkali (use for pH Control)

5. Water

6. Fabric

7. pH Paper

Methods:

1. Exhaust Method(for dyeing machine)

2. Padding Method(for stenter machine)

1. Exhaust Method: Amount of Softener taken from the dye bath by fiber

yarn or fabric being finished.

2. Padding Method: Textile Finishing machine for impregnating fabric in

open width and squeezing out excess softener to obtain a uniform wet

pick up.


45

Result & Discussion

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a white color sample. Preparing for good

hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.

Name of softener : ALKASIL SIM

Chemical Manufacturer : ALKA

Chemical Character : Silicone emulsion softener

Ionic Character : Non-Ionic

Ph : 4.5-6.5(10% Solution)

Recipe:

ALKASIL SIM =2.5%

Time = 20 minute

Temperature = 400c

Acetic Acid = 0.5-1.0gm/l (adjust ph 5.5)

M: L =1:6

Description:

At first we are taking water 1:6 liter then ph control 5.5 and adding softener

ALKASIL SIM dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 20

minute and checking hand feel then unloading the fabric.


46

Discussion

Procedure: At fist we have to take a white color sample. Preparing for good


Name of softener : ULTRATEX REP

Chemical Manufacturer : Ciba

Chemical Character : Silicone emulsion softener


Ph : 6.5-8.5 (5% Solution)

Recipe:

ULTRATEX REP =2.5%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c

Acetic Acid =0.5-1.0gm/l (adjust ph 5.5)

M: L =1:6

Description:


ULTRATEX REP dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time

20 minute and checking hand feel then unloading the fabric.


47

Fig: Fong’s dyeing M/C


48

Sample

Before Swatch:

After Swatch:

Alkasil sim Ultratex rep


49

Result:

Before using Softener sample fabric is hand feel is hard.

After using ALKASIL SIM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is

soft.

After using ULTRATEX REP Softener sample fabric is hand feel is

soft more than ALKASIL SIM using Softener sample

When we are using ALKASIL SIM as a result slightly Radish tone

effect of the fabric color.

When we are using ULTRATEX REP as a result slightly Yellowish

tone effect of the fabric color.


50

Diagram:

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

Alkasil sim Ultratex rep

Series1

Bar Diagram

Alkasil sim

Ultratex rep

Pie Chart


51

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Blake color sample. Preparing for good


Name of softener : ALKASIL 64


Chemical Character : Amino-functional polysiloxane


Ph : 6.0-7.0(10% Solution)

Recipe:

ALKASIL SIM =3%

Time =30minute

Temperature =400c


M:L =1:8

Description:


ALKASIL 64 dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 30



52

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Blake color sample. Preparing for good


Name of softener : Appretan EM

Chemical Manufacturer : Clariant

Chemical Character : Polynylacetate dispersion


Ph : 4.2 (5% Solution)

Recipe:

Appretan EM =3%

Time =30minute

Temperature =400c


M:L =1:8

Description:


Appretan EM dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 3

After using ALKASIL SIM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft. 30

minute and checking hand feel then unload the fabric.


53

Fig: Fong’s dyeing M/C


54

Sample

Before Swatch:

After Swatch:

ALKASIL 64 Appretan EM


55

Result:


After using ALKASIL 64 Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft.

After using Appretan EM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft

more than ALKASIL 64 using Softener sample

When we are using ALKASIL 64 as a result slightly Radish tone


When we are using Appretan EM as a result slightly Yellowish tone



56

Diagram:

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

ALKASIL 64 Appretan

EM

Series1

Bar Diagram

ALKASIL 64

Appretan EM

Pie Chart


57

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Red color sample. Preparing for good


Name of softener : ALKASOFT 5200


Chemical Character : Fatty acid amide derivative


Ph : 5.0-6.0(10% Solution)

Recipe:

ALKASOFT 5200 =4%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c


M:L =1:6

Description:


ALKASOFT 5200 dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time



58

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Red color sample. Preparing for good


Name of softener : AVIVAN LNS

Chemical Manufacturer : Ciba

Chemical Character : Substituted fatty acid amide


Ph : 7.5-8.5 (1% Formulation)

Recipe:

AVIVAN LNS =4%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c

Acetic Acid =0.5-0.6gm/l(adjust ph 8.0)

M:L =1:6

Description:


AVIVAN LNS dozing in the M/C. maintain 40 0c temperature Run time 20



59

Fig: Fong’s Dyeing M/C


60

Sample

Before Swatch:

After Swatch:

ALKASOFT 5200 AVIVAN LNS


61

Result:


After using ALKASOFT 5200 Softener sample fabric is hand feel is

soft.

After using AVIVAN LNS Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft

more than ALKASOFT 5200 using Softener sample

When we are using ALKASOFT 5200 as a result slightly Radish tone


When we are using AVIVAN LNS as a result slightly Yellowish tone



62

Diagram:

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ALKASOFT

5200

AVIVAN

LNS

Series1

Bar Diagram

ALKASOFT

5200

AVIVAN LNS

Pie Chart


63

Discussion:

Procedure: At first we have to take a Navy + Green combo color sample.

Preparing for good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust

Method.

Name of softener : ALKASOFT SCO


Chemical Character : Fatty acid condensation product

Ionic Character : Cationic

Ph : 3.0-4.0(10% Solution)

Recipe:

ALKASOFT SCO =4%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c

Acetic Acid =1.5-1.60gm/l(adjust ph 3.5)

M: L =1:6

Description:


ALKASOFT SCO dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time



64

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Navy+Green combo color sample.

Preparing for good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust

Method.

Name of softener : Cepreton UCp


Chemical Character : Aliphatic condensation product

Ionic Character : Cationic

Ph : 3.0-6.0 (1% Solution)

Recipe:

AVIVAN LNS =4%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c


M:L =1:6

Description:

At first we are taking water 1:6 liter then ph control 3.5and adding softener

Cepreton UC p dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 20



65



66

Sample

Before Swatch:

After Swatch:

ALKASOFT SCO Cepreton UCp


67

Result:


After using ALKASOFT SCO Softener sample fabric is hand feel is

soft.

After using Cepreton UC p Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft

more than ALKASOFT SCO using Softener sample

Diagram:

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ALKASOFT

SCO

Cepreton UCp

Series1

Bar Diagram

ALKASOFT

SCO

Cepreton UCp

Pie Chart


68

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Yellow color sample. Preparing for

good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.

Name of softener : ALKASIL CPS


Chemical Character : Silicone base


Ph : 6.0-7.0(10% Solution)

Recipe:

ALKASIL CPS =5%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c


M: L =1:6

Description:


ALKASIL CPS dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 20



69

Discussion:

Procedure: At fist we have to take a Yellow color sample. Preparing for

good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.

Name of softener : Cepreton UN p


Chemical Character : Aliphatic condensation product


Ph : 8.o-10.0 (1% Formulation)

Recipe:

AVIVAN LNS =5%

Time =20minute

Temperature =400c


M:L =1:6

Description:


Cepreton UN p dozing in the M/C. maintain 400c temperature Run time 20



70



71

Sample

Before Swatch:

After Swatch:

ALKASIL CPS Cepreton UNp


72

Result:


After using ALKASIL CPS Softener sample fabric is hand feel is

soft.

After using Cepreton UN p Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft

more than ALKASIL CPS using Softener sample

When we are using ALKASIL CPS as a result slightly Radish tone


When we are using Cepreton UN p as a result slightly Yellowish tone


Diagram:

ALKASIL

CPS Cepreton

UNp

S170%

80%

90%

Series1

Bar Diagram

ALKASIL CPS

Cepreton UNp

Pie Chart


73

Fig: Stenter Machine (Bruckner 8 Chamber)

Made in Germany

For Finishing


74

Conclusion

BIRDS Group is a well planned versatile project. The administrations

management chain of command all are well organized. They are devoted to

satisfy the customer with their activities.

Has following excellent features, which are worth mentioning in this

conclusion. These are

The dyeing process of BIRDS Group is very quick & accurate. It is

amazing that with only 15 ton m/c capacity BIRDS Group is capable

of 15 ton production daily. Furthermore very limited amount of re-

dyeing is carried out in BIRDS group which proves the excellence o

the dye-house.

BIRDS Group has a very good labor management policy which

enables the smooth running of the production time

.

The dye house is very clean with excellence working atmosphere due

to plenty of air planned layout.

University has given me the chance to perform the industrial attachment

in BIRDS Group. This attachment acts as a bridge to minimize the gap

between theoretical and practical knowledge. Undoubtedly this

attachment taught me more about textile technology, industrial

management and production process. Besides it gave us the first

opportunity to work in an industry. I believe that, the experience of this

industrial will help me in my future carrier as a textile engineer.


75

Index

ATIRA = Ahmadabad Textile Industry research Association.

AACA =American Apparel Contractors Association.

AAEI =American Association of Exporters & Importers.

AATCC =American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists.

ACSA =American Cotton Shippers Association.

AFTAC =American Fiber, Textile apparel Coalition.

BGMEA =Bangladesh Garments Manufacturing Export Association.

BTMC =Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation.

BKMEA =Bangladesh Knit Manufacturing Export Association.

BCIRA =British Cotton silk & Manufactured Fibers Research

Association.

BWTA =Boston Wool Trade Association.

CTI =Canadian Textiles Institute.

CCI =Cotton council International.

CYCA =Craft Yarn Council of America.

ETAD =Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyestuffs

Manufacturing Industry.

EATP =European Association for Textile Polyolefin’s.

FS =Fiber Society.

HKA =Hand Knitting Association.

HFA =Hard Fibers Association.

IFAI =Industrial Fabrics Association International.

ITT =Institute of Textile Technology.

BISFA =International Bureau for the Standardization of Manmade

Fibers.

KTA =Knitted Textile Association.


76

LTA =Linen Trade Association.

MMFPA =Man-made Fiber Producers Association.

NAHM =National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers.

NCTE =National Council for Textile Education.

NKMA =National Knitwear Manufacturers Associations.

PCA =Polyester council of America.

SPAI =Screen Printing Association International.

SI =Shirley Institute.

WIRA =Wool Industries Research Association.

AZMIR LATIF