text 1 end text 1 learning module 5: surveillance and infection control
TRANSCRIPT
Learning Module 5: Surveillance and Infection Control
Slide 2 PREPARE module 5
Government Structure
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
– Part of the Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)
– Federal agency that protects the health and safety of people
– Overall goal = to improve health through disease control and prevention, environmental health, and health promotion and education activities
Slide 3 PREPARE module 5
CDC’s Partners
State and Local Health Departments• DHS • HHS
- FDA
- ATSDR
- OER
- HRSA
- SAMHSA
• EPA
• DOD • FBI
• DOE • FEMA
• DOT • NRC
• USDA
Slide 4 PREPARE module 5
CDC’s Roles
• Assess the health of people affected
• Advise state and local health depts. on rapid identification and characterization of potential biologic and chemical agents
• Train public health laboratories in identifying bioterrorist threat agents and efficiently communicating lab findings
• Assess the success of federal, state and local terrorism programs
• Provide training for healthcare professionals in BT and emergency preparedness
Slide 5 PREPARE module 5
CDC’s Roles
• Establish and maintain a registry of people exposed to or contaminated by radioactive materials
• Maintain the Strategic National Stockpile for pharmaceuticals, antidotes and other medical supplies and equipment
• Implement smallpox vaccination program and conducts evaluation and research on the anthrax vaccine
• Maintain a public response hotline
• Maintain CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response web site
Slide 6 PREPARE module 5
Ten Essential Services of Public Health
1. Monitor health status
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform, educate and empower
4. Mobilize state and local partnerships
5. Develop policies and plans
6. Enforce laws and regulations
Slide 7 PREPARE module 5
Ten Essential Services of Public Health
7. Link people to personal health services
8. Assure a competent public and personal healthcare workforce
9. Evaluate personal and population-based health service programs
10. Participate in research
Slide 8 PREPARE module 5
Key Program Components
An infection-control program should include:• Surveillance• Disease reporting• Monitoring• Standard and contact precautions• Isolation procedures• Outbreak control• Immunizations• Resident and employee health programs• Recognize, track, and monitor infections
Slide 9 PREPARE module 5
The Cycle of Contagion Process
See following slide for corresponding model:
• Disease-causing agent enters facility (between pathogen and susceptible person)
• Finds a host (resident, staff, object) (between susceptible person and colonization)
• Infects host and pathogen multiplies (between colonization and transmission mode)
• Infected host transmits to others (between pathogen and transmission)
Slide 10 PREPARE module 5
The Cycle of Contagion Model
Slide 11 PREPARE module 5
Infection Control Practices
Slide 12 PREPARE module 5
Infection Control Practices
The infection control actions include:• Barring the entry of a pathogen• Quickly identifying contagious
illness• Protecting individuals against
specific pathogens• Treating individuals to eradicate
colonization or infection• Interrupting transmission through
hygienic measures
Slide 13 PREPARE module 5
Establish a Surveillance System
• Determine infections you want to track• Identify sources of data • Follow-up on all transfers of residents to acute
care facilities• Adopt written definitions for diagnosing
nosocomial infections• Collect data on an on-going basis
Slide 14 PREPARE module 5
Analyze Surveillance Data
• Complete a surveillance worksheet• Examine data for trends• Keep accurate records of all
infections• Compute the rates of new infections• Monitor facility's Quality Indicator UTI• Evaluate data weekly to identify
emerging trends • Compile and share data and statistics• Identify and address infection control
issues
Slide 15 PREPARE module 5
Making Decisions Based on Surveillance Data
The surveillance report should include: • Summary of infections since last report • Summary rates for all nosocomial infections that have
occurred since the last report • Simple graphs that show infection trends • Counts and rates of infection as needed • Your recommendations for actions to
be taken
Slide 16 PREPARE module 5
Influenza Trends
Slide 17 PREPARE module 5
Healthcare Provider’s Role
Report suspicions of intentional release to your local or state health department.
Indications of intentional release of a biologic agent include:– Unusual temporal or geographic
clustering of illness – Unusual age distribution for common
diseases – A large number of cases of acute flaccid
paralysis with prominent bulbar palsies, suggestive of a release of botulinum toxin
Slide 18 PREPARE module 5
Infection-Control Personnel
The infection-control committee should ensure that the LTC community has access to current telephone numbers for notification of:– Appropriate area hospitals– State and local health departments– FBI field office– CDC Emergency Response office
Slide 19 PREPARE module 5
Bioterrorism Surveillance These steps should be in the Emergency Disaster Plan:
• Recognition and diagnosis by the medical director • Communication of surveillance information to
public health authorities• Epidemiological analysis of the raw surveillance
data• Delivery of the appropriate medical treatment and
public health measures
Slide 20 PREPARE module 5
Quarantine
Quarantine can be defined as: The compulsory physical separation, including
restriction of movement, of populations or groups of healthy people who have been potentially exposed to a contagious disease, or to efforts to segregate these persons within specified geographic areas
Slide 21 PREPARE module 5
Quarantine as a Last Resort
Legal precedent for the use of quarantine• Problems with its implementation• Should only be used as a last resort• Need to use least restrictive means
available should be used• Residents of long-term care more at-
risk for disease transmission• Quarantine does not equal treatment
Slide 22 PREPARE module 5
BT Events and Post-Mortem Care
Use universal precautions
Disaster Plan should:• Identify safe location for holding remains. • Include procedures for the safe handling, storage,
and tacking of bodies. • Include arrangements with the county and
emergency management agency or other healthcare delivery systems.
• Include instructions for funeral directors into Disaster Plan.
End of Module 5 Slides