tests of three different lamp oils in two different …...two types of lamp, one type for indoor use...
TRANSCRIPT
Tests of three different lamp oils in two different types of lamp
Prepared by Anne Gry Hemmersam and Susanne Borg Calundann for Agowa
November 2009
Table of contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2
2. Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 2
3. Testing materials ................................................................................................................ 2
4. Standard ............................................................................................................................. 2
5. Results and assessment ...................................................................................................... 3
Client
Per Pedersen
Agowa ApS
Viaduktvej 5
8260 Viby J
1. Introduction
The soot from three different lamp oils was measured in two different types of lamp.
2 Purpose
The purpose of the test was to assess whether the lamp oils produce soot when they are tested using
a well-defined method and to describe the resulting particle concentration and size distribution in
the range 5-225 nm.
3. Testing materials
Two types of lamp, one type for indoor use and one type for outdoor use, and three different types
of lamp oil were received and tested in the laboratory on 3 November 2009.
Brand
Agowa vegetable lamp oil, methyl ester-based lamp oil
Agowa vegetable lamp oil, methyl ester-based Torch fuel
Reference oil supplied by client, n-paraffin-based lamp oil
4. Standard
The lamp oil was tested according to the method contained in EN 15426:2007 Candles –
Specification for sooting behaviour. The method was developed for the measurement of
sooting from candles and does not include lamp oil, but the method was regarded as
useable for the analysis of lamp oil sooting.
The soot which is given off during the burning of a candles is collected on a glass plate over a
defined burning period determined by the dimensions of the candle. Subsequently
the reduction of light intensity due to sooting is measured using a lux meter.
The lamp oil set-up is similar to a candle set-up as the most important element is the height from
the fuel to the collection plate which are both standardised. See also Figure 1.
5. Measurement of particle concentration
Particle concentration and size distribution of particles in the range 5-225 nm were measurement
with an SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) connected to a CPC (Condensation Particle
Counter) – both instruments from TSI. The determination of size and concentration takes place by
gathering particles at the same height over the flame as for the soot test. For all tests, the probe for
the collection of sample air was mounted at the same distance from the glass plate as for the soot
test.
The measuring period was two minutes and determination of the particle concentration and size
distribution was carried out three times for each set-up. This means that the results are an average
of nine measurements for each lamp and oil type.
Figure 1 Set-up of all indoor lamps with Agowa lamp oil
Outdoor lamp with Agowa lamp oil – particle collection
Outdoor lamp with reference lamp oil supplied by client – particle collection
6. Results and assessment
Soot test
Brand Individual soot index Soot
index/h
Agowa lamp oil 3 0.1
0.07 Si/h Agowa lamp oil 2 0.07
Agowa lamp oil 1 0.03
Agowa Torch fuel 3 0.37
0.6 Si/h Agowa Torch fuel 2 0.53
Agowa Torch fuel 1 0.8
Ref. oil supplied by
client inside 3 174*
189 Si/h Ref. oil supplied by
client inside 2 204*
Ref. oil supplied by
client inside 1 1366
Ref. oil supplied by
client outside 3 1366
1427 Si/h Ref. oil supplied by
client outside 2 1514
Ref. oil supplied by
client outside 1 1402
* only two of the burnings are included in the calculations as individual burnings vary greatly.
According to the EN 15426:2007 standard Candles – Specification for sooting behaviour the
average soot index on the tested candles may not exceed 1.0 Si/h. No individual candle may exceed
2.0 Si/h.
Particle concentration and size distribution
Particle concentration
(#/cm³)
Size distribution of particles
Agowa
lamp oil,
indoors
31000 ± 2400
Agowa
Torch fuel,
outdoors
47000 ± 3300
Ref. oil
supplied
by client,
indoor
700000 ± 103000
Ref. oil
supplied
by client,
outdoor
340000 ± 57000
Par
tik
elk
on
cen
trat
ion
(#
/cm
³)
Par
tik
elk
on
cen
trat
ion
(#
/cm
³)
Par
tik
elk
on
cen
trat
ion
(#
/cm
³)
Par
tik
elk
on
cen
trat
ion
(#
/cm
³)
Particle diameter (nm)
Particle diameter (nm)
Particle diameter (nm)
Particle diameter (nm)
Figure 2 Comparison of particle concentration in the range 5-225 nm for Agowa and the
reference lamp oil supplied by the client and used for indoor lamps
Figure 3 Comparison of particle concentration in the range 5-225 nm for Agowa and the reference
lamp oil supplied by the client and used for outdoor lamps
Par
ticl
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
#/c
m³)
Particle diameter (nm)
Agowa Torch fuel, outdoors
Reference lamp oil, outdoors
Par
ticl
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
#/c
m³)
Particle diameter (nm)
Agowa lamp oil, indoors
Reference lamp oil, indoors
Overall assessment
The soot indices show that the Agowa lamp oil, both indoors and torch fuel, do not give rise to any
significant sooting whereas the reference lamp oil supplied by the client produces significant
sooting.
The total particle concentration released during use of Agowa indoor and torch fuel was
significantly less (by more than a factor of 10) than during use of the reference lamp oil supplied by
the client. Particles released when using Agowa torch fuel were fewer than particles released during
use of the reference lamp oil supplied by the client. More very small particles in the 5-20 nm range
were released when using Agowa torch fuel compared to use of the reference lamp oil supplied by
the client.
Yours sincerely
The Danish Technological Institute, Indoor Climate in partnership with Chemical and Water
Technology