1

TESTE COMO ESTAacute O SEU INGLEcircS

Leia atentamente o texto abaixo e assinale a opccedilatildeo correta para cada questatildeo

1 A computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high-speed

logical and mathematical operations However it is not able to think It accepts data and instructions as

input and after processing them it outputs the results

4 When we talk about computers we have to consider the hardware and the software The

hardware consists of all the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system and the

software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer

QUESTOtildeES DE 1 A 11 1) O melhor tiacutetulo para o texto seria a) The history of Computers b) What is a computer c) Hardware x Software 2) Eacute uma ideacuteia presente no texto a) o computador resolve problemas atraveacutes do seu proacuteprio raciociacutenio b) o hardware eacute mais importante para o computador do que o software c) o processamento de dados eacute composto de trecircs etapas 3) Do texto podemos inferir que a) o computador se presta a diversas aplicaccedilotildees por causa da sua versatilidade b) o computador estaacute se tornando cada dia menor e mais barato c) o computador eacute a invenccedilatildeo humana que mais evoluiu nas uacuteltimas deacutecadas 4) ―() the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer A ideacuteia contida na oraccedilatildeo acima estaacute associada a a) It basically consists of the systems analysts the programmers the operators and the technical managers b) It is the collection of man-written solutions as well as all documents to guide the operation of a computer c) It consists of several units the CPU the main memory and the peripherals known as input and output devices 5) No trecho selecionado para a questatildeo 4 a palavra ―programs pode ser entendida como a) canais b) jogos c) instruccedilotildees 6) A pergunta que pode ser respondida com base nas informaccedilotildees contidas no texto eacute a) Quem inventou o computador b) O que significa software c) O que eacute um dispositivo de entrada 7) A opccedilatildeo na qual a palavra computer exerce a funccedilatildeo de modificador eacute a) computer (I 1) b) computers (I 4) c) computer (I 5) 8) O melhor paraacutegrafo para finalizar o texto seria a) Fourth-generation computers are rather faster than third-generation computers and can complete thousands of instructions at a time b) On the backside of the computer there are several slots into which we can connect a wide range of peripherals c) In only a short time the computer has changed the way in which many jobs are done and has become part of our everyday lives

2

9) De acordo com o texto e com as informaccedilotildees abaixo faccedila a correspondecircncia entre as palavras (agrave esquerda) e as definiccedilotildees (agrave direita) a) computer game ( ) The study and development of computer systems hardware and software

b) computer graphics ( ) All of the hardware and software that can interact with a particular computer

c) computer science ( ) Charts graphs diagrams or pictures produced with the aid of a computer

d) computer security ( ) A computer program designed for amusement or instruction

e)computer system ( )The process of protecting a computer system from access by virus or

unauthorized persons

10) Os fatos abaixo estatildeo relacionados com a histoacuteria do computador Numere-os de 1 a 5 partindo do mais antigo para o mais recente ( ) In the 17

th and 18

th centuries many ways of calculating were invented

( ) The first analog computer was used in World War II ( ) The primitive calculating device was the fingers of a manlsquos hands ( ) Howard Aiken invented the first digital computer called Mark 1 ( ) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 11) Identifique as partes componentes do computador abaixo

Monitor ndash Screen ndash Keyboard ndash Mouse ndash CD-Rom Drive ndash Disk Drive ndash Scanner ndash Printer ndash CD-Rom - Floppy

DiskDiskette

12) Complete a coluna de exemplos da tabela com as partes identificadas na figura

Type Description Example

Storage devices Provide permanent storage for data and programs a) _________________________

Input devices Enable data to go into the computerlsquos memory b) _________________________ c) _________________________

Output devices Enable users to extract information from the system

d) _________________________ e) _________________________

13) A oraccedilatildeo que melhor resume as ideacuteias contidas no texto na figura e na tabela eacute

a) Most computers are equipped with data communication facilities

b) Computers are also used in education and business

c) A computer is not only a machine but also a system

3

ABILITIES AND OTHER FACILITATORS

Cognates satildeo palavras de origem grega ou latina bem parecidas com as do portuguecircs Ex different ndash diferente infection ndash infecccedilatildeo Obs Atenccedilatildeo com os falsos cognatos Ex pretend natildeo significa pretender mas sim fingir eacute importante observar se a palavra se encaixa no contexto Repeated words se uma palavra aparece vaacuterias vezes no texto isto significa que ela eacute importante para a compreensatildeo do mesmo Typographical Evidences satildeo siacutembolos letras maiuacutesculas negrito itaacutelico etc que datildeo dicas uacuteteis sobre o texto Selectivity leitura seletiva isto eacute selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada informaccedilatildeo (paraacutegrafos por exemplo) Dictionary o dicionaacuterio deve ser utilizado como uacuteltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma palavra ou

expressatildeo desconhecida Isso para que a leitura natildeo seja lenta demais e para que o leitor natildeo desanime tendo que

parar toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido

ESTRATEacuteGIAS DE LEITURA

Skimming leitura raacutepida para ter-se uma ideacuteia central do texto Scanning leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaccedilotildees especiacuteficas no texto Prediction significa inferir o conteuacutedo de um texto atraveacutes de seu conhecimento preacutevio sobre o tema (background) atraveacutes do contexto semacircntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo por exemplo hospital nurse doctor ambulance) contexto linguumliacutestico (pistas gramaticais) contexto natildeo-linguumliacutestico (gravuras graacuteficos tabelas nuacutemeros etc) conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out tiacutetulo subtiacutetulo divisatildeo de paraacutegrafos etc) Vale ressaltar a importacircncia do conhecimento preacutevio do leitor e das suas expectativas e deduccedilotildees em relaccedilatildeo ao texto

COGNATOS Muito comuns na Liacutengua Inglesa os cognatos satildeo palavras de procedecircncia grega ou latina bastantes parecidas com as da Liacutengua Portuguesa tanto na forma como no significado Os cognatos podem ser

Idecircnticos Exs radio piano hospital hotel sofa nuclear social total particular chance camera inventor etc

Bastante parecidos Exs gasoline banks inflation intelligent population revolution commercial attention different products secretary billion dramatic deposits distribution automatic television public events models etc

Vagamente parecidos Exs electricity responsible explain activity impossible lamp company etc

4

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS)

Familiares satildeo palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um paiacutes altamente influenciado pela cultura dos paiacuteses de Liacutengua Inglesa Natildeo tecircm a mesma origem das palavras da Liacutengua Portuguesa Alguns exemplos de Familiares

Software Windows Hot dog Diet

Fast food Video game Credit card Mouse

Delivery Dollar Marketing Light

Shows MotoOffice Boy Site Drive-thru

Hamburguer Play DVD CD Record

COGNATOS

Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se pareccedilam com o Portuguecircs e aquelas que satildeo usadas da mesma forma tanto na Liacutengua Inglesa como na Liacutengua Portuguesa a Computers are electronic machines that process information They can perform complex operations in a fraction of time But they canacutet think b Computers are divided into two parts hardware and software Hardware refers to the actual equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer c The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations It controls all the computer activities d Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data It is expressed as quantities of K For example each K is equal to 1024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits e A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the screen or at specials symbols called icons f There are many different high-level languages Each one has its advantage or disadvantage COBOL BASIC FORTRAN ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages g Data put into a computer is INPUT The input is processed according to the program that is being used The results of processing are called OUTPUT h Film transparent de qualiteacute supeacuterieure Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une machine agrave fabriquer latildes transparents pour reacutetroprojecteur (Hewlett Packard)

SKIMMING

Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado em cada um deles 1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris this construction was built in the second half of the 19th century as an ornament presumably to show the possibilities of steel and to allow Parisians to see their own city from above Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV and radio transmissions It is linked in the worldacutes mind with the image of France and Paris - ____________________________________________

5

2) In computer science a popular pointing input device used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen - ____________________________________________ 3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium such as a transparency They can be categorized in any of several ways The most common distinction is impact x non impact Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser ink-jet and thermal - ____________________________________________ 4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland Ireland and USA by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40 alcohol It is drunk with or without ice soda or according to taste - ____________________________________________ 5) A common pointing device Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom designed to be gripped by one hand one or more buttons on the top a ball on the bottom and a cable connecting it to the computer By moving it on a surface the user typically controls a cursor To select items or choose commands on the screen the user presses one of the buttons producing a ―click_________________________________

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below 1 Czechoslovakiaacutes minister of Finance 2 Last week Mexican poet and Vaclav Klaus an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz 76 was economic reforms has emerged as his awarded this yearacutes Nobel Prize countryacutes fastest-rising politician At a in Literature A day after the recent congress of the Civic Forum the announcement Paz met with the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweekacutes Sarah Crichton in regime Klaus was elected chairman over- New York whelming the candidate supported by President Vaclav Havel Last week in Prague Klaus 49 talked with News- Weekacutes Andrew Nagorski about the Significance of his upset victory 3 Chilean novelist Isabel Allende 48 a 4 Jean-Luc Godard 60 is widely niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worldacutes great Allende is one of the most celebrated film directors A founder of the authors writing in Spanish While visiting French New Wave film movement Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franccedilois Truffaut and book ―Stories of Eva Luna she talked to Eric Rohmer Godard has directed Newsweekacutes Anne Whaley such modern classics as ―Contempt Starring Brigitte Bardot and others His latest film ―New Wave features Alain Delon Recently Godard spoke with Newsweekacutes Benjamin Iury at at his office in Rolle Switzerland

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2

9) De acordo com o texto e com as informaccedilotildees abaixo faccedila a correspondecircncia entre as palavras (agrave esquerda) e as definiccedilotildees (agrave direita) a) computer game ( ) The study and development of computer systems hardware and software

b) computer graphics ( ) All of the hardware and software that can interact with a particular computer

c) computer science ( ) Charts graphs diagrams or pictures produced with the aid of a computer

d) computer security ( ) A computer program designed for amusement or instruction

e)computer system ( )The process of protecting a computer system from access by virus or

unauthorized persons

10) Os fatos abaixo estatildeo relacionados com a histoacuteria do computador Numere-os de 1 a 5 partindo do mais antigo para o mais recente ( ) In the 17

th and 18

th centuries many ways of calculating were invented

( ) The first analog computer was used in World War II ( ) The primitive calculating device was the fingers of a manlsquos hands ( ) Howard Aiken invented the first digital computer called Mark 1 ( ) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 11) Identifique as partes componentes do computador abaixo

Monitor ndash Screen ndash Keyboard ndash Mouse ndash CD-Rom Drive ndash Disk Drive ndash Scanner ndash Printer ndash CD-Rom - Floppy

DiskDiskette

12) Complete a coluna de exemplos da tabela com as partes identificadas na figura

Type Description Example

Storage devices Provide permanent storage for data and programs a) _________________________

Input devices Enable data to go into the computerlsquos memory b) _________________________ c) _________________________

Output devices Enable users to extract information from the system

d) _________________________ e) _________________________

13) A oraccedilatildeo que melhor resume as ideacuteias contidas no texto na figura e na tabela eacute

a) Most computers are equipped with data communication facilities

b) Computers are also used in education and business

c) A computer is not only a machine but also a system

3

ABILITIES AND OTHER FACILITATORS

Cognates satildeo palavras de origem grega ou latina bem parecidas com as do portuguecircs Ex different ndash diferente infection ndash infecccedilatildeo Obs Atenccedilatildeo com os falsos cognatos Ex pretend natildeo significa pretender mas sim fingir eacute importante observar se a palavra se encaixa no contexto Repeated words se uma palavra aparece vaacuterias vezes no texto isto significa que ela eacute importante para a compreensatildeo do mesmo Typographical Evidences satildeo siacutembolos letras maiuacutesculas negrito itaacutelico etc que datildeo dicas uacuteteis sobre o texto Selectivity leitura seletiva isto eacute selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada informaccedilatildeo (paraacutegrafos por exemplo) Dictionary o dicionaacuterio deve ser utilizado como uacuteltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma palavra ou

expressatildeo desconhecida Isso para que a leitura natildeo seja lenta demais e para que o leitor natildeo desanime tendo que

parar toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido

ESTRATEacuteGIAS DE LEITURA

Skimming leitura raacutepida para ter-se uma ideacuteia central do texto Scanning leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaccedilotildees especiacuteficas no texto Prediction significa inferir o conteuacutedo de um texto atraveacutes de seu conhecimento preacutevio sobre o tema (background) atraveacutes do contexto semacircntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo por exemplo hospital nurse doctor ambulance) contexto linguumliacutestico (pistas gramaticais) contexto natildeo-linguumliacutestico (gravuras graacuteficos tabelas nuacutemeros etc) conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out tiacutetulo subtiacutetulo divisatildeo de paraacutegrafos etc) Vale ressaltar a importacircncia do conhecimento preacutevio do leitor e das suas expectativas e deduccedilotildees em relaccedilatildeo ao texto

COGNATOS Muito comuns na Liacutengua Inglesa os cognatos satildeo palavras de procedecircncia grega ou latina bastantes parecidas com as da Liacutengua Portuguesa tanto na forma como no significado Os cognatos podem ser

Idecircnticos Exs radio piano hospital hotel sofa nuclear social total particular chance camera inventor etc

Bastante parecidos Exs gasoline banks inflation intelligent population revolution commercial attention different products secretary billion dramatic deposits distribution automatic television public events models etc

Vagamente parecidos Exs electricity responsible explain activity impossible lamp company etc

4

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS)

Familiares satildeo palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um paiacutes altamente influenciado pela cultura dos paiacuteses de Liacutengua Inglesa Natildeo tecircm a mesma origem das palavras da Liacutengua Portuguesa Alguns exemplos de Familiares

Software Windows Hot dog Diet

Fast food Video game Credit card Mouse

Delivery Dollar Marketing Light

Shows MotoOffice Boy Site Drive-thru

Hamburguer Play DVD CD Record

COGNATOS

Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se pareccedilam com o Portuguecircs e aquelas que satildeo usadas da mesma forma tanto na Liacutengua Inglesa como na Liacutengua Portuguesa a Computers are electronic machines that process information They can perform complex operations in a fraction of time But they canacutet think b Computers are divided into two parts hardware and software Hardware refers to the actual equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer c The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations It controls all the computer activities d Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data It is expressed as quantities of K For example each K is equal to 1024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits e A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the screen or at specials symbols called icons f There are many different high-level languages Each one has its advantage or disadvantage COBOL BASIC FORTRAN ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages g Data put into a computer is INPUT The input is processed according to the program that is being used The results of processing are called OUTPUT h Film transparent de qualiteacute supeacuterieure Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une machine agrave fabriquer latildes transparents pour reacutetroprojecteur (Hewlett Packard)

SKIMMING

Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado em cada um deles 1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris this construction was built in the second half of the 19th century as an ornament presumably to show the possibilities of steel and to allow Parisians to see their own city from above Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV and radio transmissions It is linked in the worldacutes mind with the image of France and Paris - ____________________________________________

5

2) In computer science a popular pointing input device used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen - ____________________________________________ 3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium such as a transparency They can be categorized in any of several ways The most common distinction is impact x non impact Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser ink-jet and thermal - ____________________________________________ 4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland Ireland and USA by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40 alcohol It is drunk with or without ice soda or according to taste - ____________________________________________ 5) A common pointing device Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom designed to be gripped by one hand one or more buttons on the top a ball on the bottom and a cable connecting it to the computer By moving it on a surface the user typically controls a cursor To select items or choose commands on the screen the user presses one of the buttons producing a ―click_________________________________

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below 1 Czechoslovakiaacutes minister of Finance 2 Last week Mexican poet and Vaclav Klaus an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz 76 was economic reforms has emerged as his awarded this yearacutes Nobel Prize countryacutes fastest-rising politician At a in Literature A day after the recent congress of the Civic Forum the announcement Paz met with the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweekacutes Sarah Crichton in regime Klaus was elected chairman over- New York whelming the candidate supported by President Vaclav Havel Last week in Prague Klaus 49 talked with News- Weekacutes Andrew Nagorski about the Significance of his upset victory 3 Chilean novelist Isabel Allende 48 a 4 Jean-Luc Godard 60 is widely niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worldacutes great Allende is one of the most celebrated film directors A founder of the authors writing in Spanish While visiting French New Wave film movement Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franccedilois Truffaut and book ―Stories of Eva Luna she talked to Eric Rohmer Godard has directed Newsweekacutes Anne Whaley such modern classics as ―Contempt Starring Brigitte Bardot and others His latest film ―New Wave features Alain Delon Recently Godard spoke with Newsweekacutes Benjamin Iury at at his office in Rolle Switzerland

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3

ABILITIES AND OTHER FACILITATORS

Cognates satildeo palavras de origem grega ou latina bem parecidas com as do portuguecircs Ex different ndash diferente infection ndash infecccedilatildeo Obs Atenccedilatildeo com os falsos cognatos Ex pretend natildeo significa pretender mas sim fingir eacute importante observar se a palavra se encaixa no contexto Repeated words se uma palavra aparece vaacuterias vezes no texto isto significa que ela eacute importante para a compreensatildeo do mesmo Typographical Evidences satildeo siacutembolos letras maiuacutesculas negrito itaacutelico etc que datildeo dicas uacuteteis sobre o texto Selectivity leitura seletiva isto eacute selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada informaccedilatildeo (paraacutegrafos por exemplo) Dictionary o dicionaacuterio deve ser utilizado como uacuteltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma palavra ou

expressatildeo desconhecida Isso para que a leitura natildeo seja lenta demais e para que o leitor natildeo desanime tendo que

parar toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido

ESTRATEacuteGIAS DE LEITURA

Skimming leitura raacutepida para ter-se uma ideacuteia central do texto Scanning leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaccedilotildees especiacuteficas no texto Prediction significa inferir o conteuacutedo de um texto atraveacutes de seu conhecimento preacutevio sobre o tema (background) atraveacutes do contexto semacircntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo por exemplo hospital nurse doctor ambulance) contexto linguumliacutestico (pistas gramaticais) contexto natildeo-linguumliacutestico (gravuras graacuteficos tabelas nuacutemeros etc) conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out tiacutetulo subtiacutetulo divisatildeo de paraacutegrafos etc) Vale ressaltar a importacircncia do conhecimento preacutevio do leitor e das suas expectativas e deduccedilotildees em relaccedilatildeo ao texto

COGNATOS Muito comuns na Liacutengua Inglesa os cognatos satildeo palavras de procedecircncia grega ou latina bastantes parecidas com as da Liacutengua Portuguesa tanto na forma como no significado Os cognatos podem ser

Idecircnticos Exs radio piano hospital hotel sofa nuclear social total particular chance camera inventor etc

Bastante parecidos Exs gasoline banks inflation intelligent population revolution commercial attention different products secretary billion dramatic deposits distribution automatic television public events models etc

Vagamente parecidos Exs electricity responsible explain activity impossible lamp company etc

4

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS)

Familiares satildeo palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um paiacutes altamente influenciado pela cultura dos paiacuteses de Liacutengua Inglesa Natildeo tecircm a mesma origem das palavras da Liacutengua Portuguesa Alguns exemplos de Familiares

Software Windows Hot dog Diet

Fast food Video game Credit card Mouse

Delivery Dollar Marketing Light

Shows MotoOffice Boy Site Drive-thru

Hamburguer Play DVD CD Record

COGNATOS

Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se pareccedilam com o Portuguecircs e aquelas que satildeo usadas da mesma forma tanto na Liacutengua Inglesa como na Liacutengua Portuguesa a Computers are electronic machines that process information They can perform complex operations in a fraction of time But they canacutet think b Computers are divided into two parts hardware and software Hardware refers to the actual equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer c The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations It controls all the computer activities d Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data It is expressed as quantities of K For example each K is equal to 1024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits e A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the screen or at specials symbols called icons f There are many different high-level languages Each one has its advantage or disadvantage COBOL BASIC FORTRAN ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages g Data put into a computer is INPUT The input is processed according to the program that is being used The results of processing are called OUTPUT h Film transparent de qualiteacute supeacuterieure Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une machine agrave fabriquer latildes transparents pour reacutetroprojecteur (Hewlett Packard)

SKIMMING

Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado em cada um deles 1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris this construction was built in the second half of the 19th century as an ornament presumably to show the possibilities of steel and to allow Parisians to see their own city from above Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV and radio transmissions It is linked in the worldacutes mind with the image of France and Paris - ____________________________________________

5

2) In computer science a popular pointing input device used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen - ____________________________________________ 3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium such as a transparency They can be categorized in any of several ways The most common distinction is impact x non impact Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser ink-jet and thermal - ____________________________________________ 4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland Ireland and USA by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40 alcohol It is drunk with or without ice soda or according to taste - ____________________________________________ 5) A common pointing device Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom designed to be gripped by one hand one or more buttons on the top a ball on the bottom and a cable connecting it to the computer By moving it on a surface the user typically controls a cursor To select items or choose commands on the screen the user presses one of the buttons producing a ―click_________________________________

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below 1 Czechoslovakiaacutes minister of Finance 2 Last week Mexican poet and Vaclav Klaus an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz 76 was economic reforms has emerged as his awarded this yearacutes Nobel Prize countryacutes fastest-rising politician At a in Literature A day after the recent congress of the Civic Forum the announcement Paz met with the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweekacutes Sarah Crichton in regime Klaus was elected chairman over- New York whelming the candidate supported by President Vaclav Havel Last week in Prague Klaus 49 talked with News- Weekacutes Andrew Nagorski about the Significance of his upset victory 3 Chilean novelist Isabel Allende 48 a 4 Jean-Luc Godard 60 is widely niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worldacutes great Allende is one of the most celebrated film directors A founder of the authors writing in Spanish While visiting French New Wave film movement Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franccedilois Truffaut and book ―Stories of Eva Luna she talked to Eric Rohmer Godard has directed Newsweekacutes Anne Whaley such modern classics as ―Contempt Starring Brigitte Bardot and others His latest film ―New Wave features Alain Delon Recently Godard spoke with Newsweekacutes Benjamin Iury at at his office in Rolle Switzerland

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS)

Familiares satildeo palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um paiacutes altamente influenciado pela cultura dos paiacuteses de Liacutengua Inglesa Natildeo tecircm a mesma origem das palavras da Liacutengua Portuguesa Alguns exemplos de Familiares

Software Windows Hot dog Diet

Fast food Video game Credit card Mouse

Delivery Dollar Marketing Light

Shows MotoOffice Boy Site Drive-thru

Hamburguer Play DVD CD Record

COGNATOS

Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se pareccedilam com o Portuguecircs e aquelas que satildeo usadas da mesma forma tanto na Liacutengua Inglesa como na Liacutengua Portuguesa a Computers are electronic machines that process information They can perform complex operations in a fraction of time But they canacutet think b Computers are divided into two parts hardware and software Hardware refers to the actual equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer c The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations It controls all the computer activities d Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data It is expressed as quantities of K For example each K is equal to 1024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits e A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the screen or at specials symbols called icons f There are many different high-level languages Each one has its advantage or disadvantage COBOL BASIC FORTRAN ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages g Data put into a computer is INPUT The input is processed according to the program that is being used The results of processing are called OUTPUT h Film transparent de qualiteacute supeacuterieure Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une machine agrave fabriquer latildes transparents pour reacutetroprojecteur (Hewlett Packard)

SKIMMING

Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado em cada um deles 1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris this construction was built in the second half of the 19th century as an ornament presumably to show the possibilities of steel and to allow Parisians to see their own city from above Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV and radio transmissions It is linked in the worldacutes mind with the image of France and Paris - ____________________________________________

5

2) In computer science a popular pointing input device used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen - ____________________________________________ 3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium such as a transparency They can be categorized in any of several ways The most common distinction is impact x non impact Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser ink-jet and thermal - ____________________________________________ 4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland Ireland and USA by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40 alcohol It is drunk with or without ice soda or according to taste - ____________________________________________ 5) A common pointing device Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom designed to be gripped by one hand one or more buttons on the top a ball on the bottom and a cable connecting it to the computer By moving it on a surface the user typically controls a cursor To select items or choose commands on the screen the user presses one of the buttons producing a ―click_________________________________

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below 1 Czechoslovakiaacutes minister of Finance 2 Last week Mexican poet and Vaclav Klaus an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz 76 was economic reforms has emerged as his awarded this yearacutes Nobel Prize countryacutes fastest-rising politician At a in Literature A day after the recent congress of the Civic Forum the announcement Paz met with the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweekacutes Sarah Crichton in regime Klaus was elected chairman over- New York whelming the candidate supported by President Vaclav Havel Last week in Prague Klaus 49 talked with News- Weekacutes Andrew Nagorski about the Significance of his upset victory 3 Chilean novelist Isabel Allende 48 a 4 Jean-Luc Godard 60 is widely niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worldacutes great Allende is one of the most celebrated film directors A founder of the authors writing in Spanish While visiting French New Wave film movement Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franccedilois Truffaut and book ―Stories of Eva Luna she talked to Eric Rohmer Godard has directed Newsweekacutes Anne Whaley such modern classics as ―Contempt Starring Brigitte Bardot and others His latest film ―New Wave features Alain Delon Recently Godard spoke with Newsweekacutes Benjamin Iury at at his office in Rolle Switzerland

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5

2) In computer science a popular pointing input device used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen - ____________________________________________ 3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium such as a transparency They can be categorized in any of several ways The most common distinction is impact x non impact Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser ink-jet and thermal - ____________________________________________ 4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland Ireland and USA by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40 alcohol It is drunk with or without ice soda or according to taste - ____________________________________________ 5) A common pointing device Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom designed to be gripped by one hand one or more buttons on the top a ball on the bottom and a cable connecting it to the computer By moving it on a surface the user typically controls a cursor To select items or choose commands on the screen the user presses one of the buttons producing a ―click_________________________________

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below 1 Czechoslovakiaacutes minister of Finance 2 Last week Mexican poet and Vaclav Klaus an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz 76 was economic reforms has emerged as his awarded this yearacutes Nobel Prize countryacutes fastest-rising politician At a in Literature A day after the recent congress of the Civic Forum the announcement Paz met with the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweekacutes Sarah Crichton in regime Klaus was elected chairman over- New York whelming the candidate supported by President Vaclav Havel Last week in Prague Klaus 49 talked with News- Weekacutes Andrew Nagorski about the Significance of his upset victory 3 Chilean novelist Isabel Allende 48 a 4 Jean-Luc Godard 60 is widely niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worldacutes great Allende is one of the most celebrated film directors A founder of the authors writing in Spanish While visiting French New Wave film movement Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franccedilois Truffaut and book ―Stories of Eva Luna she talked to Eric Rohmer Godard has directed Newsweekacutes Anne Whaley such modern classics as ―Contempt Starring Brigitte Bardot and others His latest film ―New Wave features Alain Delon Recently Godard spoke with Newsweekacutes Benjamin Iury at at his office in Rolle Switzerland

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6

Name Age Nationality Occupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION

Correspondecircncia

a) Suponhamos que vocecirc acaba de receber um cartatildeo-postal de um amigo que estaacute viajando O

cartatildeo pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada

em cada lacuna atraveacutes da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto

Querido_________________________

A viagem estaacute sendo __________________ Tenho____ divertido

bastante por aqui Haacute muitas ______________ para fazer durante

a noite vaacuterios bares restaurantes cinemas e teatros e

_______________ variedade de shows A cidade eacute

________________ bonita com uma geografia encantadora

Ontem __________o Patildeo de Accediluacutecar com meus primos A subida

do bondinho daacute um __________na barriga mas vale a pena

vencer o medo A _________ laacute do alto do morro eacute fantaacutestica

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem aiacute com vocecircs

Volto __________ uma semana Um grande

abraccedilo e ateacute a ________________

b) Como vocecirc descobriu as palavras que faltavam ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo natildeo estar mencionada no cartatildeo ela pode

ser facilmente reconhecida Que meios vocecirc utilizou para a deduccedilatildeo _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajudaacute-lo a fazer inferecircncias _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que vocecirc conhece

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estrateacutegias vocecirc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaccedilotildees

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7

a) Vocecirc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa

______________________________________________________________________

b) Vocecirc liga a televisatildeo e ouve a notiacutecia que lhe interessa pela metade

______________________________________________________________________

c) Vocecirc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme

___________________________________________________________________

What is a browser and what browsers are available

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web Browsers require a connection to the Internet (eg through a cable modem a direct Ethernet connection or a modem)

Popular web browsers include the following Mozilla Firefox Netscape Internet Explorer and Safari

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Netscape and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text graphics sound and other media These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate Firefox Internet Explorer and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers Safari is available only for Mac OS X

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs) Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs All are available via IUware at httpiuwareiuedu

1) O que eacute um Browser e para que eacute usado (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto quais satildeo os Browsers mais populares (Resposta em portuguecircs)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox estaacute disponiacutevel ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari estaacute disponiacutevel ____________________________________________________

6) Qual eacute o tipo de texto_______________________________________________________________ 7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto 8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e decirc a traduccedilatildeo ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8

FALSOS COGNATOS

Tambeacutem chamados de falsos amigos os falsos cognatos satildeo palavras normalmente derivadas do latim que tecircm portanto a mesma origem e que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com ortografia semelhante mas que ao longo dos tempos acabaram adquirindo significados diferentes

Abaixo estaacute a tabela de falsos cognatos

EM INGLEcircS SIGNIFICA EM PORTUGUEcircS MAS PARECE SER QUE EM INGLEcircS Eacute

ACTUAL REAL ATUAL PRESENT

ACTUALLY NA VERDADE ATUALMENTE NOWADAYS TODAY

ADVERTISE ANUacuteNCIO ADVERTIR WARN

ALUMNUS EX-ALUNO ALUNO PUPIL

AMASS ACUMULAR AMASSAR WRINKLE DENT CRUSH

APPLICATION INSCRICcedilAtildeO APLICACcedilAtildeO INVESTMENT

APPOINTMENT HORA MARCADA APONTAMENTO NOTE

ARGUMENT DISCUSSAtildeO ARGUMENTO REASONING

ASSIST AJUDAR ASSISTIR ATTEND

ATTEND FREQUENTAR ATENDER ANSWER SERVE

AUDIENCE PLATEacuteIA PUacuteBLICO AUDIEcircNCIA COURT APPEARENCE

AVAILABLE DISPONIacuteVEL AVALIAR EVALUATE

BALCONY SACADA BALCAtildeO COUNTER

BARRACS QUARTEL BARRACA HUT TENT

BATON BATUTA CACETETE BATOM LIPSTICK

BEEF CARNE DE GADO BIFE STEAK

BOND LACcedilO LIGACcedilAtildeO BUNDE STREERCAR TRAM

CAFETERIA REFEITOacuteRIO CAFETERIA COFFEE SHOP

CAMERA MAacuteQ FOTOGRAacuteFICA CAcircMARA CHAMBER TUBE

CARTON CAIXA DE PAPELAtildeO CARTAtildeO CARD

CASUALTY FATALIDADE CASUALIDADE CASUALLNESS

CIGAR CHARUTO CIGARRO CIGARETTE

COLLAR GOLA COLARINHO COLAR NECKLACE

COLLEGE FACULDADE COLEacuteGIO HIGH SCHOOL

COMMODITY ARTIGO MERCADORIA COMODIDADE COMFORT

COMPASS BUacuteSSOLA COMPASSO A PAIR OF COMPASSES

COMPETITION CONCORREcircNCIA COMPETICcedilAtildeO CONTEST

COMPREHENSIVE COMPLETO TOTAL COMPREENSIVO UNDERSTANDING

CONDUCTOR COBRADOR CONDUTOR DRIVER

CONTEST COMPETICcedilAtildeO CONCURSO CONTEXTO CONTEXT

CONVENIENT PRAacuteTICO CONVENIENTE APPROPRIATE

CONVICT CONDENADO CONVICTO CERTAIN

COSTUME ROUPA FANTASIA COSTUME CUSTOM HABIT

DATA DADOS INFORMACcedilOtildeES DATA DATE

DECEPTION LOGRO FRAUDE DECEPCcedilAtildeO DISAPPOINTMENT

DECORATE DECORAR(ORNAMENTAR) DECORAR(SABER DE COR) MEMORIZE

DEFENDANT REacuteU DEFENDER DEFEND

DESIGN PROJETO CRIACcedilAtildeO ESTILO DESIGNAR APPOINT

9

DISGUST NAacuteUSEA DESGOSTO GRIEF

DIVERT DESVIAR DIVERTIR ENJOY

EDITOR REDATOR EDITOR PUBLISHER

EDUCATED INSTRUIacuteDO EDUCADO POLITE

EMISSION DESCARGA EMISSAtildeO ISSUE

ENROLL ALISTAR-SE ENROLLAR WIND CURL

ESTATE PROPRIEDADE IMOacuteVEL ESTADO STATE

EXCITING EMPOLGANTE EXCITANTE THRILLING

EXIT SAIacuteDA EcircXITO SUCCESS

EXPERT PERITO ESPERTO SMART

EXQUISITE APURADO ESQUISITO WEIRD

FABRIC TECIDO FAacuteBRICA FACTORY

FAMILIAR CONHECIDO FAMILIAR MEMBER OF THE FAMILY

FILE ARQUIVO FILA LINE QUEUE

GRIP AGARRAR FIRME GRIPE COLD

INCOME TAX RETURN

DECLARACcedilAtildeO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDA

DEVOLUCcedilAtildeO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDA

INCOME TAX REFUND

INGENIOUS CRIATIVO ENGENHOSO INGEcircNUO NAIVE

INGENUITY ENGENHOSIDADE INGENUIDADE NAIVETY

INJURY FERIMENTO INJUacuteRIA INSULT

INJURY FERIMENTO INJURIA INSULT

INSCRIPTION RAVACcedilAtildeO EM RELEVO INSCRICcedilAtildeO APPLICATION

INTEND PRETENDER ENTENDER UNDERSTAND

INTOXICATION EMBRIAGUEZ INTOXICACcedilAtildeO POISONING

INTRODUCE APRESENTAR INTRODUZIR INSERT

JOURNAL PERIOacuteDICO JORNAL NEWSPAPER

JUST NUM DADO MOMENTO APENAS

JUSTO(APERTADO - DE JUSTICcedilA) TIGHT - FAIR

LAMP LUMINAacuteRIA LAcircMPADA LIGHT BULB

LARGE GRANDE LARGO WIDE

LECTURE PALESTRA LEITURA READING

LEGEND LENDA LEGENDA SUBTITLE

LIBRARY BIBLIOTECA LIVRARIA BOOKSTORE

LUNCH ALMOCcedilO LANCHE SNACK

LUXURY LUXO LUXUacuteRIA LUST

MAGAZINE REVISTA MAGAZINE DEPARTMENT STORE

MANAGE ADMINISTRAR CONSEGUIR MANEJAR HANDLE

MAYOR PREFEITO MAIOR BIGGER

MOISTURE UMIDADE MISTURE MIXTURE

MOROSE RABUGENTO MOROSO SLOW

NOTICE PERCEBER NOTIacuteCIA NEWS

NOVEL ROMANCE NOVELA SOAP OPERA

OFFICE ESCRITOacuteRIO OFICIAL OFFICIAL

ORDINARY COMUM ORDINAacuteRIO VULGAR

ORE MINEacuteRIO OURO GOLD

PARENTS PAIS PARENTES RELATIVES

PARTICULAR ESPECIacuteFICO PARTICULAR PRIVATE

PASTA MASSA PASTA FOLDER PASTE

PHYSICIAN MEacuteDICO FIacuteSICO PHYSICAL

POLICY POLIacuteTICA NORMA POLIacuteCIA POLICE

PORT PORTO PORTA DOOR

PORTER CARREGADOR PORTEIRO DOORMAN

PREJUDICE PRECONCEITO PREJUIacuteZO DAMAGE

PRESCRIBE RECEITAR PRESCREVER EXPIRE

PRESENTLY LOGO EM BREVE PRESENTEMENTE NOW

PRETEND FINGIR PRETENDER INTEND

10

PREVENT IMPEDIR PREVENIR WARN

PROCURE CONSEGUIR ADQUIRIR PROCURAR LOOK FOR

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR DE UNIVERSIDADE PROFESSOR TEACHER

PROPAGANDA DIVULGACcedilAtildeODE IDEacuteIAS PROPAGANDA ADVERTISEMENT

PROPER APROPRIADO ADEQUADO PROacutePRIO OWN

PULL PUXAR PULAR JUMP

PUSH EMPURRAR PUXAR PULL

RANGE VARIAR COBRIR RANGER CREAK GUARDA FLORESTAL

REALIZE PERCEBER REALIZAR ACCOMPLISH

RECLAIM RECUPERAR RECLAMAR COMPLAIN

RECORD GRAVAR DISCO RECORDAR REMEMBER RECALL

REPORT RELATOacuteRIO REPOacuteRTER REPORTER

REQUIREMENT REQUISITO REQUERIMENTO REQUEST PETITION

RESPITE INTERVALO PAUSA RESPEITO RESPECT

RESUME RECOMECcedilAR RESUMIR SUMMARIZE

REacuteSUMEacute CURRIacuteCULO RESUMO SUMMARY

RETIRE APOSENTAR RETIRAR WITHDRAW

SCHOLAR ERUDITO LETRADO ESCOLAR SCHOOLBOY

SENSIBLE SENSATO SENSIVEL SENSITIVE

SORT ESPEacuteCIE ESCOLHER SORTE LUCK

STABLE FIRME ESTAacuteVEL ESTAacuteBULO BARN

STRANGER DESCONHECIDO ESTRANGEIRO FOREIGNER

STUPID BURRO ESTUacutePIDO RUDE

SUPPORT SUSTENTAR APOIAR SUPORTAR BEAR STAND TOLERATE

SYMPATHETIC COMPREENSIVO SOLIDAacuteRIO SIMPAacuteTICO

NICE PLEASANT FRIENDLY

TAX IMPOSTO TAXA FEE

TEMPER TEMPERAMENTO GEcircNIO TEMPERO CONDIMENT

TENANT INQUILINO TENENTE LIEUTENANT

TENTATIVE PROVISOacuteRIO TENTATIVA ATTEMPT TRY

TURN VEZ VOLTA TURNO SHIFT

TUTOR PROFESSOR PARTICULAR TUTOR GUARDIAN

UNIQUE DIFERENTE SEM IGUAL UacuteNICO THE ONLY ONE

USE UTILIZAR USAR USAR (VESTIR) WEAR

VEGETABLES VERDURAS LEGUMES VEGETAIS PLANTS

VINE VINHA VIDEIRA VINHO WINE

VOYAGE VIAGEM DE BARCO NAVE ESPACIAL VIAGEM

JOURNEY TRIP TRAVEL

Exercite no texto abaixo alguns falsos cognatos

A DAY AT WORK

In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives The discussion was very comprehensive covering topics like working hours days off retirement age etc Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise The secretary recorded everything in the notes Eventually they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement

11

Back at the office a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment and left for the cafeteria Actually I didnt want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens raise funds to improve college education and build a public library and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government

Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________

Texto e lista extraiacutedos do site wwwskcombr autor Ricardo Schuumltz 1999

USO DO DICIONAacuteRIO O dicionaacuterio eacute uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaccedilotildees sobre palavras

Veja o exemplo abaixo

COMPUTER (KAMlsquoPJULTER) An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program Vocecirc pode notar que podemos encontrar - A representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica das palavras - Abreviaturas - Significado das palavras - Classe gramatical das palavras Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda 1 Qual eacute a representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica da palavra ―look 2 Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo E como verbo 3 Qual eacute a primeira expressatildeo mencionada 4 Qual eacute o significado de ―to look for

Adaptado do dicionaacuterio InglecircsPortuguecircs Michaellis

Verbos

Quando vocecirc procura um verbo no dicionaacuterio geralmente encontra a base do verbo por exemplo look work teach Mas quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas looking worked teaches Quando o verbo eacute irregular encontramos a seguinte explicaccedilatildeo no dicionaacuterio Fellfel v passado de fall Assim teraacute que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall) para encontrar a definiccedilatildeo da palavra

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portuguecircs e Inglecircs Quais as semelhanccedilas na forma de utilizaccedilatildeo das palavras no Portuguecircs e no Inglecircs 1 Ele apagou as velas 2 Tenho que limpar as velas do carro

Look (luk) s 1 Olhar m olhadela f 2 Expressatildeo f aspecto m v 1 Olhar 2

Contemplar observar 3 considerar 4 Prestar atenccedilatildeo 5 Ter vista para 6 Parecer 7

Inspecionar examinar

Have a ~ at It decirc uma olhada nisto It ~s like rain estaacute com aspecto de chuva ameaccedila

chover ~ out seja cuidadoso To ~ after 1 Procurar 2 Cuidar de To ~ down upon

menosprezar To ~ for 1 Procurar 2 Esperar antecipar

12

3 O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco 4 Eu natildeo vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela Eacute claro que o contexto eacute sempre importante para a compreensatildeo das palavras que tecircm vaacuterios significados diferentes Em Inglecircs tambeacutem o contexto eacute muito importante para a interpretaccedilatildeo adequada dos vocaacutebulos 1 The waiter fills their glasses with champagne 2 She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses 3 This window is made of glass 4 I like computers 5 OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS Vocecirc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos teacutecnicos vocecirc encontraraacute vaacuterias palavras em inglecircs que talvez jaacute faccedilam parte de seu vocabulaacuterio mas que nesse contexto iratildeo adquirir novos significados Qual eacute a traduccedilatildeo mais adequada para os vocaacutebulos em negrito 1 I will substitute my computer by a notebook 2 I need a new notebook for my English classes 3 I need the key to open the door 4 To enter the program press any key 5 I have to save money to by a new car 6 Donlsquot forget to save the file before turning off the computer (Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Maacutercia C Bonamim e Magali N de Paula) Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionaacuterios

f feminino

m masculino

m pl = masculino plural

pp = particiacutepio passado

pl = plural

pop = popular

pref = prefixo

prep = preposiccedilatildeo

pret = preteacuterito

pron = pronome

s substantivo

spl = plural

sg = singular

sup = superlativo

v = verbo

var = variante de

Siacutembolos Comuns separaccedilatildeo da categoria morfoloacutegica ~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja a palavra que se estaacute consultando) Siacutembolos foneacuteticos Formas de pronuacutencia Vogais Ditongos Semivogais Consoantes Sinal bdquo que significa acentuaccedilatildeo Sinal que significa prolongaccedilatildeo

NOTA Observar sempre a organizaccedilatildeo do dicionaacuterio (guia foneacutetico)

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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AVG Free Edition - Registration Complete

We received your data In a couple of minutes depending on the load of our servers we will send you an e-mail containing your download link Without this link you will not be able to successfully download and install AVG Free Edition After successfully started the download your unique License Number will be activated and sent to you in another electronic letter Please make sure that the address confirmgrisoftcom is added to your accepted e-mail address list In the meantime you might be interested in the FAQ (frequently asked question) list or the online Documentation both of them can be found in the I need help subsection Are you looking for more features functionality and flexibility than AVG FREE offers Buy AVG Professional

We have received the VB100 in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform 100 detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories (wwwavgcom)

EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________

9

DISGUST NAacuteUSEA DESGOSTO GRIEF

DIVERT DESVIAR DIVERTIR ENJOY

EDITOR REDATOR EDITOR PUBLISHER

EDUCATED INSTRUIacuteDO EDUCADO POLITE

EMISSION DESCARGA EMISSAtildeO ISSUE

ENROLL ALISTAR-SE ENROLLAR WIND CURL

ESTATE PROPRIEDADE IMOacuteVEL ESTADO STATE

EXCITING EMPOLGANTE EXCITANTE THRILLING

EXIT SAIacuteDA EcircXITO SUCCESS

EXPERT PERITO ESPERTO SMART

EXQUISITE APURADO ESQUISITO WEIRD

FABRIC TECIDO FAacuteBRICA FACTORY

FAMILIAR CONHECIDO FAMILIAR MEMBER OF THE FAMILY

FILE ARQUIVO FILA LINE QUEUE

GRIP AGARRAR FIRME GRIPE COLD

INCOME TAX RETURN

DECLARACcedilAtildeO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDA

DEVOLUCcedilAtildeO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDA

INCOME TAX REFUND

INGENIOUS CRIATIVO ENGENHOSO INGEcircNUO NAIVE

INGENUITY ENGENHOSIDADE INGENUIDADE NAIVETY

INJURY FERIMENTO INJUacuteRIA INSULT

INJURY FERIMENTO INJURIA INSULT

INSCRIPTION RAVACcedilAtildeO EM RELEVO INSCRICcedilAtildeO APPLICATION

INTEND PRETENDER ENTENDER UNDERSTAND

INTOXICATION EMBRIAGUEZ INTOXICACcedilAtildeO POISONING

INTRODUCE APRESENTAR INTRODUZIR INSERT

JOURNAL PERIOacuteDICO JORNAL NEWSPAPER

JUST NUM DADO MOMENTO APENAS

JUSTO(APERTADO - DE JUSTICcedilA) TIGHT - FAIR

LAMP LUMINAacuteRIA LAcircMPADA LIGHT BULB

LARGE GRANDE LARGO WIDE

LECTURE PALESTRA LEITURA READING

LEGEND LENDA LEGENDA SUBTITLE

LIBRARY BIBLIOTECA LIVRARIA BOOKSTORE

LUNCH ALMOCcedilO LANCHE SNACK

LUXURY LUXO LUXUacuteRIA LUST

MAGAZINE REVISTA MAGAZINE DEPARTMENT STORE

MANAGE ADMINISTRAR CONSEGUIR MANEJAR HANDLE

MAYOR PREFEITO MAIOR BIGGER

MOISTURE UMIDADE MISTURE MIXTURE

MOROSE RABUGENTO MOROSO SLOW

NOTICE PERCEBER NOTIacuteCIA NEWS

NOVEL ROMANCE NOVELA SOAP OPERA

OFFICE ESCRITOacuteRIO OFICIAL OFFICIAL

ORDINARY COMUM ORDINAacuteRIO VULGAR

ORE MINEacuteRIO OURO GOLD

PARENTS PAIS PARENTES RELATIVES

PARTICULAR ESPECIacuteFICO PARTICULAR PRIVATE

PASTA MASSA PASTA FOLDER PASTE

PHYSICIAN MEacuteDICO FIacuteSICO PHYSICAL

POLICY POLIacuteTICA NORMA POLIacuteCIA POLICE

PORT PORTO PORTA DOOR

PORTER CARREGADOR PORTEIRO DOORMAN

PREJUDICE PRECONCEITO PREJUIacuteZO DAMAGE

PRESCRIBE RECEITAR PRESCREVER EXPIRE

PRESENTLY LOGO EM BREVE PRESENTEMENTE NOW

PRETEND FINGIR PRETENDER INTEND

10

PREVENT IMPEDIR PREVENIR WARN

PROCURE CONSEGUIR ADQUIRIR PROCURAR LOOK FOR

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR DE UNIVERSIDADE PROFESSOR TEACHER

PROPAGANDA DIVULGACcedilAtildeODE IDEacuteIAS PROPAGANDA ADVERTISEMENT

PROPER APROPRIADO ADEQUADO PROacutePRIO OWN

PULL PUXAR PULAR JUMP

PUSH EMPURRAR PUXAR PULL

RANGE VARIAR COBRIR RANGER CREAK GUARDA FLORESTAL

REALIZE PERCEBER REALIZAR ACCOMPLISH

RECLAIM RECUPERAR RECLAMAR COMPLAIN

RECORD GRAVAR DISCO RECORDAR REMEMBER RECALL

REPORT RELATOacuteRIO REPOacuteRTER REPORTER

REQUIREMENT REQUISITO REQUERIMENTO REQUEST PETITION

RESPITE INTERVALO PAUSA RESPEITO RESPECT

RESUME RECOMECcedilAR RESUMIR SUMMARIZE

REacuteSUMEacute CURRIacuteCULO RESUMO SUMMARY

RETIRE APOSENTAR RETIRAR WITHDRAW

SCHOLAR ERUDITO LETRADO ESCOLAR SCHOOLBOY

SENSIBLE SENSATO SENSIVEL SENSITIVE

SORT ESPEacuteCIE ESCOLHER SORTE LUCK

STABLE FIRME ESTAacuteVEL ESTAacuteBULO BARN

STRANGER DESCONHECIDO ESTRANGEIRO FOREIGNER

STUPID BURRO ESTUacutePIDO RUDE

SUPPORT SUSTENTAR APOIAR SUPORTAR BEAR STAND TOLERATE

SYMPATHETIC COMPREENSIVO SOLIDAacuteRIO SIMPAacuteTICO

NICE PLEASANT FRIENDLY

TAX IMPOSTO TAXA FEE

TEMPER TEMPERAMENTO GEcircNIO TEMPERO CONDIMENT

TENANT INQUILINO TENENTE LIEUTENANT

TENTATIVE PROVISOacuteRIO TENTATIVA ATTEMPT TRY

TURN VEZ VOLTA TURNO SHIFT

TUTOR PROFESSOR PARTICULAR TUTOR GUARDIAN

UNIQUE DIFERENTE SEM IGUAL UacuteNICO THE ONLY ONE

USE UTILIZAR USAR USAR (VESTIR) WEAR

VEGETABLES VERDURAS LEGUMES VEGETAIS PLANTS

VINE VINHA VIDEIRA VINHO WINE

VOYAGE VIAGEM DE BARCO NAVE ESPACIAL VIAGEM

JOURNEY TRIP TRAVEL

Exercite no texto abaixo alguns falsos cognatos

A DAY AT WORK

In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives The discussion was very comprehensive covering topics like working hours days off retirement age etc Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise The secretary recorded everything in the notes Eventually they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement

11

Back at the office a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment and left for the cafeteria Actually I didnt want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens raise funds to improve college education and build a public library and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government

Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________

Texto e lista extraiacutedos do site wwwskcombr autor Ricardo Schuumltz 1999

USO DO DICIONAacuteRIO O dicionaacuterio eacute uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaccedilotildees sobre palavras

Veja o exemplo abaixo

COMPUTER (KAMlsquoPJULTER) An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program Vocecirc pode notar que podemos encontrar - A representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica das palavras - Abreviaturas - Significado das palavras - Classe gramatical das palavras Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda 1 Qual eacute a representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica da palavra ―look 2 Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo E como verbo 3 Qual eacute a primeira expressatildeo mencionada 4 Qual eacute o significado de ―to look for

Adaptado do dicionaacuterio InglecircsPortuguecircs Michaellis

Verbos

Quando vocecirc procura um verbo no dicionaacuterio geralmente encontra a base do verbo por exemplo look work teach Mas quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas looking worked teaches Quando o verbo eacute irregular encontramos a seguinte explicaccedilatildeo no dicionaacuterio Fellfel v passado de fall Assim teraacute que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall) para encontrar a definiccedilatildeo da palavra

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portuguecircs e Inglecircs Quais as semelhanccedilas na forma de utilizaccedilatildeo das palavras no Portuguecircs e no Inglecircs 1 Ele apagou as velas 2 Tenho que limpar as velas do carro

Look (luk) s 1 Olhar m olhadela f 2 Expressatildeo f aspecto m v 1 Olhar 2

Contemplar observar 3 considerar 4 Prestar atenccedilatildeo 5 Ter vista para 6 Parecer 7

Inspecionar examinar

Have a ~ at It decirc uma olhada nisto It ~s like rain estaacute com aspecto de chuva ameaccedila

chover ~ out seja cuidadoso To ~ after 1 Procurar 2 Cuidar de To ~ down upon

menosprezar To ~ for 1 Procurar 2 Esperar antecipar

12

3 O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco 4 Eu natildeo vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela Eacute claro que o contexto eacute sempre importante para a compreensatildeo das palavras que tecircm vaacuterios significados diferentes Em Inglecircs tambeacutem o contexto eacute muito importante para a interpretaccedilatildeo adequada dos vocaacutebulos 1 The waiter fills their glasses with champagne 2 She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses 3 This window is made of glass 4 I like computers 5 OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS Vocecirc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos teacutecnicos vocecirc encontraraacute vaacuterias palavras em inglecircs que talvez jaacute faccedilam parte de seu vocabulaacuterio mas que nesse contexto iratildeo adquirir novos significados Qual eacute a traduccedilatildeo mais adequada para os vocaacutebulos em negrito 1 I will substitute my computer by a notebook 2 I need a new notebook for my English classes 3 I need the key to open the door 4 To enter the program press any key 5 I have to save money to by a new car 6 Donlsquot forget to save the file before turning off the computer (Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Maacutercia C Bonamim e Magali N de Paula) Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionaacuterios

f feminino

m masculino

m pl = masculino plural

pp = particiacutepio passado

pl = plural

pop = popular

pref = prefixo

prep = preposiccedilatildeo

pret = preteacuterito

pron = pronome

s substantivo

spl = plural

sg = singular

sup = superlativo

v = verbo

var = variante de

Siacutembolos Comuns separaccedilatildeo da categoria morfoloacutegica ~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja a palavra que se estaacute consultando) Siacutembolos foneacuteticos Formas de pronuacutencia Vogais Ditongos Semivogais Consoantes Sinal bdquo que significa acentuaccedilatildeo Sinal que significa prolongaccedilatildeo

NOTA Observar sempre a organizaccedilatildeo do dicionaacuterio (guia foneacutetico)

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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We have received the VB100 in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform 100 detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories (wwwavgcom)

EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________

10

PREVENT IMPEDIR PREVENIR WARN

PROCURE CONSEGUIR ADQUIRIR PROCURAR LOOK FOR

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR DE UNIVERSIDADE PROFESSOR TEACHER

PROPAGANDA DIVULGACcedilAtildeODE IDEacuteIAS PROPAGANDA ADVERTISEMENT

PROPER APROPRIADO ADEQUADO PROacutePRIO OWN

PULL PUXAR PULAR JUMP

PUSH EMPURRAR PUXAR PULL

RANGE VARIAR COBRIR RANGER CREAK GUARDA FLORESTAL

REALIZE PERCEBER REALIZAR ACCOMPLISH

RECLAIM RECUPERAR RECLAMAR COMPLAIN

RECORD GRAVAR DISCO RECORDAR REMEMBER RECALL

REPORT RELATOacuteRIO REPOacuteRTER REPORTER

REQUIREMENT REQUISITO REQUERIMENTO REQUEST PETITION

RESPITE INTERVALO PAUSA RESPEITO RESPECT

RESUME RECOMECcedilAR RESUMIR SUMMARIZE

REacuteSUMEacute CURRIacuteCULO RESUMO SUMMARY

RETIRE APOSENTAR RETIRAR WITHDRAW

SCHOLAR ERUDITO LETRADO ESCOLAR SCHOOLBOY

SENSIBLE SENSATO SENSIVEL SENSITIVE

SORT ESPEacuteCIE ESCOLHER SORTE LUCK

STABLE FIRME ESTAacuteVEL ESTAacuteBULO BARN

STRANGER DESCONHECIDO ESTRANGEIRO FOREIGNER

STUPID BURRO ESTUacutePIDO RUDE

SUPPORT SUSTENTAR APOIAR SUPORTAR BEAR STAND TOLERATE

SYMPATHETIC COMPREENSIVO SOLIDAacuteRIO SIMPAacuteTICO

NICE PLEASANT FRIENDLY

TAX IMPOSTO TAXA FEE

TEMPER TEMPERAMENTO GEcircNIO TEMPERO CONDIMENT

TENANT INQUILINO TENENTE LIEUTENANT

TENTATIVE PROVISOacuteRIO TENTATIVA ATTEMPT TRY

TURN VEZ VOLTA TURNO SHIFT

TUTOR PROFESSOR PARTICULAR TUTOR GUARDIAN

UNIQUE DIFERENTE SEM IGUAL UacuteNICO THE ONLY ONE

USE UTILIZAR USAR USAR (VESTIR) WEAR

VEGETABLES VERDURAS LEGUMES VEGETAIS PLANTS

VINE VINHA VIDEIRA VINHO WINE

VOYAGE VIAGEM DE BARCO NAVE ESPACIAL VIAGEM

JOURNEY TRIP TRAVEL

Exercite no texto abaixo alguns falsos cognatos

A DAY AT WORK

In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives The discussion was very comprehensive covering topics like working hours days off retirement age etc Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise The secretary recorded everything in the notes Eventually they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement

11

Back at the office a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment and left for the cafeteria Actually I didnt want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens raise funds to improve college education and build a public library and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government

Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________

Texto e lista extraiacutedos do site wwwskcombr autor Ricardo Schuumltz 1999

USO DO DICIONAacuteRIO O dicionaacuterio eacute uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaccedilotildees sobre palavras

Veja o exemplo abaixo

COMPUTER (KAMlsquoPJULTER) An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program Vocecirc pode notar que podemos encontrar - A representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica das palavras - Abreviaturas - Significado das palavras - Classe gramatical das palavras Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda 1 Qual eacute a representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica da palavra ―look 2 Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo E como verbo 3 Qual eacute a primeira expressatildeo mencionada 4 Qual eacute o significado de ―to look for

Adaptado do dicionaacuterio InglecircsPortuguecircs Michaellis

Verbos

Quando vocecirc procura um verbo no dicionaacuterio geralmente encontra a base do verbo por exemplo look work teach Mas quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas looking worked teaches Quando o verbo eacute irregular encontramos a seguinte explicaccedilatildeo no dicionaacuterio Fellfel v passado de fall Assim teraacute que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall) para encontrar a definiccedilatildeo da palavra

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portuguecircs e Inglecircs Quais as semelhanccedilas na forma de utilizaccedilatildeo das palavras no Portuguecircs e no Inglecircs 1 Ele apagou as velas 2 Tenho que limpar as velas do carro

Look (luk) s 1 Olhar m olhadela f 2 Expressatildeo f aspecto m v 1 Olhar 2

Contemplar observar 3 considerar 4 Prestar atenccedilatildeo 5 Ter vista para 6 Parecer 7

Inspecionar examinar

Have a ~ at It decirc uma olhada nisto It ~s like rain estaacute com aspecto de chuva ameaccedila

chover ~ out seja cuidadoso To ~ after 1 Procurar 2 Cuidar de To ~ down upon

menosprezar To ~ for 1 Procurar 2 Esperar antecipar

12

3 O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco 4 Eu natildeo vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela Eacute claro que o contexto eacute sempre importante para a compreensatildeo das palavras que tecircm vaacuterios significados diferentes Em Inglecircs tambeacutem o contexto eacute muito importante para a interpretaccedilatildeo adequada dos vocaacutebulos 1 The waiter fills their glasses with champagne 2 She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses 3 This window is made of glass 4 I like computers 5 OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS Vocecirc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos teacutecnicos vocecirc encontraraacute vaacuterias palavras em inglecircs que talvez jaacute faccedilam parte de seu vocabulaacuterio mas que nesse contexto iratildeo adquirir novos significados Qual eacute a traduccedilatildeo mais adequada para os vocaacutebulos em negrito 1 I will substitute my computer by a notebook 2 I need a new notebook for my English classes 3 I need the key to open the door 4 To enter the program press any key 5 I have to save money to by a new car 6 Donlsquot forget to save the file before turning off the computer (Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Maacutercia C Bonamim e Magali N de Paula) Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionaacuterios

f feminino

m masculino

m pl = masculino plural

pp = particiacutepio passado

pl = plural

pop = popular

pref = prefixo

prep = preposiccedilatildeo

pret = preteacuterito

pron = pronome

s substantivo

spl = plural

sg = singular

sup = superlativo

v = verbo

var = variante de

Siacutembolos Comuns separaccedilatildeo da categoria morfoloacutegica ~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja a palavra que se estaacute consultando) Siacutembolos foneacuteticos Formas de pronuacutencia Vogais Ditongos Semivogais Consoantes Sinal bdquo que significa acentuaccedilatildeo Sinal que significa prolongaccedilatildeo

NOTA Observar sempre a organizaccedilatildeo do dicionaacuterio (guia foneacutetico)

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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We received your data In a couple of minutes depending on the load of our servers we will send you an e-mail containing your download link Without this link you will not be able to successfully download and install AVG Free Edition After successfully started the download your unique License Number will be activated and sent to you in another electronic letter Please make sure that the address confirmgrisoftcom is added to your accepted e-mail address list In the meantime you might be interested in the FAQ (frequently asked question) list or the online Documentation both of them can be found in the I need help subsection Are you looking for more features functionality and flexibility than AVG FREE offers Buy AVG Professional

We have received the VB100 in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform 100 detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories (wwwavgcom)

EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________

11

Back at the office a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment and left for the cafeteria Actually I didnt want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens raise funds to improve college education and build a public library and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government

Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________

Texto e lista extraiacutedos do site wwwskcombr autor Ricardo Schuumltz 1999

USO DO DICIONAacuteRIO O dicionaacuterio eacute uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaccedilotildees sobre palavras

Veja o exemplo abaixo

COMPUTER (KAMlsquoPJULTER) An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program Vocecirc pode notar que podemos encontrar - A representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica das palavras - Abreviaturas - Significado das palavras - Classe gramatical das palavras Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda 1 Qual eacute a representaccedilatildeo foneacutetica da palavra ―look 2 Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo E como verbo 3 Qual eacute a primeira expressatildeo mencionada 4 Qual eacute o significado de ―to look for

Adaptado do dicionaacuterio InglecircsPortuguecircs Michaellis

Verbos

Quando vocecirc procura um verbo no dicionaacuterio geralmente encontra a base do verbo por exemplo look work teach Mas quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas looking worked teaches Quando o verbo eacute irregular encontramos a seguinte explicaccedilatildeo no dicionaacuterio Fellfel v passado de fall Assim teraacute que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall) para encontrar a definiccedilatildeo da palavra

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portuguecircs e Inglecircs Quais as semelhanccedilas na forma de utilizaccedilatildeo das palavras no Portuguecircs e no Inglecircs 1 Ele apagou as velas 2 Tenho que limpar as velas do carro

Look (luk) s 1 Olhar m olhadela f 2 Expressatildeo f aspecto m v 1 Olhar 2

Contemplar observar 3 considerar 4 Prestar atenccedilatildeo 5 Ter vista para 6 Parecer 7

Inspecionar examinar

Have a ~ at It decirc uma olhada nisto It ~s like rain estaacute com aspecto de chuva ameaccedila

chover ~ out seja cuidadoso To ~ after 1 Procurar 2 Cuidar de To ~ down upon

menosprezar To ~ for 1 Procurar 2 Esperar antecipar

12

3 O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco 4 Eu natildeo vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela Eacute claro que o contexto eacute sempre importante para a compreensatildeo das palavras que tecircm vaacuterios significados diferentes Em Inglecircs tambeacutem o contexto eacute muito importante para a interpretaccedilatildeo adequada dos vocaacutebulos 1 The waiter fills their glasses with champagne 2 She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses 3 This window is made of glass 4 I like computers 5 OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS Vocecirc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos teacutecnicos vocecirc encontraraacute vaacuterias palavras em inglecircs que talvez jaacute faccedilam parte de seu vocabulaacuterio mas que nesse contexto iratildeo adquirir novos significados Qual eacute a traduccedilatildeo mais adequada para os vocaacutebulos em negrito 1 I will substitute my computer by a notebook 2 I need a new notebook for my English classes 3 I need the key to open the door 4 To enter the program press any key 5 I have to save money to by a new car 6 Donlsquot forget to save the file before turning off the computer (Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Maacutercia C Bonamim e Magali N de Paula) Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionaacuterios

f feminino

m masculino

m pl = masculino plural

pp = particiacutepio passado

pl = plural

pop = popular

pref = prefixo

prep = preposiccedilatildeo

pret = preteacuterito

pron = pronome

s substantivo

spl = plural

sg = singular

sup = superlativo

v = verbo

var = variante de

Siacutembolos Comuns separaccedilatildeo da categoria morfoloacutegica ~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja a palavra que se estaacute consultando) Siacutembolos foneacuteticos Formas de pronuacutencia Vogais Ditongos Semivogais Consoantes Sinal bdquo que significa acentuaccedilatildeo Sinal que significa prolongaccedilatildeo

NOTA Observar sempre a organizaccedilatildeo do dicionaacuterio (guia foneacutetico)

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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We have received the VB100 in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform 100 detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories (wwwavgcom)

EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________

12

3 O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco 4 Eu natildeo vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela Eacute claro que o contexto eacute sempre importante para a compreensatildeo das palavras que tecircm vaacuterios significados diferentes Em Inglecircs tambeacutem o contexto eacute muito importante para a interpretaccedilatildeo adequada dos vocaacutebulos 1 The waiter fills their glasses with champagne 2 She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses 3 This window is made of glass 4 I like computers 5 OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS Vocecirc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos teacutecnicos vocecirc encontraraacute vaacuterias palavras em inglecircs que talvez jaacute faccedilam parte de seu vocabulaacuterio mas que nesse contexto iratildeo adquirir novos significados Qual eacute a traduccedilatildeo mais adequada para os vocaacutebulos em negrito 1 I will substitute my computer by a notebook 2 I need a new notebook for my English classes 3 I need the key to open the door 4 To enter the program press any key 5 I have to save money to by a new car 6 Donlsquot forget to save the file before turning off the computer (Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Maacutercia C Bonamim e Magali N de Paula) Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionaacuterios

f feminino

m masculino

m pl = masculino plural

pp = particiacutepio passado

pl = plural

pop = popular

pref = prefixo

prep = preposiccedilatildeo

pret = preteacuterito

pron = pronome

s substantivo

spl = plural

sg = singular

sup = superlativo

v = verbo

var = variante de

Siacutembolos Comuns separaccedilatildeo da categoria morfoloacutegica ~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja a palavra que se estaacute consultando) Siacutembolos foneacuteticos Formas de pronuacutencia Vogais Ditongos Semivogais Consoantes Sinal bdquo que significa acentuaccedilatildeo Sinal que significa prolongaccedilatildeo

NOTA Observar sempre a organizaccedilatildeo do dicionaacuterio (guia foneacutetico)

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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AVG Free Edition - Registration Complete

We received your data In a couple of minutes depending on the load of our servers we will send you an e-mail containing your download link Without this link you will not be able to successfully download and install AVG Free Edition After successfully started the download your unique License Number will be activated and sent to you in another electronic letter Please make sure that the address confirmgrisoftcom is added to your accepted e-mail address list In the meantime you might be interested in the FAQ (frequently asked question) list or the online Documentation both of them can be found in the I need help subsection Are you looking for more features functionality and flexibility than AVG FREE offers Buy AVG Professional

We have received the VB100 in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform 100 detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories (wwwavgcom)

EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________

13

DOUBLE SENSE WORDS

Eacute comum a todas as liacutenguas a ocorrecircncia de palavras com significado ou funccedilatildeo gramatical muacuteltiplos Frequumlentemente este muacuteltiplo sentido em um idioma natildeo tem correspondente em outro Quer dizer os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas aacutereas de significado entre diferentes idiomas Este fenocircmeno tambeacutem chamado de polissemia ocorre com qualquer idioma assim como o portuguecircs o inglecircs tambeacutem tem inuacutemeras palavras de muacuteltiplo significado Eacute entretanto a ocorrecircncia do fenocircmeno na liacutengua matildee do aluno que causa maior dificuldade Partir do geral para o particular eacute sempre mais difiacutecil do que o inverso Portanto sempre que diferentes ideacuteias representadas pela mesma palavra na liacutengua matildee do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda liacutengua o mesmo teraacute dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente As diferentes palavras do inglecircs que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portuguecircs podem eventualmente funcionar como sinocircnimos portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas O objetivo entretanto eacute mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrecircncias mais usuais do vocabulaacuterio inglecircs moderno

Inglecircs Primeiro significado Segundo

significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

Affiliate Filiar-se Determinar

Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

Ambulant Paciente de

Ambulatoacuterio Capaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicaccedilatildeo Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discussatildeo

Arm Arma Braccedilo

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

Balance Balanccedila Equiliacutebrio

Ball Bola Baile Bala (projeacutetil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Bastatildeo de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiuacutescula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Ceacutelula Cela

Character Caraacuteter Personagem

caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

Coll Fresco Legal

14

Collect Colecionar Cobrar coletar

Compass Compasso Buacutessola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

Consistent Consistente Compatiacutevel

Content Contente Conteuacutedo

Date Date Tacircmara Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefocircnica

Easy Faacutecil Em Paz Confortaacutevel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

Faculty Faculdade (mental) Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nuacutemero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indiviacuteduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

Match Ligar (Relacionar) Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto Oacutebvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Mateacuteria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remeacutedio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

Official Oficial Autoridade

Oil Oacuteleo Petroacuteleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Periacuteodo Menstruaccedilatildeo

Plant Planta Faacutebrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raccedila Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balanccedila

Sequel Sequela Sequencia

Spectacles Espetaacuteculos Oacuteculos

15

Spirits Espiacuteritos Bebida alcoacuteolica

Story Estoacuteria Pavimento andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To Play Jogar Brincar Tocar Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Viacutecio

EXERCIacuteCIOS A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenccedilas 1) I need to cancel your documents ( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar 2) She is the principal of the school ( ) diretora ( ) principal 3) His mark was terrible ( ) marca ( ) nota 4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b) a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista b- ( ) planta ( ) faacutebrica 5) We are lost We need a compass now ( ) buacutessola ( ) compasso 6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party ( ) bacharel ( ) solteiratildeo 7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b) a- ( ) capital ( ) principal b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China 8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil ( ) capital ( ) maiuacutescula 9) I use capital letter to write my name ( ) capital ( )maiuacutescula 10) I appreciate Chinese china ( ) porcelana ( ) China 11) John collects caps ( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou B) Decirc os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento 1) a) Mike is not married He is a bachelor b) He finished the college last year Now he is a bachelor in Biology 2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students This directory is in the directory of the school

3) The character of this film has a bad character

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters

16

MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demolsquoed a strange device called a mouse Last week 1500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him Speakers stressed that Engelbartlsquos contributions went beyond the mouse His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet the Internetlsquos predecessor and he developed the first use of multiple ―windows More important Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence thus improving our ability to solve problems Welsquoll click to that

(Newsweek December 28 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questotildees abaixo 1) O que aconteceu a) em 1968 ______________________________________________________________________________ b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Na frase ―Welsquoll click to that o termo em destaque passa a ideacuteia de a) discordar b) aprovar c) rejeitar d) aplaudir 3) Verdadeiro ou Falso Segundo os oradores o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se agrave criaccedilatildeo do mouse (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informaccedilatildeo)

______________________________________________________________________ 4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido a) de um jornal b) da internet c) de um livro d) de uma revista 5) Faccedila em portuguecircs um breve resumo sobre o texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER NETWORK

17

Timesharing the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s 1962 Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed packet-switching networks ARPANET goes online in 1969 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973 In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979 The first MUD is also developed in 1979 at the University of Essex TCPIP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982 1987 the number of network hosts breaks 10000 1989 the number of hosts breaks 100000 Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web CERN releases the first Web server in 1991 1992 the number of hosts breaks 1000000 The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341634 in service traffic in its third year 1993 The main US Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994 The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first Worlds Fair to be held on the internet 1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar ________________________________________________________ 2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf _________________________________________________ 3) Escreva um paraacutegrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que eacute TCPIP em inglecircs (traduza para o portuguecircs)

5) Qual eacute o significado do termo World Wide Web

CONECTORES

1 ADICcedilAtildeO - and e - in addition furthermore besides moreover aleacutem disso - as well as assim como - also tambeacutem - apart from com exceccedilatildeo de - bothand ambos tanto como - not only but also natildeo apenasmas tambeacutem

2 CONTRASTECONCESSAtildeOADVERSATIVA - but mas - however neverthless entretanto - yet entretanto ainda - although even though though embora

18

- nonetheless notwithstanding natildeo obstante - despite that in spite of apesar de - rather than instead of em vez de - whereas enquanto

3 PROPOacuteSITO - in order to a fim de - so as to de modo que 4 CONSEQUEcircNCIACONCLUSAtildeO - therefore portanto - consequently as a result consequentemente - accordingly de acordo adequadamente - hence pois entatildeo daiacute - thus assim - thereby assim desse modo - then entatildeo - so entatildeo pois - finally finalmente 5 ALTERNATIVA - otherwise por outro lado - or ou - or else ou entatildeo ou ainda - either or ou ou - while whereas enquanto

6 REITERACcedilAtildeO - that is isto eacute - in other words em outras palavras - in short in brief em resumo - ie (do latim) isto eacute - that is to say quer dizer 7 COMPARACcedilAtildeO - like as como - than do que

8 ILUSTRACcedilAtildeO - eg (do latim) por exemplo - for instance for example por exemplo - such as tal como - namely a saber - viz (do latim) quer dizer

9 CONDICcedilAtildeO - if se - unless se natildeo a menos que - provided that uma vez que - on condition that desde que - as long as uma vez que - subject to sujeito a - wether se

10 CAUSA - because porque - due to devido a - as porque - since uma vez que

11 DUacuteVIDA OU HIPOacuteTESE - perhaps maybe talvez - possibly possivelmente

19

12 TEMPORAL - when quando while enquanto

GRUPOS NOMINAIS Satildeo grupos de palavras compostos por duas ou mais palavras que estatildeo relacionadas entre si sendo que uma eacute a palavra principal o substantivo (nuacutecleo) e as outras satildeo os modificadores palavras que caracterizam o substantivo Exs Electric Energy = Energia Eleacutetrica Private Investors = Investidores Privados State Government = Governo Estadual Observe que nos grupos nominais em Inglecircs a palavra principal ou seja o substantivo (nuacutecleo) eacute sempre a uacuteltima palavra do grupo ao passo que em portuguecircs noacutes comeccedilamos o grupo com ela Assim temos United Kingdom Parliamentary Vote Reino Unido Voto Parlamentar Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha Vaacuterias siglas satildeo iniciais de Grupo Nominais VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________ WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________ WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________ NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________ USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________ USA = United States of America________________________________________________ FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________ Outros Exemplos

Confirma-se entatildeo que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Inglecircs eacute INVERSA agrave ordem em Portuguecircs

Modern computer = Computador moderno

Central processor = Processador central

Laser printer = Impressora agrave laser

Personal computer = Computador pessoal

Incredible speed = velocidade incriacutevel

(nuacutecleo)

Hard disk = disco riacutegido

(nuacutecleo)

Input devices = dispositivos de entrada

(nuacutecleo)

Data Processing = Processamento de dados

Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaccedilotildees loacutegicas e aritmeacuteticas

Operaccedilotildees aritmeacuteticas e loacutegicas

Electronic machine = Maacutequina eletrocircnica

20

Pense nas seguintes estruturas Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portuguecircs Exerciacutecios 1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas traduccedilotildees

a IMF (International Monetary Fund) ______________________________________

b NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization) _________________________________

c EEC (European Economic Community) ____________________________________

d UNO (United Nations Organization) ______________________________________

e USA (United States of America) __________________________________________

f CPU (______________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________________

gRAM(________________________________________________________________

____)_________________________________________________________________

hROM(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

i CD (________________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

jALU(_________________________________________________________________

___)__________________________________________________________________

k ALGOL (____________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

lBASIC(_______________________________________________________________

_____)

mCOBOL(_____________________________________________________________

________)_____________________________________________________________

n CRT (______________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

o DDD (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

p DOS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

q IBM (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

Car race = ________________________

Race car = ________________________

21

rIODevices(___________________________________________________________

_________)____________________________________________________________

s MVS (______________________________________________________________)

______________________________________________________________________

t PC (________________________________________________________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

uHTML(_______________________________________________________________

_____)________________________________________________________________

vWWW(_______________________________________________________________

______)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados determinando o Modifier e

Head Word Decirc a traduccedilatildeo de cada um deles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

22

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portuguecircs a Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p Computer integrated circuits - ______________________________________________________

OBS Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro Infotech English for Computer Users I) Os grupos nominais a seguir satildeo bastante simples Satildeo formados pelo nuacutecleo (head word =

HW) que eacute o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M) que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo Grife o nuacutecleo (HW) e faccedila a traduccedilatildeo

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employlsquos abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos o nuacutecleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo) 1 the major informations = as informaccedilotildees principais

2 a brief introduction = uma breve introduccedilatildeo (ou uma introduccedilatildeo breve)

3 the English language =

4 the principal program =

5 the file areas =

23

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores compostos de um nuacutecleo mais dois trecircs ou mais adjetivos eou substantivos Esses grupos podem ou natildeo vir precedidos de artigos 1 ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2 ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3 ATampT ndash American Telephone amp Telegraph Company =

4 CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5 CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6 DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7 DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8 DNS ndash (Domain Name System) =

9 DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10 Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11 ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12 FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13 FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14 HDD ndash Hard Disk Drive =

15 HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16 HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17 IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18 IP ndash Internet Protocol =

19 ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20 IT -- (Information Technology) =

21 JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22 LAN ndash Local Area Network =

23 MAC Address ndash (Media Access Control Address) =

24 MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25 OCR ndash Optical Character Recognition =

26 OSI ndash (Open Source Initiative) =

27 PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28 PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29 SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30 SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31 SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32 Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33 TCP ndash Transmission Control Protocol =

34 URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35 URL ndash Uniform Resource Locator =

36 URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37 VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38 VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39 WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40 Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

24

IV) Haacute tambeacutem os grupos nominais com a palavra ldquoofrdquo onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portuguecircs Observe que o nuacutecleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposiccedilatildeo ldquoofrdquo 1 The performance of program = a performance de programa

2 A long history of personal computers = uma longa histoacuteria de computadores pessoais

3 An essential part of a printer =

4 A important group of personal files =

5 Different languages of the same families =

6 POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programs For those new to computer programming data and code go hand in hand You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code or without data A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial) Each memory slot is identified by a name that the programmer chooses For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot This kind of data is called a Variable It can contain data such as a number or text Sometimes we may have data that we do not want to change For example the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle When we give a name to such data we also give it its permanent value These are called constants Leia o texto acima e responda 1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar (traduza-os) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Que nome eacute dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memoacuteria

slot __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) Qual eacute a correta traduccedilatildeo do tiacutetulo do texto a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador

25

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados 6) Complete a traduccedilatildeo da frase ―Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsrdquo Dado eacute ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________

FORMACcedilAtildeO DE PALAVRAS ndash AFIXOS (Material extraiacutedo do livro Teacutecnicas de Leitura em Inglecircs Eiter Otavio Guandalini p 37-39) Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de atenccedilatildeo para inferi-las e reconhececirc-las durante a leitura Satildeo as chamadas palavras derivadas ou seja palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos ndash que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos O conhecimento da formaccedilatildeo das palavras eacute muito uacutetil sem duacutevida para sua compreensatildeo Isto significa que eacute necessaacuterio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na liacutengua que se que aprender e naturalmente seu significado Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados agraves palavras dando-lhes novos significados e quase sempre alternando sua classe gramatical Portanto atenccedilatildeo habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expressotildees atraveacutes de prefixos e sufixos da nova posiccedilatildeo que ocupam na frase como tambeacutem na alteraccedilatildeo da classe gramatical A fim de facilitar sua identificaccedilatildeo colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na liacutengua inglesa Prefixaccedilatildeo ndash o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva mas natildeo muda a classe gramatical

a (sem) Amoral apolitical asexual

anti (contra) Anti-clockwise anti-nuclear Antichrist

dis (oposto) Disagree dishonest disloyal

il ir im in (natildeo) Illegal irregular imperfect incomplete

mis (errado) Misunderstand misdirect misaddress

non (natildeo) Nonsense non-fiction non-programable

un (natildeo) Unmagnetized uncommon unprofessional

over (excesso aleacutem) Overdose overeat

pre (antes) Premarital prefix prehistory

Mini micro Minicomputer Microcomputer

Macro mega Macroeconomics Megabyte

Inter (entre) Interface Interactive

Sufixaccedilatildeo ndash o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo Formaccedilatildeo de verbos

- en Freshen blacken Harden

- ify Simplify solidify

- ize Centralize modernize computerize

Formaccedilatildeo de adveacuterbios

- ly (mente) Logically comparably Yearly annually

- ward (em direccedilatildeo) Downward homeward Inward

Formaccedilatildeo de substantivos

26

- ance ence Tolerance Preference Performance

- or Operator Accumulator

- er Trainer Employer programmer

- ee Trainee Employee

- ist Economist Scientist Dentist

- ion Education Collision Compilation

- ment Investment development

- ity Sincerity Generosity

- ism Modernism Buddhism Magnetism

- ness Happiness Darkness

- dom Freedom Kingdom

- hood Childhood Brotherhood

- ship Friendship Partnership relationship

Formaccedilatildeo de adjetivos

- able ible Programmable Admirable Divisible

- an ian American Sagitarian suburban

- ful Powerful Hopeful wonderfulbeautiful

- y Tasty Healthy

- ic Poetic Democratic

- icalal Sociological Magical

- less Homeless Childless Wireless

Ex COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortaacutevel Selecione no texto as palavras que satildeo formadas por sufixos

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts Programmers and Operators Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business They also improve the efficiency of systems in use Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business science center and home System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer Computer operators handle several types of computers Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists who conduct research and teach at universities Hardware Designers and Engineers who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators who manage the information collections of business or data banks Excerpted from Comptonacutes Interactive Encyclopedia ndash 1993 1994 Agora escreva em Portuguecircs as especialidades que satildeo mencionadas no texto ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________ ____________________________________ - ___________________________________

27

A PREacute-HISTOacuteRIA DOS COMPUTADORES

AQUECIMENTO

Junte-se a um colega e em cinco minutos procure no texto da proacutexima paacutegina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competiccedilatildeo

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a maacutequina de Babbage __________________________ b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC o primeiro computador a vaacutelvula _______________________________ c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu ―The Difference Engine em 1855 __________________________ d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de caacutelculo utilizado pelo homem ___________________________ e) Ateacute que seacuteculo o aacutebaco foi utilizado como dispositivo de caacutelculo __________________________ f) Quem inventou em 1804 o tear ―programado ________________________________________ g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642 _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital o MARK 1 ____________________________ i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analoacutegico ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocecircs sabem acerca da histoacuteria do computador e dos meacutetodos de caacutelculo b) Depois da discussatildeo organize os paraacutegrafos abaixo numerando os parecircnteses em ordem crescente conforme a cronologia O tiacutetulo do texto jaacute estaacute marcado

(A _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began In 1930 Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer which was used to help aim guns in World War II In the period between 1938-1942 John V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer the ABC which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC (B_____) After that in 1822 Charles Babbage built a machine called ―The Difference Engine which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855 Next Babbage envisioned and designed ―The Analytical Engine a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations Unfortunately Babbage never finished his work but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer (C _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine (D _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687 many scientists tried to find ways of calculating As a consequence other computational devices were invented In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator In 1673 Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device (E _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution which started in England and brought many advances in technology Several machines were developed in this period and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers

28

(F _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbagelsquos machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers For this reason she is considered to be the first programmer (G _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens Then the abacus was invented a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations This tool was used until the 16

th century It is still used today in

some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations (H _____) In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was ―programmed to make certain patterns on cloth This ―program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers (I 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers (J _____) Between 1943 and 1946 funded by the US Army John Mauchly and J Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons (K _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers which may be described as the modern age of computers (L _____) In 1944 Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1 an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics c) Responda as seguintes perguntas 1) Das informaccedilotildees apresentadas no texto quais vocecirc jaacute conhecia

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Que informaccedilatildeo nova sobre a histoacuteria do computador vocecirc achou mais interessante

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Sabemos que o computador eacute uma maacutequina moderna Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraccedilotildees abaixo qual vocecirc considera a ideacuteia principal do texto Por quecirc

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanccedilos tecnoloacutegicos da 2ordf Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador b) MARK 1 o primeiro computador digital possuiacutea sistema de cartotildees perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares c) Lady Lovelace eacute considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o coacutedigo binaacuterio d) As ideacuteias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos o que o torna o pai do computador e) A Revoluccedilatildeo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores f) Antes da invenccedilatildeo do aacutebaco o dispositivo de caacutelculo eram os dedos das matildeos g) O primeiro computador digital a vaacutelvula foi o ENIAC h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital de Vannevar Bush usado para fins militares na 2ordf Guerra Mundial i) O tear ―programado inventado por Jacquard em 1804 tem o mesmo princiacutepio dos cartotildees perfurados dos primeiros computadores j) O computador atual eacute o resultado de vaacuterias pesquisas e invenccedilotildees do passado k) A Revoluccedilatildeo Cientiacutefica (1540-1687) levou a invenccedilatildeo de vaacuterios dispositivos de caacutelculo

5) A partir do exerciacutecio anterior como vocecirc definiria o que deve ser a ideacuteia principal de um texto

29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETACcedilAtildeO ndash SKIMMING a) Utilizando essa teacutecnica procure no texto What is a Computer as seguintes informaccedilotildees Nos espaccedilos em branco escreva os nuacutemeros das linhas em que elas se encontram 1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informaccedilatildeo 2) ________ Eacute um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador 3) ________ O processo de computaccedilatildeo envolve trecircs etapas baacutesicas 4) ________ O mundo da computaccedilatildeo criou uma linguagem proacutepria 5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma ideacuteia do que seja um computador 6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vecircm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora pois foram tomadas de empreacutestimo da liacutengua inglesa por vaacuterias outras liacutenguas 7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporacircneas desconhecem o computador 8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usuaacuterio ver os resultados do processamento 9) ________ Mesmo nos paiacuteses ditos desenvolvidos existem pessoas que natildeo sabem o que eacute um computador e natildeo se importam em saber

WHAT‟S IS A COMPUTER

1 Nowadays in most modern societies almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is

We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not

But does everyone really know how a computer works inside

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the

processing as information There are three basic steps in the computing process The first one is

input which consists of feeding data into the computerlsquos memory Then comes the processing

the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions The

third and final step is the output furnished by the computer which allows the user to see the

results either in printed from or on the screen

5

10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own English words such as

software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different

languages Software is information in the form of data and programs and hardware refers to

the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies it is a great mistake to

believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate ie is familiar with computers and

knows how to use them properly In some contemporary societies many people still have no

idea about the existence of computers and even in the so-called developed countries there are

lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporacircneas e muitas pessoas dos paiacuteses desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou natildeo ligam para ele sem dar exemplos Em sua opiniatildeo quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nuacutemeros correspondentes agraves palavras definidas na segunda a) ________ computer 1) Data fed into the computerlsquos memory b)_________ input 2) Information c) _________ processing 3) Machine that processes data d) _________ output 4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

30

e) _________ screen 5) Device that shows the results of the processing f) _________ software 6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form g) _________ hardware 7) Programs h) _________ data 8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formaccedilatildeo eacute composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo aprender ou aprendizagem dependendo de como eacute apresentada na sentenccedila (geruacutendio) They are learning how to get more information = (apoacutes o verbo to be) Eles estatildeo aprendendo como conseguir mais informaccedilotildees (verboinfin) This is a way of learning about management = (apoacutes preposiccedilotildees) Esta eacute uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento (Adjetivo) This is part of the learning process = (parte de um grupo nominal) Isto eacute parte do processo de aprendizagem (Substantivo) Learning is essencial to life Aprendizagem eacute essencial agrave vida EXERCIacuteCIOS Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como (substantivo geruacutendio adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo) a They are learning Computer Science

__________________________

b Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer

__________________________

c The calculating machine was invented many years ago

__________________________

d The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks

__________________________

e He works 10 hours without stopping

__________________________

f The printer is printing documents

__________________________

g I prefer typing to writing

__________________________

31

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EXERCIacuteCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto circule as familiares e responda 1) Sobre o que trata o texto __________________________________________________________ 2) Qual eacute o produto em questatildeo _____________________________________________________ 3) Apoacutes baixar o arquivo com sucesso o que aconteceraacute com seu Nuacutemero de Licenccedila

_________________________________________________________________________ 4) Qual produto eacute oferecido caso vocecirc esteja procurando mais caracteriacutesticas funcionalidade e

flexibilidade____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Viacuterus__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido _____________________________________

7) Qual eacute o percentual do padratildeo de detecccedilatildeo do Sistema anti-viacuterus___________________