test tuning

7/21/2019 Test Tuning

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 1HUAWEI Condentia!

WC"#A $NP CW Te%tand P&o'agation

#ode! Tuning

Internal


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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Condentia!

Introduction

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an

important step of Propagation Model

Tuning. According to the CW test data

(including latitude/longitude and receivedlevel) and corresponding Digital maps !e

can get the accurate Propagation Model

through tuning.


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Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test

Chapter 2 CW Test Flow

Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data

Chapter Propagation !odel Tuning

C"#T$#T


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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of RadioSection 1 Basic Principle of Radio

PropagationPropagation

%ection 2 Principle of

Propagation !odel Tuning

%ection 3 Purpose of CW Test

%ection &asic Principle of CW

Test


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Radio Wa'e(and Classification

Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.


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$lectric field $lectric field$lectric field

"scillator

Trans)ission direction of electric wa'e

!agnetic field!agnetic field

*eneration of $lectro)agnetic Wa'e&ased on !a+well e,uations set-

The varia"le magnetic field can e#cite edd$ electric field and varia"le electric field can also e#cite edd$

magnetic field.

Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic !ave) forms due to mutual e#citation of

alternating electric and magnetic field.

The speed of electromagnetic !ave onl$ varies !ith electric and magnetic characteristics of medium.

The propagation speed of electric micro!ave in vacuum e%uals that of light in vacuum.

&ight and electromagnetic !ave are essentiall$ the same. &ight is electromagnetic !ave of a certain

!avelength.


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Perpendicular incidence wa'e

and ground reflection wa'e.)ost co))on propagation )odes/

Troposphere reflection wa'e

.the propagation is 'ery rando)/

!ountain diffraction wa'e

.shadow area signal source/

Ionosphere refraction wa'e

.(eyond0the0horion co))unication path/

Propagation Path


8/64HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Condentia!

Propagation of $lectro)agnetic Wa'e

'ipple in the pond nerg$ is propagated around from the source point and graduall$ !ea*ens.

lectromagnetic !ave is similarl$ propagated e#cept that (!hen the radiation source is isotropicall$effective ideal point source)

It is propagated in the form of spherical !ave in three+dimension space.

The propagation media are different including air o"stacle and reflector.


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Reflected wa'e of (uildingDiffracted wa'e

Direct wa'e

Reflected wa'e on the ground

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

$lectric wa'e propagation syste)

of and !o(ile Co))unications

Radio propagation in

actual en'iron)ent

"% and #"%


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Characteristics of Radio Channels

d .)/

Pr .d&)/

1 2 3

02

0

04

%low fading

Fast fading

Radio channels 'ary withuser5s position and ti)e6

!ultipath scattering and

o(struction result in

acute changes to recei'ed

power6

%low fading, Attenuation- Pr is in direct

proportion to 17dn6

, %hadow- o(structed (y (arriers

Fast fading, !ultipath effect

Fast changes to signal

strength at s)all distance

and ti)e inter'al Doppler fre,uency shift Delay spread


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Di'ersity Technology

Measures against fast fading+ diversit$ technologies

#plicit diversit$, -pace diversit$, Polariation diversit$, re%uenc$ diversit$ 0-M+fre%uenc$ hopping1 WCDMA+spread

spectrum

Implicit diversit$, Implicit diversit$ uses signal processing technologies to hide

diversit$ functions into signals under transmission such as 'A2

reception technolog$ interleaving and error code correction., 'egarded as time diversit$


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Delay %pread

Multipath propagation -ignals on different paths reach the receiver at

different time.

When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals co+channelinterference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA s$stem onl$ the multipath

dela$ larger than one chip period (3.456s 78m) can "e recognied.

T$pical value (6s) 9pen : 3.4 -u"ur"an ; 3.


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Doppler Fre,uency %hift

#ample of Doppler effect A train is passing "$ $ou.

f 1

f 2

f 3

V ( k m / h )

Doppler fre%uenc$ shift in Mo"ile Communications


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T

R

T

R

Diffraction loss Penetration loss

Clutter loss

oss


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? @

? @ 0 0 0 0

D!A !4

)A

)4

XdBmWdBm

Penetration loss9:0W9& d&Penetration loss9:0W9& d& 'eflection and refraction of

electromagnetic !ave through the

!all

Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of "uilding.

-ignals are different at the indoor !indo! and in the middle of room.

Building materials have great effect on penetration loss.

The reference angle of electromagnetic !ave have great effect

on penetration loss.

Penetration oss


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9"stacle/penetration loss is

Partition o"struction


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Radio Propagation $n'iron)ent

'adio propagation environment determines the propagation

models directl$. And propagation environment is impacted "$ the

follo!ing factors

&andform (terrain) mountain hill plain !aters and vegetation

,Clutter "uilding road and "ridge

,oise natural noise and artificial noise

,Climate rain sno! and ice (tin$ effect on = "and)


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Radio Propagation $n'iron)entT$pe of radio environment

'adio environment is classified as follo!s according to IT=+' P.E+

and specific conditions in China.

Propagation

en'iron)entDescription

Dense ur"anMan$ tall "uildings signals fail to diffract from the roof of

"uilding .

=r"an-ignals can diffract from the roof due to lo! "uildings and !ide

streets.

-u"ur"an &o! and sparse "uildings

'ural &o! and sparse "uildings "ut !ith lots of vegetation

Mountainous areas

'oad

Indoor


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%ection 1 &asic Principle of

Radio Propagation

Section 2 Theory of PropagationSection 2 Theory of Propagation

Model TuningModel Tuning



Test


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Radio Propagation !odel

Propagation )odel is used to predict the

effect of terrain;

o(stacle and artificial en'iron)ent on the

path loss6

WCD!A co))on propagation )odelsWCD!A co))on propagation )odels


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9*umura/ata model

or H33M +ata model

or Walfish+I*egami model or 833M+4333M

2eenan+Motle$ model

or indoor propagation

Propagation model in =T

or macro cell on >33M 4333M

Common propagation models



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L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxe) + K!"#ira$tion

+ K%log(d)"log(HTxe) + K&(HRxe) + K$l'tter($l'tter)

2 constant (dB)

24 multiplier factor of log(d)

d distance "et!een T# antenna and '# antenna (m)2> multiplier factor of log(Txeff)

T#eff effective height of T# antenna (m)

2E multiplier factor of diffraction loss !hich must "e a positive value

Diffraction loss diffraction loss through the path !ith "arriers (dB)

2


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Radio Propagation

%ection 2 Theory of


Section Purpose of !" TestSection Purpose of !" Test


Test


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Purpose of CW Test

Compare CW test data

!ith prediction results

and then tune the

propagation parameters

to improve the accurac$

of coverage prediction.

*P%


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Radio Propagation

%ection 2 Theory of



Section # Basic Principle of !"Section # Basic Principle of !"

TestTest


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&asic Principle of CW Test

TypificationThe CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic !ave in this area.

&alance

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic !ave "$ the proportion of different

clutters in this area.


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Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagationand CW Test




C"#T$#T


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CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site SelectionSection 1 Site Selection

%ection 2 &uilding Test

Platfor) in #etwor=ing

%ection 3 Dri'e Test


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%ite %election

Principles of site selection

um"er of sites It is usuall$ agreed that a minimum of < sites should "etested in large and dense cit$ "ut one site is enough in normal cit$ !hich

mainl$ depends on antenna height and I'P.

'epresentation -ite selection should aim to cover all t$pes of clutter

(from the digital map) in the coverage one.

Multiple models Define the corresponding one of each model if the test

environment re%uires multiple models to descri"e its propagation

characteristics.

9verlap Increase measurement overlap area "et!een each site as

much as possi"le. But reasona"le inter+site distance should "e ensured.

9"stacle The data should "e filtered in the su"se%uent processing if

o"vious o"stacle e#ists.


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%ite %election

%tandards of site selection

a. Antenna height should "e greater than 43m.

". The antenna should "e


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CW Test Flow

%ection 1 %ite %election

Section 2 Building TestSection 2 Building Test

Platfor$ in %et&or'ingPlatfor$ in %et&or'ing

%ection 3 Dri'e Test


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&uilding Test Platfor) in #etwor=ing

T+ su(syste)- T# antenna feeder high+fre%uenc$ signal source and

antenna holderR+ su(syste)- test receiver 0P- receiver test soft!are and laptop

igh fre%uenc$ signal

source

-ignal source TMA

Po!er suppl$

T# antenna

'# antenna Drive testinstrument

Build+in 0P-

&aptop

' ca"le ' ca"le 4


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&uilding Test Platfor) in #etwor=ing

Record the gain of the following parts on signals

during networ=ing-

T# po!er of signal source

&oss of ' ca"le

0ain of T# antenna

0ain of '# antenna

CW T t Fl


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CW Test Flow

%ection 1 %ite %election

%ection 2 &uilding Test

Platfor) in #etwor=ing

Section (rive TestSection (rive Test

D i T t


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Dri'e Test

8eep to the following standards to select a test path

&andform The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.

eight The test route must cover landforms !ith different height in this area if

the landforms are up+and+do!n.

Distance The test route must cover different positions from the site in the

area.

Direction The test points must "e consistent on the horiontal and verticalroute.

&ength The total distance of one CW test should "e longer than 53*m.

um"er of test points The more the "etter.

9verlap 9verlap the test route in different sites as much as possi"le to

improve the relia"ilit$ of models.

9"stacle -hado! areas "ehind this !all should "e avoided !hen antenna

signals are o"structed "$ the !all at a side.

Dri e Test


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Dri'e Test

&ee criteria for sampling


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C"#T$#T

A l i f T t D t


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Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 (ata FilteringSection 1 (ata Filtering

%ection 2 Data Dispersion

%ection 3 Data &inning

%ection For)at Con'ersion

D t Filt i


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Data Filtering

Data to "e filtered is as follo!s

. Data tested in the places !here 0P- is

una"le to locate accuratel$ (such as under the

overhead rac* in the tunnel).

4. Data o"tained !hen the distance to antenna

is too near or far.

>.Data o"tained !ith too !ea* signals.

E. rror data caused "$ ine#act AP (antenna

pattern).


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%ection 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 (ata (ispersionSection 2 (ata (ispersion



Data Dispersion


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Data Dispersion

Propagation in mo"ile communications can "e indicated as

follo!s

r(x) = m(x)r0(x)

K distancer(#) received signals

r3(#) 'aileigh ading

m(#) local mean value the com"ination of long+term fading

and space propagation loss

4& average length "et!een sampling areas also called

intrinsic length

+

=Lx

Lx

dyyrL

xm )(2

1)(

Data Dispersion


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Data Dispersion

The CW test is to o"tain the local mean value of each geograph$

location in some areas as far as possi"le i.e. the difference of r(#) and

m(#) should "e the minimum value. In this sense effect of 'aileigh

ading should "e e#cluded.

When the intrinsic length e%uals E3 !avelength and the num"er of

sampling points is


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Data Dispersion

The principle of dispersion processing is as follows-

Conditions-

L There are man$ test records arranged under each locating

point in time se%uence "ecause the receiving speed of the

receiver is far higher than the locating speed of 0P-.

L The vehicle speed "et!een t!o locating points is uniform.

L The time interval "et!een ever$ t!o measurement records is

the same.

Processing-

L %uall$ distri"ute these records to the route section "et!een

t!o points in time se%uence so that there !ill "e sufficient

points in ever$ 5m range on test route.



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%ection 1 Data filtering


Section (ata BinningSection (ata Binning


Data &inning


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Data &inning"(>ecti'es-

'eserve the impact of slo! fading "ut eliminate the fast

fading

!ethods-

Method ma*e grids for the !hole area !ith 5m side

perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each

grid and then ta*e the grid center as the ne! location.

Method 4 divide the path into sections in e%ual interval

!ith 5m for each and perform the arithmetic "inning for the

data in each section to select some point for the location of

mean value.

Tool- CW Data $ditor


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%ection 1 Data Filtering



Section # For$at !onversionSection # For$at !onversion

For)at Con'ersion


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For)at Con'ersion

The data format e#ported "$ Agilent 7E## -eries is

Data format imported to =T is

ormat conversion can "e implemented manuall$ (saved

as .dat file)

K CWNPo!erN&istN

Nre%NN

CWNPo!erN&istNNA

mplNNdBm

Time Date

K CWNPo!erN&istNNAmplNNdBm

C"


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C"#T$#T


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Section 1 PreparationSection 1 Preparation

-ection 4 Propagation Model

Tuning

Preparations


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Preparations

Installing net!or* planning soft!are

=T is po!erful planning and optimiation

soft!are and model tuning is onl$ one of its

functional modules.

Creating a proOect

In =T perform planning and optimiation

model tuning "ased on each proOect.

Importing antenna pattern file

Correctl$ import the antenna pattern var$ing !ith

different manufacturers


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Propagation !odel Tuning Flow


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Propagation !odel Tuning Flow



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sta"lishing a model

sta"lish a standard macrocell model to "e

tuned.

-elect the effective antenna height.

-elect a calculation method of diffraction loss.

Importing data

Import CW test data file into the proOect.



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Propagation !odel Tuning!ap correction

0P- locating in CW test usuall$ adopts W0-8E and =TM

proOection. o!ever digital maps in China do not use such

proOections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW

test data does not correspond to them.

Correction method

L Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates

in a digital map to realie the optimal match !ith the

test data.



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%etting Filtering

Distance filtering

L ilter the data of !hich r is less than

333m.

-ignal strength filtering

L ilter the data of !hich -ignal is greater

than +E3dBm or -ignal is less than

+4dB.

Clutter filtering

L ilter the Clutter in !hich sampling

points are less than >33.



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Para)eter tuning

981 ? 82log.d/ ? 83log.@eff/ ? Diffraction

? 8Blog.d/log.@T+eff/ ? 84.@R+eff/

? 8clutterf.clutter/

Tune such parameters as log(d) log(eff)

Diff log(d)log(eff) meff and 2lutter to

finall$ tune -PM propagation model.



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calculatedvalues for thevaria"le

''9' (measurement P prediction)

'egression line



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Correction of propagation model parameters in a cit$

Parameter 2 'eference value

K1 23.2

K2 44.90

K3 5.83

K4 0.5

K5 -6.55

K6 0



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Propagation !odel TuningAnal$sis of correction results

Anal$e correctness of the ac%uired model after correction.

valuate the correctness of the model !ith -td Dev !hich

refer to the "inding degree of the ac%uired model and actual

test environment.

Ma*e -td Dev less than 8 as much as possi"le in actual

model tuning !hich indicates that the tuned model and

actual test environment are !ell "ound.

%u))ary


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%u))ary

After completing this course $ou should "e a"le

to master

Principle and purpose of CW test

Process of CW test

Process of propagation model tuning


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