test scales-doc-analysis in research

TOOLS OF RESEARCH

Group No. 21.Hayat Qadir2.Shakeel Hassan3.Jahangir Khalid4.Naeem Raza

2Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem

Raza

Submitted to Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt

Most Commonly used tools

Questionnaires Interviews Observations Tests ( achievement, aptitude,

personality) Scales Document Analysis

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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza

Tools………

Group No. 21. Hayat Qadir - Questionnaires

2.Shakeel Hassan - Interviews

3.Jahangir Khalid - Observation

4.Naeem Raza - Tests, Scales, Document Analysis

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1. Tests, 2. Scales, 3. Document Analysis, 4. Common Rules for Constructing the Tools,5. References

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Tools of Research TESTS

Tests

Tests are measurement tools which are employed to measure the performance of an individual in some specific area of interest.

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Types There are Two main types

Norm referenced /Standardized Tests Criterion Referenced Tests

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Norm Referenced Tests

These are used relatively to measure the performance of some individual

Norm is basically the standard to compare the performance with.

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Tools of Research TESTS> Types Types of Norm referenced Tests The most commonly exploited types are;1. Achievement Test2. Aptitude Test3. Intelligence Test4. Personality Test5. Vocational /Career Test6. Sensory Motor Test

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types…1. Achievement Test “An instrument that measures an

individual’s current proficiency in given areas of knowledge or skill.”

(Educational Research-Competence for Analysis and Application by I.R.Gay, Geoffery E. Mills and Peter Airasian)

The performance is interpreted in the form of grades to compare with the performance and learning of others.

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2. Aptitude Test “A measure of potential used to predict

how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation.”

Such test measures the potential of some individual in learning about what they can learn not about what they have already learned.

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types…

3. Intelligence Test Such a test is used to measure the

mental abilities i.e. • to analyze the situations,• to create meaning,• to organize the ideas and• to measure the abstract intelligence of an

individual

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types…

Tools of Research TESTS>Types…4. Personality Test

This type of test is resorted to

• measuring the types or characteristics of the personality and

• measuring the human behaviours, their skills and their needs etc

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types…5. Vocational/ Career Test

This sort of test is utilized to measure the ability and suitability of some person in taking up some profession and career.

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types…6. Sensory Motor Test This test is used:• to measure an individual’s sensory

capabilities and motor abilities

• to measure the sensory coordination

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Tools of Research TESTS>Types… Criterion Referenced Test • This type of tests interprets an individual’s

performance on the basis of an absolute criteria.

• Criterion is basically some specific subject or skill

• Main purpose of this test is to measure some specific objectives which are pre-defined operationally and behaviourally.

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Cont’d…

• Content validity of these tests is required.

• E.g. There is no restriction about the number of individual s falling in pass marks criterion.

• The cut off or the passing marks criteria is set by either the subject teacher or by the researcher.

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Tools of Research > Scales

Scales Here scales mean “Measurement Scales”

These are used to collect the different forms of data and quantify the response of the respondents to measure the variables.

Type of data determines the type of measurement scale i.e. nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio….

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Types of Scales

Nominal scales

Ordinal scales

Interval scales

Ratio scales

Likert scales

Rating scales

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Nominal scales

• The term means “to name”

• The categories differ in quality rather than quantity

• Each value belongs to only its own category but

can be more or less than the other

• Nominal scales are based on categories which

must be mutually exclusive, exhaustive and uni-

dimensional

• Most elaborating scale

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Cont’d…

• There are no chance of addition, multiplication, subtraction or other mathematical operations with the categories

• It provides • The ratio or the frequency and the

definite information• Can be used to measure Gender or

preferences of respondents

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Nominal scale example

Please, verify your discipline: Gender:

Arts Humanities Pure Sciences Social Sciences

Male Female

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Ordinal scale

The term means “to order” In ordinal scale the idea is organized in some

order (high-low or low-high) This scale does not specify how much different

the categories are from each other Categories can be presented in the form of a

continuum Categories are given in a logical or a rank order Height, weight, income and the ranks can be

measured

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Ordinal scale example24


Your income is: Below 50,000 50,100 to 60,000 60,100 to 70,000

Interval scale

It is used to tell the order of the objects It shows how much distant the categories

are from each other All types of mathematical operations can

be performed on this data Rating scales are ed as the interval scales

also The difference between the ages of people

can be identified with the help of this scale

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Interval scale example

Kindly mention the number of employees at your firm from year 2000 to 2010:

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Year Number of Employees

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

5006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Ratio scale

It is a scale with true value “0”

Used to get quantitative data

Salary quantities purchased and market

share are all expressed on a ratio scale

most sophisticated scale of all

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Likert Scale 28


A uni-dimensional scale usually with five points

All the points are of equal interval between each other

Records the agreements or disagreement of respondent about some particular variable

Options are pre-coded Options are

Strongly agree agree undecided disagree strongly disagree

Rating Scales

It is a scale used in observational studies It is used to record the behaviour or

activity of the respondents Descriptive statements are used with

infinite points on a line Points or line to record the behaviour is

termed as RATER. It can be subjected to human error

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Rating scale example

Rating scale

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5 4 3 2 1

Students used teaching aids Students did

not usd teaching aids

Tools of Research > Document Analysis

Interpretation and analysis of already recorded

material

Data are interpreted in its original context

Sample of the content /document analysis

is :text”

It is done to determine the authenticity and

validity of the recorded material and the data are

interpreted according to a pre-specified criterion.

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Document analysis….

Text books analysis and the historical

research are it most commonly used

applicatios

Analysis is done through the worksheets

prepared for this purpose.

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References:

1. Educational Research-Competence for Analysis and

Application by I.R.Gay, Geoffery E. Mills and Peter

Airasian

2. Research Methodology by Ranjit Kumar.

3. “Tools of Research” Hand out by Dr .Muhammad Iqbal

Butt.

4. Internet sources

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test scales-doc-analysis in research

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