test #2 results by next week. from friday’s the blue planet predator striped tuna, bluefin tuna ...
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Test #2 Results by Next Week
From Friday’s The Blue PlanetPREDATOR
Striped tuna, Bluefin tuna
Marlin Sei whale Manta ray, Ray Pacific Mackeral Spotted Dolphin Sailfish Blue Shark Deepwater crab Wahoo
PREY Sardines Flying fish Surgeonfish eggs Yellowfin tuna eggs
PLANKTON NUTRIENTS
• Sunfish with half-moon fish and seagull
• Fish with flotsam
Chapter 10:Biological
Productivity
Conditions for Life in the Sea
Consider the main biochemical reaction for life in the sea, and on earth in general:
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Focus on left side of equationWhat is in short supply in the sea and thus limits the amount of life in the ocean??
Absorbing Nutrients 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 +
6O2 Phytoplankton are base of the food chain
Most important primary producers of complex sugars and oxygen
Lauderia sp.
Absorbing Nutrients Nutrients absorbed by plants through diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane
Lauderia sp.
Diffusion:molecules move from high to low
concentrations
Which Nutrients are in Short Supply?
Nitrogen (N) as Nitrate NO3 (-2) Phosphorus (P) as Phosphate PO4 (-2)
Silicon (Si) as Silicate SiO4 (-2)
Phosphate and Nitrate in the Pacific
Silicate in the Pacific
Biolimiting Nutrients N, P, and Si are exhausted first in Eq. surface waters during photosynthesis
Essential to the growth of phytoplankton
If these biolimiting nutrients increase in sea water, life increases
If these biolimiting nutrients decrease in sea water, life decreases
Where would you expect to find the highest biomass in the Pacific??
CZCS Global Primary Production
How Does Nutrient Distribution Compare w/
Dissolved Oxygen?
Dissolved O2 Reverse of Nutrients
O2 is high in the surface and mixed layer
O2 decreases to a minimum at base of thermocline
O2 then steadily increases with depth
Why is the Concentration of Oxygen High in the Mixed
Layer??Hint #1: How and where is oxygen produced in the sea???6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Hint #2: How can oxygen be mixed downward from the atmosphere into the ocean?
How is Oxygen Removed from the Thermocline & Slightly
Below??
Dead and decaying organic matter sinks downward from surface
waters Rate of sinking decreases as it encounters the cold, dense water of the thermocline
Material decays (oxidizes) at the thermocline, which strips O2 out of the water and returns nutrients to the sea
Cold, nutrient-rich water of the thermocline is returned to sunlit surface waters by way of upwelling
CZCS Global Primary Production
Marine Ecology
Chapter 9
Basic Ecology physical and chemical parameters affecting distribution and abundance
An ecosystem includes both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) portions of the environment.– Examples include: salt marshes, estuaries, coral reefs, the North Pacific Gyre.
Classification of Organisms
by Environment horizontal: neritic | oceanic vertical:–epipelagic (top) / euphotic (good)–mesopelagic (middle) / disphotic (low)
–bathypelagic (deep) / aphotic (without)
–abyssopelagic (“bottomless”)
Divisions of the Marine Environment
Figure 9-1
Classification of Organismsby Lifestyle
Scientists have established another classification scheme to categorize biota on the basis of lifestyle. The major groups are:–plankton (floaters)–nekton (swimmers)–benthos (bottom dwellers)
Plankton weak swimmers, drifters, unable to counteract currents. –Phytoplankton (plants)–Zooplankton (animals)
Nekton active swimmers capable of counteracting currents. –Fish–Squids–Reptiles–Birds–Mammals
Distribution of Marine Lifestyles
16.7% of Earth’s animals are marine
2% inhabit pelagic environment (most of the oceans are cold and dark)
98% are benthic!
Benthos Epiflora or epifauna live on the sea bottom.
Infauna live in the sea bottom. Benthic plants - restricted to shallow waters (light)
Benthic animals occur everywhere from shallow depths to the deep sea.
Research Video Clips:“Live fast, die
young...”
Basic Ecology physical and chemical parameters affecting distribution and abundance
an ecosystem includes both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) portions of the environment.
Temperature, salinity …
Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure caused by the height of water.
Function of water height and water density
Pressure generally increases at a rate of 1 atm per 10 m of water.
( or 16 psi per 10 m depth)
Think You’re Under Pressure Now?
Hydrostatic Pressure(Cont.)
enormous in the deep sea yet animals live there.
Animals do not contain gases. However, mesopelagic fish which have gas-filled swim bladders to help maintain neutral buoyancy – unable to move rapidly between depths– pressure change could cause bladder explode.
Oregon Coast Field Trip - Oregon Coast Field Trip - Sat., June 2nd Sat., June 2nd
dusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.htmldusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.html Be here by 7:15 a.m.Be here by 7:15 a.m. 7:30 - Busses 7:30 - Busses leaveleave
from Wilkinson lotfrom Wilkinson lot 8:30 - Seal Rock 8:30 - Seal Rock
volcanic rocks and volcanic rocks and tide poolstide pools
10:00 - Travel to 10:00 - Travel to HMSCHMSC
10:30 - HMSC 10:30 - HMSC Visitor CenterVisitor Center
12:00 - Lunch on 12:00 - Lunch on HMSC grass HMSC grass (bring (bring your own)your own)
12:30ish - Return 12:30ish - Return to Corvallisto Corvallis
Back by ~2:00Back by ~2:00
Required Field Trip GuideRequired Field Trip Guidedusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.htmldusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.html
Answers to bolded questions in guide Answers to bolded questions in guide
–Turn assignment in to Turn assignment in to your TAyour TA–Due by 5:00 p.m., June 8thDue by 5:00 p.m., June 8th–This constitutes LAB 9This constitutes LAB 9