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Unit One: 1600-1763

Exploration

Explorers in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries began the European phase of American

history. Their "discoeries" in the !e dispelled rumors of a northest passage and settledancient #uestions of orld geography. $ontact beteen Europeans and !atie Americans ould

hae a dramatic effect on Europe, but a deastating impact on those ho ere rongly called

"%ndians."

Christopher Columbus: Spanish explorer who, with the backing of Ferdinand V and Isabella I,discovered the North American continent on October !,"#!$ %ho&gh he was originall' seeking

a westward ro&te to India, his fleet of ships consisting of the Nina, (inta and Santa )aria reached

the island of *ispaniola, claiming it for Spain$

Giovanni Verrazano: )ariner who explored the +ast coast of the nited States and Nova Scotia

&nder the commission of France in -!"$ *e was commissioned to claim new lands in the New

.orld and find a ro&te to /hina$ *e was the first +&ropean to enter New 0ork 1a'$ *is landclaims were not coloni2ed &ntil the 3th cent&r'$

Ferdinand a!ellan: (ort&g&ese explorer who was the first person to sail across the (acific

Ocean and to circ&mnavigate the globe$ Sailing &nder a Spanish commission, he attempted to

reach the Spice Islands$ After crossing the (acific, )agellan was killed battling natives in the

(hilippines b&t two of his ships ret&rned to Spain$

Fran"is"o #izarro: Spanish explorer and militar' leader who con4&ered (er&$ (i2arro was part of

man' earl' explorations of the New .orld and was involved in the coloni2ation of (anama$

.hen he fo&nd the Inca +mpire in (er& he organi2ed an expedition of 56 men and destro'ed the

empire in -7$

$ohn Cabot: +xplorer sent b' *enr' VII in "#3 who explored and claimed Newfo&ndland,

Nova Scotia and the 8rand 1anks for +ngland$ /abot was originall' sent b' *enr' in violation of

the treat' of %ordesillas to find a direct ro&te to Asia$ /abot, like /ol&mb&s tho&ght he had

reached Asia, &naware he was exploring a new continent$

#edro %lvares Cabral: (ort&g&ese navigator and explorer who explored what is now 1ra2il$

.hile making a trip to India on April !!, -66 his fleet was forced off co&rse b' weather and he

reached what is now the state of 1ahia, 1ra2il$ *e claimed this land for (ort&gal$

Vas"o &unez de 'alboa: Spanish explorer who is best known for being the first to reach the

(acific Ocean in -7$ .hile attempting to escape debt he 9oined an expedition lead b' )artin

Fernande2 de +nciso where he took control of the part' and led it across the Isthm&s of (anamato the (acific Ocean, which he claimed for the Spanish monarchs$

$a"(ues Cartier: French explorer who explored the Saint awrence ;iver$ In -7" /artier lead a

two

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$uan #on"e de )eon: Spanish explorer who discovered the present da' state of Florida on )arch

!3, -!$ Following reports of a fo&ntain of 'o&th, he sailed from his colon' in (&erto ;ico to the

eastern shore of Florida where, &pon landing, his part' was attacked b' natives and where he was

mortall' wo&nded before retreating to /&ba$

*ernando Cortez: Spanish con4&istador who is best known for the destr&ction of the A2tec

+mpire in present da' )exico$ On Febr&ar' #,-# /orte2 left /&ba with a force of =66 men$pon landing, /orte2 was greeted b' the A2tecs who he began to s&b9&gate$ *e destro'ed all

resistance and destro'ed the A2tec capital in present da' )exico /it'$

+n"omiendas: 8rants that give a person the right to take labor in the form of slaves or an' t'pe

of homage form a designated gro&p of Indians$ /hristopher /ol&mb&s who was sailing for Spain

and who was one of the first con4&istadors also began this practice in *ispaniola$

,panish %rmada 1.//:Naval force la&nched b' (hillip II of Spain to fight +ngland$ %he Fleet

was the largest of its time in the =th cent&r'$ %he Armada was severel' damaged when it was

attacked off the coast of +ngland on A&g&st 3,-55 and c&t nearl' in half b' storms &pon ret&rn

to Spain, making 1ritain the dominant sea power$

Colombian +"han!e: %he exchange of biological organisms between continents$ %he diseases

bro&ght to the American continent that helped to nearl' destro' the native pop&lations are one

example of that exchange$ 1esides disease, man' plants and animals have been bro&ght to new

environments with var'ing conse4&ences$

Order o2 Colonization: >colon', date, prominent fig&re? Virginia in =63, @ohn Smith (l'mo&th

in =!6, .illiam 1radford New 0ork in =!=, (eter )in&it )assach&setts 1a' in =76, @ohn

.inthrop )ar'land in =77, 8eorge /alvert ;hode Island in =7=, ;oger .illiams

/onnectic&t in =7=, %homas *ooker New *ampshire in =75 Belaware in =75 North

/arolina in =-7 So&th /arolina in ==7 New @erse' in ==" (enns'lvania in =5!, .illiam

(enn 8eorgia in 37!, @ames Oglethorpe$

Virginia Settlement

&ne of the !e England colonies and chartered by 'ames % in 16(6, )irginia as founded to gie

the English territorial claims to America as ell as to offer a colonial mar*et for trade.

'ameston became a prosperous shipping and tobacco producing colony and the colony

deeloped the +ouse of urgesses, a bicameral legislature in 161-.

$oint ,to" Compan4: A b&siness owned b' investors thro&gh control of stocks$ +xamples

operated in +ngland and dealt with colonial markets in America$ S&ch companies organi2ed and

s&pported the colonies thro&gh charters from the 1ritish government and while the' worked with

the government the' made private profits$

$amesto5n: %he first s&ccessf&l settlement in the Virginia colon' fo&nded in )a' =63$ *arsh

conditions nearl' destro'ed the colon' b&t in =6 s&pplies arrived with a new wave of settlers$

%he settlement became part of the Virginia /ompan' of ondon in =!6$ %he pop&lation

remained low d&e to lack of s&pplies &ntil agric&lt&re was solidl' established$ @amestown grew to

be a prospero&s shipping port when @ohn ;olfe introd&ced tobacco as a ma9or export and cash

crop$

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,tarvin! time: %he period earl' in an' settlements development when food and s&pplies are

scarce d&e to lack of preparation, &nfamiliarit' with the s&rro&ndings, weather, and inabilit' to

s&ccessf&ll' grow crops$ %he starving time &s&all' cost a large percentage of the settlers lives and

lasted for the first few 'ears$

$ohn ,mith: /olonial leader who bro&ght str&ct&re and stabilit' to @amestown d&ring its starting

'ears$ As a member of the governing co&ncil of Virginia he was chosen to replace the previo&spresident in =65$ Smith is credited with organi2ing trade with the (owhatan /onfederac' and

leading the colon' thro&gh its ro&ghest 'ears$

$ohn ol2e: +nglish colonist and farmer who greatl' aided the colon'$ ;olfe is credited with

introd&cing tobacco as a crop for export, which ens&red the colon' of profits as well as bringing

eight 'ears of peace between Indians and colonists thro&gh his marriage to (ocahontas$

#urpose o2 Vir!inia: Virginia was fo&nded primaril' for the p&rpose of profit b' the 9oint

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'a"on8s ebellion: /olonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia in =3=$ Nathaniel 1acon

was the leader of the &prising protesting 8overnor 1erkele'Cs neglect of calls for a stronger

militar' presence in the frontier to end problems ca&sed b' Indian hostilit'$ %he revolt s&cceeded

in driving awa' the governor and it appeared it wo&ld achieve s&ccess when 1acon died shortl'

after the initial s&ccess before an' progress was made and the rebellion dissipated$

Puritans

The uritans first came to America in 16/( on the 0ayfloer. The ilgrims, as they ere called,

ere separating from the Anglican $hurch and escaping religious persecution in England by

escaping to America. &ther uritans soon floc*ed to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican

$hurch and deelop a colony, hich ould be a model to the orld "a city upon a hill"2

Calvinism: %he teachings and doctrine of @ohn /alvin, a leader in the (rotestant reformation$

/alvinism is &ni4&e in its re9ection of cons&bstantiation, the +&charist and in its doctrine of

predestination, the belief that no actions taken d&ring a personCs life wo&ld effect their salvation$

%he (&ritan colonies were based on /alvinist doctrine$

Chur"h o2 +n!land: %he established ch&rch in +ngland that is also known as the Anglican/h&rch$ *enr' VIII fo&nded the /h&rch of +ngland in -7" after a disp&te with the ;oman

/atholic /h&rch over the ann&lment of his marriage, which c&lminated in the Act of S&premac',

declaring the Eing to be the head of the ch&rch$

a42lo5er Compa"t: Agreement made b' the (ilgrims in =!6 when the' landed at (l'mo&th$

%he compact created the (l'mo&th colon' and made a civil government &nder @ames I based on

the will of the colonists$ %he /ompact was important in the earl' organi2ation and s&ccess of the

colon'$

9illiam 'rad2ord: %he second governor of the (l'mo&th colon' in )assach&setts, he was

elected over @ohn /arver in =! and was reelected thirt' times$ *e was important in the

organi2ation and s&ccess of the colon' and kept a histor' of the development of the (l'mo&thcolon' that was p&blished in 5-=$

#il!rims: %he original gro&p of p&ritan separatists that fled religio&s persec&tion in +ngland and

fo&nd ref&ge in what is now )assach&setts$ %he (ilgrims sailed across the Atlantic and reached

America in =!6 where the' fo&nded the (l'mo&th colon' and organi2ed a government based on

the )a'flower compact$

#uritans: ;eform movement in the Anglican /h&rch in the =th and 3th cent&ries and came to

America in =!#$ %he movement aimed at p&rif'ing the ch&rch of corr&ption split into separatists,

who wanted to end ties with the established ch&rch and non

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,eparatists vs &on-,eparatists: Separatists were a gro&p of (&ritans who advocated total

withdrawal from the /h&rch of +ngland and wanted the freedom to worship independentl' from

+nglish a&thorit'$ %he' incl&ded the (ilgrims who migrated to America$ Non

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Con!re!ationalism: (rotestant organi2ational s'stem based on the freedom of each ch&rch to

control its affairs$ An offshoot of the separatist, it was contin&ed b' the pilgrims in America

where it was adopted b' the new ch&rches as a wa' to maintain local independence$

/ongregationalism was part of the strong independence of the colonies$

Cambrid!e #lat2orm: Agreement and plan formed b' (&ritans before the' landed in =!#$ %he

platform was the so&rce for the (&ritans of the government and organi2ation for their colon', andit established a government &nder the a&thorit' of the Eing of +ngland$

Contrast #uritan Colonies 5ith others: 1eca&se most colonies were created with financial or

political gains in mind, p&ritan colonies had a special distinction from them$ %he p&ritans came to

American seeking religio&s freedom and had a strong work ethic enabling them to achieve a

s&ccess not seen in other colonies$

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'rattle ,treet Chur"h: /h&rch located in 1oston, )ass$ /ompleted in =##$ %homas 1rattle, a

wealth' merchant and official of *arvard /ollege organi2ed the ch&rch against the will of /otton

)ather beca&se of its closeness to the /h&rch of +ngland$ %he /h&rch was strongl' opposed to

the Salem .itchcraft trials in =#!$

,%)+ 9;C* ;%),: %he fear of witchcraft that came to a head in the =#

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;homas *ooer: ;eligio&s leader in colonial America and fo&nder of *artford, /onn$ As a

clerg'man in )assach&setts, *ooker grew dissatisfied with the rigid practices and government of

the (&ritan ch&rch$ In =7- he lead a gro&p of followers to start a more liberal colon' in *artford$

,a4broo #lat2orm: A modified version of the /ambridge platform that was &sed b'/onnectic&t /ongregationalists and contained a more centrali2ed ch&rch government$ %he

government was for the colon' at Sa'brook of which @ohn .inthropCs son was governor$

Fundamental Orders o2 Conne"ti"ut: %he constit&tion of the /onnectic&t colon' that was

established in =7#$ .ritten b' %homas *ooker and similar to the government of )assach&setts

1a', it contained a preamble and orders$ Following the p&ritan ideal, it p&t the welfare of the

comm&nit' above that of individ&als$

Poor Richards Almanac: (&blication written b' 1en9amin Franklin in 37! that gained an

immense following with its home remedies and practical wisdom$ It can be said thatoor

3ichard4s Almanachelped define the American c&lt&re b' giving them traditions and wisdomCs all

their own, separate from 1ritain$

#hillis 9heatl4: African American poet who was bro&ght to America b' slave traders at the ageof eight and was bo&ght b' the .heatl' famil'$ In 3=3, at the age of 5, (hillis fo&nd her first

fame while escorting one of the .heatl'Cs in +ngland$ One of her works is D%o the niversit' of

/ambridge in New +ngland$D

%nn 'radstreet: %he first woman to write poems in colonial America and receive acclaim for

them$ She was born in =! as the da&ghter of the governor of the )assach&setts 1a' /olon'$

*er poems, which were p&blished as %he %enth )&se atel' Spr&ng &p in America, asserted that

women had the right to gain knowledge$

,OU;*+& CO)O&+,: ;egion consisting mainl' of the /arolinas and 8eorgia$ %he

So&thern /olonies were distinct from other colonies mostl' on their dependence for slave labor

and for farming$ %he main crop in the So&th was rice, leading to an absence of large cities in theso&th$ 1&t altho&gh most so&thern cities were tin', /harleston became the fo&rth largest cit' in

the colonies$ %he So&thern /olonies were also the onl' colonies with a large pop&lation of blacks

and an ethnicall' stratified societ'$

Culpeper8s ebellion: ;ebellion against the colonial government in /arolina in =33$ %he

rebellion was lead b' @ohn /&lpeper and was directed against the governmentCs acceptance of+nglish trade laws$ %he rebellion s&cceeded in disposing the governor and placing /&lpeper in

his position, b&t he was removed in =3#$

Geor!ia: /olon' fo&nded in 377 b' a charter granted to @ames Oglethorpe$ %he colon' startedwith a settlement in Savanna created b' Oglethorpe as a debtorCs colon'$ %he high ideals of

Oglethorpe, s&ch as bans on slaver' and r&m, slowed growth, as large settlement did not occ&r&ntil after slaver' was bro&ght to 8eorgia$

$ames O!lethorpe: +nglish soldier and fo&nder of the colon' of 8eorgia in 377$ Oglethorpe

fo&nded 8eorgia after a grant from Eing 8eorge II and settled with a small gro&p on the Savanna

;iver$ OglethorpeCs ideals in creating a debtors colon' free of vice were a distinction from other

colonies$

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;ide5ater vs #iedmont: %wo regions of contrasting economic opport&nit'$ %he %idewater was

along the coast, where most of the opport&nit' was in shipping and fishing$ %he (iedmont, on the

other hand, was where farming took place$ %his contrast represented an +ast

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Charleston: /it' that became the fo&rth largest cit' in North America$ It was a place where the

&pper class co&ld pass their time so the' co&ld sta' awa' from the heat of their plantations$ )an'

whites were l&red to /harleston in hopes of red&cing the black ma9orit'$ %hese 9ob seekers

&s&all' ended &p competing for 9obs with the black slaves$

,taple "rops o2 the ,outh: %he ma9or staple crop of the so&th was rice, which was picked b'

African

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Geor!e >eith: )ember of the &aker ch&rch who told the &akers that the' needed a formal

doctrine$ *is ideas were not accepted among the &aker ma9orit', so in =#! he 9oined the

/h&rch of +ngland$ .ith his heres' conviction the &aker pop&lation in (enns'lvania dropped,

and the Anglican pop&lation and political power rose$

)iberal land la5s in #%: aws that were set &p b' .illiam (enn, which were ver' liberal

beca&se that was his nat&re$ %he 36 Frame of 8overnment stated that the proprietors had nopower to do mischief$ (enn himself caref&ll' oversaw land sales in the colonies to avoid

improper disp&tes$ %his liberal planning ens&red no starving time$

*ol4 +periment: %he main part of this theolog' that 8eorge Fox ta&ght was that people had an

inner light that co&ld spirit&all' inspire their so&ls$ *e ob9ected to political and religio&s

a&thorit', opposed war and slaver', and believed that all h&man actions sho&ld be directed b'

inner contemplation and a social conscience inspired b' 8od$

1701 Frame o2 Government: %he first set of laws set &p in (enns'lvania, which were written b'

.illiam (enn$ In his constit&tional t'pe doc&ment (enn preached, Dthat the will of one man ma'

not hinder the good of the whole compan'$D %he doc&ment was revised seven times and held a

strong exec&tive, and a limited lower legislative chamber$

&e5 ?or:

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&e5 ?or Cit4 and #hiladelphia as urban "enters: 1oth cities were the two biggest exporting

cities in America th&s making them rapidl' growing &rban centers$ *igh pop&lation and bad

sanitation allowed man' of the people to catch vir&ses and diseases$ ;ecessions hit fre4&entl' and

the 9ob force was ver' &nstable$

)eisler8s ebellion: Anti

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campaign$ %he war tipped the balance of militar' power to the +nglish, opening the wa' to New

+nglandCs settlement$

>in! #hillips 9ar: .ar between the Native American tribes of New +ngland and 1ritish

colonists that took place from =3-

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ritain4s absence in colonial America due to pressing issues in England left the colonies alone

for the most part to goern themseles. 8uring this time they flourished and deeloped a ritish

origin, yet ith a distinctly American flaor. %t as because of this absence that the colonies

became more self sufficient and eentually it led them to a feeling of indiiduality that they feared

losing, thus bringing forth the 8eclaration of %ndependence after a series of eents.

er"antilism: feat&res, rationale, impact on 8reat 1ritain, impact on the different colonies:+conomic polic' prevailing in +&rope d&ring the =th, 3th, and 5th cent&ries &nder which

governmental control was exercised over ind&str' and trade in accordance with the theor' that

national strength is increased b' a ma9orit' of exports over imports$ %he colonies adopted

mercantilism as b&siness in which the mother co&ntr' co&ld benefit$

;rian!ular trade: %rade that takes place between three places is called triang&lar trade$ /olonial

trade was not ver' triang&lar beca&se the Navigation Acts forced American merchants to trade

onl' with 1ritain$ *owever, the Americans still managed to sm&ggle goods with the French

/aribbean and India$

Consi!nment s4stems: A s'stem of drafting sailors into the 1ritish nav'$ %he 1ritish co&ld freel'

&se the soldiers at their convenience b' the r&les of this draft$ %he draft ca&sed man' problems inthe life of 'o&ng American men$ )an' teenagers tried to avoid the draft b' giving false

information abo&t themselves$

olasses %"t 1733: egislation b' the 1ritish (arliament for taxing and imposing shipmentrestrictions on s&gar and molasses imported into the profitable colonies from the .est Indies$ It

was meant to create profitable trade as a protective tariff, b&t it was never meant to raise reven&e$

9oolens %"t 16D *at %"t 173E: ron %"t 17.0: Act specif'ing certain en&merated goodsG

principall' tobacco, rice, and indigoGthat the colonists co&ld export onl' to another +nglish

colon' or to +ngland$ %hese were attempts to prevent man&fact&ring in the 1ritish colonies that

might threaten the econom' of +ngland$

Curren"4 %"t 17.1: Act passed b' 1ritish (arliament that affected the colonies b' ad9&sting the

c&rrenc'$ %he point of this attack was to raise reven&e for 8reat 1ritain$ It was a clear example of

how Sal&tar' Neglect was coming to an end with the French and Indian .ar$

Curren"4 %"t 176=: Another Act passed b' the 1ritish (arliament that affected the colonies and

was meant to raise reven&e for 8reat 1ritain$ It was ver' similar to the other previo&s /&rrenc'Act b&t this act was targeted towards the people and raising the taxes so that the (arliament co&ld

make more mone'$

a!na Carta 1E1.: A charter granted b' Eing @ohn, that exactl' established the relationshipbetween the kings and barons and g&aranteed ideas of free commerce, the right to a fair trial, and

the right to a trial b' 'o&r peers$ )an' of the base rights in the nited States /onstit&tion areincl&ded in it$

#etition o2 i!ht 16E/: (etition given to /harles I b' parliament, asking him to stop sending

soldiers to live in private citi2ens homes, stop taxing witho&t its consent and stop declaring

martial law in a time of peace$ %his occ&rred partiall' beca&se /harles was tr'ing to pa' off his

war debt$

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*abeas Corpus %"t: Act sa'ing that a person cannot be held in prison witho&t being charged and

tried$ %he' p&t this into effect to help stop innocent people from being thrown into 9ail with no

specific reason wh'$ %his idea was adopted into o&r /onstit&tion in Article , Section #$ It can

onl' be revoked in time of rebellion$

&avi!ation %"t 16.1:(arliament passed this legislation in =- in order to protect +nglish trade

from foreign competition$ It was onl' temporar' and it stated that goods imported or exported b'the colonies in Africa and Asia m&st be shipped o&t or imported onl' b' +nglish vessels and the

crews m&st be 3-H 1ritish$ It also helped $S$ capitalism$

&avi!ation %"t 1660: %his (arliamentar' act renewed the =- act and specified certain

inn&merable articles which co&ld be exported onl' to the +nglish or to another +nglish colon' in

==6$ Among these goods were tobacco, rice, and indigo$ American shipb&ilding th&s prospered

and there was a stable protected market for prod&cers$

&avi!ation %"t 1663: %his (arliamentar' act disallowed colonial merchants from exporting

prod&cts like s&gar and tobacco an'where except to +ngland and from importing goods in ships

not made and prod&ced b' the +nglish$ Along with the ==6 act, it was passed to help +nglish

commercial interests in ==7 b&t helped the $S$

&avi!ation %"t 166: %his was the fifth and final (arliamentar' Navigation Act$ It allowed for

methods of enforcing the acts, provided more penalties for evasion, and introd&ced &se of vicelev' tax?$

reat A!akening

A series of religious reials sept through the colonies in the 179(s. :ey players ere Theodore

;relinghuysen, illiam and

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$onathan +d5ards< Sinners in the *ands of an Angr' 8od, A /aref&l and Strict +n4&ir' into

%hat freedom of .ill: Sermon abo&t how one m&st have a personal faith and relationship with

@es&s /hrist to gain salvation instead of an afterlife in hell$ %he sermon also &sed the f&r' of the

divine wrath to aro&se religio&s fervor$

Geor!e 9hite2ield: +nglish clerg'man who was known for his abilit' to convince man' people

thro&gh his sermons$ *e involved himself in the 8reat Awakening in 37# preaching his belief ingaining salvation$ /oming from /onnectic&t, most of his speeches were based there$ *is presence

helped raise the pop&lation b' abo&t 7666 people$

9illiam ;ennent: (resb'terian minister who pla'ed a chief role in the 8reat Awakening in

/entral New @erse' b' calling pra'er meetings known as the ;efreshing aro&nd the 376Cs$

Another one of his significant pro9ects was the fo&nding of his infl&ential og /ollege, which had

teachers, ed&cated in all areas of st&d'$

Gilbert ;ennent: American (resb'terian minister, in 3"6 delivered a harsh sermon, D%he

Bangers of nconverted )inistr',D in which he critici2ed conservative ministers who opposed the

fervor of the 8reat Awakening$ %he res&lt was a schism >3"? in the (resb'terian /h&rch

between the DOld ightsD and the DNew ights,D led b' %ennent$

Old)i!hts &e5 li!hts: %wo gro&ps of ministries who fre4&entl' had heated debates on the iss&e

of 8od d&ring the 8reat Awakening$ %he Old ights re9ected the 8reat Awakening and the New

ights, who accepted it and sometimes s&ffered persec&tion beca&se of their religio&s fervor$

*arvard Universit4: niversit' located in /ambridge, )ass$ that was fo&nded in =7= on a

grant from the )ass$ 1a' /olon'$ %he school was originall' organi2ed to ed&cate ministers

beca&se of the scarcit' of clerg' and lack of an ed&cational instit&tion in the new colon'$ %he

&niversit' event&all' developed a more sec&lar format

+22e"ts o2 the Great %5aenin! on reli!ion in %meri"a: ong