termop postrojenja

7/29/2019 Termop postrojenja

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Uvod

Termopostrojenja su maine koje toplotnu energiju pretvaraju u mehaniku. Ta izlazna

mehanika energija je u stvari rad. Termopostrojenja su obino zasnovana na specifinim

termodinamikim ciklusima. Ona su esto nazvana po ciklusima na osnovu kojih su

modelirana. Termopostrojenja mogu da proizvode toplotu unutar sopstvene maine ilimogu da je apsorbuju iz spoljanjeg izvora. U zavisnosti od toga da li je kruni ciklus kojise odigrava u termopostrojenju otvoren ili zatvoren, tako i postrojenja mogu da budu

otvorena i zatvorena prema spoljanosti. U ininjerstvu i termodinamici termopostrojenja

vre pretvaranje toplotne energije u mehaniki rad pomou iskoriavanje temperaturnoggradienta izmeu toplotnog izvora i hladnog rezervoara. Toplotna energija se prenosi od

izvora, preko radnog tela postrojenja, do rezervoara, i u tom procesu neto od toplote sepretvara u rad koristei svojstva radnog tela koje je obino gas ili tenost.

Qh Qc

W

Termopostrojenja ima iroku primenu, kako u industriji tako i u svakodnevnom ivotu. U

savremenoj industriji automatsko upravljanje procesima nezamislivo je bez upotrebe

raznih senzora temperatura, pritisaka, vlanosti i slinih fizikih veliina. U tom cilju jeposlednjih godina razvijeno mnogo specijalizovanih integrisanih komponenti koje se mogu

primeniti u irokom spektru aplikacija vezanih za industrijske kontrolne sisteme.

Th Tc


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HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "aitch-vak") is an initialism/acronymthat stands for "heating,ventilating, and air conditioning". HVAC is sometimes referred to as

climate control and is particularly important in the design of medium to large industrial andoffice buildings such as sky scrapers and in marine environments such as aquariums, where

humidity and temperature must all be closely regulated whilst maintaining safe and healthyconditions within. In certain regions (e.g., UK) the term "Building Services" is also used, but

may also include plumbing and electrical systems. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's

abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as HACR (such as thedesignation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning is based on the basic principles ofthermodynamics,

fluid mechanics, andheat transfer, and to inventions and discoveries made by Michael Faraday,

Willis Carrier,Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine,Sadi Carnot, and many others. The

invention of the components of HVAC systems goes hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution,

and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly

introduced by companies and inventors all over the world.

The three functions of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning are closely interrelated. All seek

to provide thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality, and reasonable installation, operation,

and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and

maintain pressure relationships between spaces. How air is delivered to, and removed from

spaces is known as room air distribution.[1]

In modern buildings the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated

into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally "size" and

select HVAC systems and equipment. For larger buildings where required by law, "building

services" designers and engineers, such as mechanical, architectural, or building services

engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems, and specialty mechanical contractors

build and commission them. In all buildings, building permits for, and code-compliance

inspections of the installations are the norm.

The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with career opportunities including operation and

maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in

education and research. The HVAC industry had been historically regulated by the

manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but Regulating and Standards industries such as ASHRAE,

SMACNA, ACCA, and AMCA, have been established to support the industry and encourage

high standards and achievement. Most recently, the ICC has been established to create

international standards that many countries, including the US, Canada, the UK, Australia and

many others have been adopting.

Heating

Heating systems may be classified as central or local. Central heating is often used in coldclimates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or

heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a central location such as a furnace roomin a home

or a mechanical room in a large building. The system also contains either ductwork, for forced

air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluid and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The

term radiatorin this context is misleading since most heat transfer from the heat exchanger is byconvection, notradiation. The radiators may be mounted on walls or buried in the floor to give

under-floor heat.

In boiler fed or radiant heating systems, all but the simplest systems have a pump to circulate thewater and ensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated water can also be fed

through another heat exchanger inside a storage cylinder to provide hot running water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_scraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Tranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Tranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rankinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rankinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_air_distributionhttp://d/Branko%20files/Faks/SMJ/HVAC.htm#cite_note-0http://d/Branko%20files/Faks/SMJ/HVAC.htm#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMACNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMACNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Conditioning_Contractors_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Conditioning_Contractors_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMCAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_scraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Tranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rankinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_air_distributionhttp://d/Branko%20files/Faks/SMJ/HVAC.htm#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMACNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Conditioning_Contractors_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMCAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation


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Forced air systems send heated air through ductwork. During warm weather the same ductwork

can be used for air conditioning. The forced air can also be filtered or put through air cleaners.

Most ducts cannot fit a human being (as they do in many films) since this would require a greater

duct-structural integrity and create a potential security liability.

Heating can also be provided from electric, or resistance heating using a filament that becomes

hot when you cause electricity to pass through it. This type of heat can be found in electric

baseboard heaters, portable electric heaters, and as backup or supplemental heating for heatpump (or reverse heating) system.

The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room and

typically next to the windows to minimize condensation. Popular retail devices that direct vents

away from windows to prevent "wasted" heat defeat this design parameter. Drafts contribute

more to the subjective feeling of coldness than actual room temperature. Therefore, rather than

improving the heating of a room/building, it is often more important to control the air leaks. [citation

needed]

The invention of central heating is often credited to the ancient Romans, who installed a system

of air ducts called "hypocaust" in the walls and floors of public baths and private villas. The

ducts were fed with hot air from a central fire. Generally, these heated by radiation; a better

physiologic approach to heating than conventional forced air convective heating.[citation needed]

Ventilating

An air handling unit is used for the heating and cooling of air in a central location (click on

image for legend).

Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing of air in any space to remove moisture,

odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to

the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors

for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building

may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.[2] Ventilation is used to removeunpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, and to keep interior building aircirculating, to prevent stagnation of the interior air.

Mechanical or forced ventilation

"Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity,

odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. But

in humid climates, much energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odors and sometimes

humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the

fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. If the ducting for the fans traverse unheated

space (e.g., an attic), the ducting should be insulated as well to prevent condensation on theducting. Direct drive fans are available for many applications, and can reduce maintenance

needs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handling_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://d/Branko%20files/Faks/SMJ/HVAC.htm#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Air_handling_unit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Air_handling_unit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handling_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://d/Branko%20files/Faks/SMJ/HVAC.htm#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity


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Heat recovery ventilation systems employ heat exchangers to recover some heat from exhausted

air, to preheat the incoming outside air.

Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the

perceived temperature because of evaporation of persperation on the skin of the occupants.

Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by

circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor. Ceiling fans do not provide

ventilation as defined as the introduction of outside air.

Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or

other mechanical system. It can be achieved with operable windows when the spaces to ventilate

are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems warm air in the building can be

allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside

air to be drawn into the building naturally through openings in the lower areas. These systems

use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort. In warm or humid

months, in many climates, maintaining thermal comfort via solely natural ventilation may not be

possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Air-side economizers

perform the same function as natural ventilation, but use mechanical systems' fans, ducts,

dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

Air-conditioning

Air Conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. The definition of

cold is the absence of heat and all air conditioning systems work on this basic principle. Heat can

be removed through the process ofradiation, convection, and conduction using mediums such as

water, air, ice, and chemicals referred to as refrigerants. In order to remove heat from something,

you simply need to provide a medium that is colder -- this is how all air conditioning and

refrigeration systems work.

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling, ventilation, and

humidity control for all or part of a house or building. The Freon or other refrigerant provides

cooling through a process called the refrigeration cycle. The refrigeration cycle consists of four

essential elements to create a cooling effect. A compressor provides compression for the system.

This compression causes the cooling vapor to heat up. The compressed vapor is then cooled by

heat exchange with the outside air, so that the vapor condenses to a fluid, in the condenser. The

fluid is then pumped to the inside of the building, where it enters an evaporator. In this

evaporator, small spray nozzles spray the cooling fluid into a chamber, where the pressure drops

and the fluid evaporates. Since the evaporation absorbs heat from the surroundings, the

surroundings cool off, and thus the evaporatorabsorbs or adds heat to the system. The vapor is

then returned to the compressor.A metering device acts as a restriction in the system at theevaporator to ensure that the heat being absorbed by the system is absorbed at the proper rate.

Central, 'all-air' air conditioning systems are often installed in modern residences, offices, and

public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive

it) because of the bulky air ducts required. A duct system must be carefully maintained to

prevent the growth ofpathogenicbacteria in the ducts. An alternative to large ducts to carry the

needed air to heat or cool an area is the use of remote fan coils or split systems. These systems,

although most often seen in residential applications, are gaining popularity in small commercial

buildings. The remote coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using piping instead of ducts.

Dehumidification in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the

evaporator operates at a temperature below dew point, moisture is collected at the evaporator.This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a condensate pan and removed by

piping it to a central drain or onto the ground outside. A dehumidifieris an air-conditioner-like
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humidity_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumidifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humidity_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumidifier


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device that controls the humidity of a room or building. They are often employed in basements

which have a higher relative humiditybecause of their lower temperature (and propensity for

damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly

effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifierincreases the humidity of a

building.

Air-conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would disrupt the

attempts of the HVAC system to maintain constant indoor air conditions.

HVAC equipment

Sitemi su veoma obimi I obuhvataju veoma veliki broj

pojedinih specifilnih elemeata raznovrsne funkcije. U

tabeli su dati samo neki specifi;ni delovi sistema I

komponente

PRETVARAI

Merni pretvata (eng. Trasducer) je ureaj koji moe biti elektronski, elektrini,elektromehaniki, elektromagnetni, fotonski ili fotoelektrini. On konvertuje jedan vid energije

ili fizike pojave u drugi u razne svrhe kao to su merenje ili prenos informacija (npr. senzori

pritiska).

Jo neka pria

Postoje vazne vrste mernih pretvaraa i u zavisnosti od fizikih veliina kojima

manipuliu mogu se podeliti u vie grupa. Neki Ulazno/Izlazni pretvarai koji se masovno

primenjuju u termopostrojenjima su:

Analog Input to Tri-State Output

Analog Input to Frequency Output

Analog Input to (Staefa) Phase Cut Output

Tri-state Input to Analog Output (Ramp Up/Ramp Down Selection)

Resistance Input to Analog Output

Damper Blade Position Input to Analog output

Analog to Analog Isolation

Analog or PWM Input to Resistance Output

Millivolt Input to Analog Output

Staefa Phase Cut Input to Amplified Output

PWM Input to Analog Output (w/Manual Override)

Frequency Input to Analog Output

Square Root Extractor (Analog Input/ Analog Output)

Average/High/Low Signal Selector (4 Analog Input/1 Analog output)
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Analog Rescaling and Isolation Transducer

Staefa Phase Cut Input to Analog Output

Long Distance Transmitter and Receiver (For leased telephone lines)

Step Control/ Sequencer

PWM pretvarac

Applications

Heating Control Chiller Staging Boiler Staging Cooling Control Roof Top Control Sequencer

PWM Input To Multi-Stage Triac Outputs

Solidyne Fast PWM to Multi-Stage Sequencer

Analog Input to 4 Triac Outputs

Analog Input to 8 Triac Outputs

Multi-Stage Sequencer - Triac Outputs

Multiplexer

In electronics, a multiplexer or mux (occasionally the term muldex is also found, for acombination multiplexer-demultiplexer) is a device that performsmultiplexing; it selects one ofmany analog or digital input signals and outputs that into a single line.

An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive device or

other resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one

device per input signal.

An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch, and a

demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-outputswitch. The schematic symbol for a multiplexeris an isosceles trapezoid with the longer parallel side containing the input pins and the short

parallel side containing the output pin. The schematic on the right shows a 2-to-1 multiplexer on

the left and an equivalent switch on the right. The sel wire connects the desired input to theoutput.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_trapezoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_trapezoid


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One Analog Input to 8 Digital Outputs Multiplexer

One PWM Input to 8 Digital Outputs Multiplexer

One PWM Input to 8 Pneumatic Outputs Multiplexer

Check the box to request more information.

Pneumatic / Pressure Products

Static Pressure Input to STDP Output

Static and Velocity Pressure Input to Analog Output

Static and Velocity Pressure Input to Analog Output ( HIgh Accuracy

Pressure Input and Analog Output (Air, Liquid and Gas Media)

Refrigration/SteamPressure Transmitter (Refrigeration, Steam Media)

Instrument Manifold

LIGHTING CONTROL products

Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By decreasing or increasing the RMSvoltage and hence the meanpower to the lamp it is possible to vary the intensity of the light

output. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, the term dimmer is

generally reserved for those intended to control lighting.

Dimmers range in size from small units the size of a normal light switch used for domestic

lighting to high power units used in large theatre or architectural lighting installations. Small

domestic dimmers are generally directly controlled, although remote control systems (such as

X10) are available. Modern professional dimmers are generally controlled by a digital control

system like DMX.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_meanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_meanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(lighting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(lighting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_meanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(lighting)


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In the professional lighting industry changes in intensity are called fades and can be fades up

or fades down. Dimmers with direct manual control had a limit on the speed they could be

varied at but this issue is pretty much gone with modern digital units (although very fast changes

in brightness may still be avoided for other reasons like lamp life).

Modern dimmers are built from silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) instead ofpotentiometers or

variable resistors because they have higherefficiency. A variable resistor would dissipate powerby heat (efficiency as low as 0.5). By switching on and off, theoretically a silicon-controlled

rectifier dimmer does not heat up (efficiency close to 1.0).

Programmable Circuit Breaker Panel

Lighting Control Panels (16, 32, 48 and 60 relays)

Lighting Panel Conversion Kit (For Existing Lighting Panels)

Lighting Control Options and Accessories Mini-Lighting Control Panel (8 relay)

Telephone Overide System (HVAC or Lighting Overide Telephone)

Telephone Overide System (Serial Output)

LP (Lighting Control Panel)Set-Up Software

Tl (Telephone Overide System) Set-Up Software

Maintained Contact input to Momentary Output

Light Level Sensors Photo Series

Motion Sensors (2 Wire Low Voltage Ceiling & Corner Mount)Motion Sensors (3 Wire Low Voltage)

Motion Sensors (3 Wire High Voltage)

Motion Sensor (Dual Technology)

FUME HOOD & ROOM PRESSURE CONTROL

Abstract

A controller for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning distribution systems, which includes afeedforward and feedback control strategies. The controller has a feedforward control strategy

that generates a control signal based on control set points and identified characteristics of the

system, and which adaptively adjusts such set points based on changes that are measured with

respect to the identified characteristics. The controller is particularly adapted for controlling the

differential air pressure in a controlled space relative to adjacent spaces.

Product Part#Single Room Isolation Monitor/Controller
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Hood Monitor & Control System

4 Room Isolation Monitor

Venturi Air Valve

FMS-1630 and HMS-1600 Set-Up Software

Fast Acting Acutor

AIR & LIQUID FLOW

Sonde

Air Monitoring Station ( Duct Mounted Units)

Flow Computer ( Air Velocity Pressure Input to Analog Output Air Flow Monitoring)

Liquid Flow Sensor

Water Detection & Level Control System

Static Pressure Station

New.. Flow Measuring Probe

HUMIDITY & TEMPERATURE & AIR QUALITY

Sta su transmiteri

Senzori

Cemu sluze u gore navedenu svrhu

Room Humidity Transmitter

Duct Humidity Transmitter

Industrial Duct Mount Humidity Transmitter

Outdoor Humidity Transmitter

Outdoor Aspirated Humidity Transmitter

Industrial Wall Mount Humidity Transmitter

Continuous Sensor Averaging Element

Duct Temperature Sensors (All Elements Type)

Industrial Immersion Temperature Transmitters

Industrial Strap-Mount Temperature Transmitters

Outdoor Temperature Sensors (All Element Types)

Liquid Temperature Sensors (All Element Types)

Room Temperature Sensors (All Element Types)

Pipe Surface Temperature Sensors (All Element Types)


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Thermostatic Temperature Switch

(Plate) Room Temperature Sensors

Duct Air Quality Transmitter

Room Air Quality Transmitter

PNEUMATIC OUTPUT TRANSDUCERS

Product Part #

Analog Input to Pneumatic Output (Industrial Grade Single Output)

PWM Input to Pneumatic Output (Industrial Grade, Single Output).

Tri-State Input to Pneumatic Transducer (Industrial Grade, Single Output)

Multiple PWM Input to Multiple Pneumatic Output. Multiple Analog Input to Multiple Pneumatic Output.

Tri-State Input to Pneumatic Output (Ramp Up/Ramp Down Selection)

Tri-State Input to Pneumatic Output (w/Manual Override). .

IZVORI NAPAJANJA

Power supply is a reference to a source ofelectrical power. A device or system that supplieselectrical or other types ofenergyto an output load or group of loads is called a power supply

unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often tomechanical ones, and rarely to others.

H

Product Part#

Industrial Power Supply (1.2A and 3.6A)

Commercial Power Supply (150mA and 500mA)

Controller/Display

A display device is a device for presentation of information for visual or tactile reception,

acquired, stored, or transmitted in various forms. When the input information is supplied as an

electrical signal, the display is called "electronic display". Electronic displays are available for

presentation of visual and tactile information.

Tactile electronic displays are usually intended for the blind or visually impaired, they use

electro-mechanical parts to dynamically update a tactile image (usually of text) so that the image

may be felt by the fingers.

J
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_electric_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_electric_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile


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Programmable Alphanumeric Display

Maintained Contact Input to 10 Second Momentary

PID Output Controller

Temperature Control System

POWER MONITORING

Donut-Type Current Transformers

Split-Core Type Current Transfomners

Demand Meter Interface

Pulse Meter Factoring System

Watt/Watt-Hour Meter Watt Meter

Watt-Hour Meter

Watt/Watt-Hour Meter (High Accuracy)

Donut-Type Current Transfer (High Accuracy)

High Voltage Input to DC Analog Output

termop postrojenja

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