term paper history 1

7/29/2019 Term Paper History 1

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Philippines before the Coming of Spanish Colonialists

Before the coming of Spanish colonizers, the people of the Philippine archipelago had already attained asemi communal and semi slave social system in many parts and also a feudal system in certain parts,especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a feudal faith as Islam had already taken roots. The Aetashad the lowest form of social organization, which was primitive communal.

The Society

The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It was the basic political andeconomic unit independent of similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a smallterritory. Each was headed by a chieftain called the rajah or datu.

Social Structure

The social structure comprised petty nobility, the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that itowned privately or administered in the name of the clan or community.

Maharlika: an intermediate class of freemen called theMaharlika who had enough land for theirlivelihood or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in thefields.

Timawa: the ruled classes that included the timawa, the serfs who shared the crops with the pettynobility.

Alipin: and also the slaves and semi slaves who worked without having any definite share in theharvest. There were two kinds of slaves then: those who had their own quarters, the alipingnamamahay, and those who lived in their master's house, the aliping sagigilid. One acquired thestatus of a serf or a slave by inheritance, failure to pay debts and tribute, commission of crimesand captivity in wars between barangays.

Islamic Monarchy

The Islamic sultanates of Sulu and mainland Mindanao represented a higher stage of political andeconomic development than the barangay. These had a feudal form of social organization. Each of themencompassed more people and wider territory than the barangay. The sultan reigned supreme over severaldatus and was conscious of his privilege to rule as a matter of hereditary "divine right."

Though they presented themselves mainly as administrators of communal lands, apart from being directowners of certain lands, the sultans, datus and the nobility exacted land rent in the form of religioustribute and lived off the toiling masses. They constituted a landlord class attended by a retinue of religiousteachers, scribes and leading warriors.

The sultanates emerged in the two centuries precedent to the coming of Spanish colonialists. They were

built up among the so-called third wave of Malay migrants whose rulers tried to convert to Islam, boughtout, enslaved or drove away the original non-Muslim inhabitants of the areas that they chose to settle in.Serfs and slaves alike were used to till the fields and to make more clearings from the forest.

Throughout the archipelago, the scope of barangays could be enlarged either through the expansion ofagriculture by the toil of the slaves or serfs, through conquests in war and through inter barangaymarriages of the nobility. The confederation of barangays was usually the result of a peace pact, a barteragreement or an alliance to fight common internal and external enemies.


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As evident from the forms of social organization already attained, the precolonial inhabitants of thePhilippine archipelago had an internal basis for further social development. In either barangay orsultanate, there was a certain mode of production which was bound to develop further until it would wearout and be replaced with a new one. There were definite classes whose struggle was bound to bring aboutsocial development. As a matter of fact, the class struggle within the barangay was already gettingextended into interbarangay wars. The barangay was akin to the Greek city-state in many respects and thesultanate to the feudal commonwealth of other countries.

The people had developed extensive agricultural fields. In the plains or in the mountains, the people haddeveloped irrigation systems. The Ifugao rice terraces were the product of the engineering genius of thepeople; a marvel of 12,000 miles if strung end-to-end. There were livestock-raising, fishing and brewingof beverages. Also there were mining, the manufacture of metal implements, weapons and ornaments,lumbering, shipbuilding and weaving. The handicrafts were developing fast. Gunpowder had also comeinto use in warfare. As far north as Manila, when the Spaniards came, there was already a Muslimcommunity which had cannons in its weaponry.

The ruling classes made use of arms to maintain the social system, to assert their independence from otherbarangays or to repel foreign invaders. Their jurisprudence would still be borne out today by the so-calledCode of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim laws. These were touchstones of their culture. There was a written

literature which included epics, ballads, riddles and verse-sayings; various forms and instruments ofmusic and dances; and art works that included well-designed bells, drums, gongs, shields, weapons, tools,utensils, boats, combs, smoking pipes, lime tubes and baskets. The people sculpted images from wood,bone, ivory, horn or metals. In areas where anito worship and polytheism prevailed, the images of floraand fauna were imitated, and in the areas where the Muslim faith prevailed, geometric and arabesquedesigns were made. Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a record of what the Spanish conquistadorescame upon, would later be used by Dr. Jose Rizal as testimony to the achievement of the indios inprecolonial times.

There was interisland commerce ranging from Luzon to Mindanao and vice-versa. There were extensivetrade relations with neighboring countries like China, Indochina, North Borneo, Indonesia, Malaya, Japanand Thailand. Traders from as far as India and the Middle East vied for commerce with the precolonial

inhabitants of the archipelago. As early as the 9th century, Sulu was an important trading emporiumwhere trading ships from Cambodia, China and Indonesia converged. Arab traders brought goods fromSulu to the Chinese mainland through the port of Canton. In the 14th century, a large fleet of 60 vesselsfrom China anchored at Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu. Previous to this, Chinese trading junks had beenintermittently sailing into various points of the Philippine shoreline. The barter system was employed orgold and metal gongs were used as medium of exchange.

Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines

The Magellan Expedition

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward routeto the Spice Islands of Indonesia. On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon islandin the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendlywith Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. Humabon wantedMagellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. On April 17,1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the natives lead by Lapu-Lapu.Out of the five ships and more than 300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship
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(the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. Nevertheless, the saidexpedition was considered historic because it marked the first circumnavigation of the globe and provedthat the world was round.

Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship "Concepcion" took over the command of the expedition afterthe death of Magellan and captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain. He and his men earned thedistinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's death in

Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. The Magellan expedition started off throughthe westward route and returning to Spain by going east; Magellan and Elcano's entire voyage tookalmost three years to complete.

Spain sends other expedition

After the Spain had celebrated Elcanos return,King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer thePhilippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. These were led by Garcia JofreLoaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) andMiguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpisucceeded in colonizing the Islands.

The Villalobos Expedition

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. Hefollowed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established acolony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left the islandand landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese.

Villalobos is remembered for naming our country Islas Filipinas, in honor of King Charles son, PrincePhilip, who later became king of Spain.

The Legazpi Expedition

Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over thePhilippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. However, when Philip II succeededhis father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a newexpeditionto be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres deUrdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.

On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives,he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with thechieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol dueto his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of RajaTupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. Theybuilt the the port ofFuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold forthe region.

Hearing of the riches ofManila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu forManila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. At firstthey were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but asthe locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and theSpaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquerManila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances andmade peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of
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the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital ofthe islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574,Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espaa" (Distinguished and ever loyalcity of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.

The Spaniards as Colonial Masters

Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. Since Spain was far from thecountry, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then anotherSpanish colony. When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippinesthrough a governor general. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the coloniesassisted the king in this respect. This body became known by many names. Council of the Indies (1565-1837), Overseas Council (1837-1863), and Ministry of the Colonies (18631898). It is implemented thedecrees and legal codes Spain promulgated although many of its provisions could not apply to conditionin the colonies. It also exercised legislative and judicial powers.

The Political StructureSpain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a nationalgovernment and the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. Withthe cooperation of the local governments the national government maintained peace and order, collectedtaxes and built schools and other public works.

The Governor General

As the King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines, the governor general sawto it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines. He had thepower to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He alsosupervised all government offices and the collection of taxes.

The governor general exercised certain legislative powers, as well. He issued proclamations to facilitatethe implementation of laws.

The Residencia

This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governor general who was about tobe replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor general was usually a member, submitted areport of its findings to the King.

The Visita

The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the Vistador General to observe

conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the King.

The Royal Audiencia

Apart from its judicial functions, the Royal Audiencia served as an advisory body to the GovernorGeneral and had the power to check and a report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited theexpenditures of the colonial government and sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and othergovernment officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government to be Spanish king. Despite
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all these checks, however, an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines, suspension, ordismissal by simply bribing the Visitador and other investigators.

The Provincial Government

The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the countrys administration. There were twotypes of local government unitsthe alcadia and the corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcaldemayor, governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor,governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. The alcalde mayors representedthe Spanish king and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-dayoperations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes.Through they were paid a small salary; they enjoyed privileges such as the indulto de comercio, or theright to participate in the galleon trade.

The Municipal Government

Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadordcillos, whose main

concerns were efficient governance and tax collection. Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: theTeniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras(lieutenant of the fields) and the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock).

The Encomienda System

Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who valiantly and loyallyserved the Spanish crown. To hasten the subjugation of the country, King Philip II instructed Legazpi todivide the Philippines into large territories called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designatedencomenderos.

To show his gratitude to his conquistadors, the King made them the first encomenderos in the colony. As

the Kings representatives in their respective encomiendas, the encomenderos had the right to collecttaxes. However, the encomiendas were not there to own. The encomenderos were only territorialoverseers who had the duty to: 1) protect the people in the encomienda; (2) maintain peace and order; (3)promote education and health programs; and (4) help the missionaries propagate Christianity..

The Galleon Trade

When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestors were already trading with China, Japan, Siam,India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas. The Spanish government continued trade relations with thesecountries, and the Manila became the center of commerce in the East. The Spaniards closed the ports of

Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the ManilaAcapulco Trade, better known as the "GalleonTrade" was born. The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: Onesailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; theother sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea.

It also allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the country, eventually inspiring the movement forindependence from Spain. And because the Spaniards were so engrossed in making profits from theGalleon Trade, they hardly had any time to further exploit our natural resources.
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Bascos Reforms

Filipino farmers and traders finally had a taste of prosperity when Governor General Jose Basco y Vargasinstituted reforms intended to free the economy from its dependence on Chinese and Mexican trade.Basco implemented a general economic plan aimed at making the Philippines self sufficient. Heestablished the Economic Society of Friends of the Country, which gave incentives to farmers for

planting cotton, spices, and sugarcane; encouraged miners to extract gold, silver, tin, and copper; andrewarded investors for scientific discoveries they made.

Tobacco Monopoly

The tobacco industry was placed under government control during the administration of GovernorGeneral Basco. In 1781, a tobacco monopoly was implemented in the Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte,Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque. Each of these provinces plantednothing but tobacco and sold their harvest only to the government at a pre-designated price, leaving littlefor the farmers. No other province was allowed to plant tobacco. The government exported the tobacco toother countries and also part of it to the cigarette factories in Manila.

The tobacco monopoly successfully raised revenues for the colonial government and made Philippinetobacco famous all over Asia.

The Secularization of Priests during Spanish Period

The Opening of the Suez Canal

The Suez Canal, which connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, was inaugurated in 1869. Itwas built by a French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps. By passing through the Canal, vessels

journeying between Barcelona and Manila no longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope, at thesouthern tip of Africa. Thus, they were able to shorten their traveling time from three months to 32 days.

Thanks to the Suez Canal, trading in the Philippines became increasingly profitable. More and moreforeign merchants and businessmen came to the colony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas.The Filipinos not only gained more knowledge and information about the world at large; they also gainedthe desire for freedom and improvement in their lives.

The Secularization Controversy

Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the regulars and theseculars. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity.

Examples were the Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, and Augustinians. Secular priests did not belongto any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervisionof the bishops.

Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. Itwas their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priestsrefused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishops jurisdiction. They threatened to abandontheir parishes if the bishops persisted.
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In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the dioceses authority over the parishes andaccepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place. Since therewere not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipinoseculars. A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization ofall parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.

The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among

other reasons they cited the Filipinos brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.

The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines. They had been exiledfrom the country because of certain policies of the order that the Spanish authorities did not like.

The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favoring their own regular priest overFilipino priests.

Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately,he died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his death, other priests tookhis place in fighting for the secularization movement. Among them were Fathers Mariano Gomez, JoseBurgos and Jacinto Zamora.

The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement

In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), all Filipinopriests, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charge against FathersGomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite NavalYard. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among theFilipinos. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three priestsapparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reformsand inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government.

The illustrados led the Filipinos quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquiredwealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances. However, since the illustradosthemselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly implementing, thegroup could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeed in easingthe sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. Theintelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called thePropaganda Movement.

Goals of the Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and

outside the Philippines. Their objectives were to seek:

Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes Secularization of Philippine parishes. Recognition of human rights
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The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed thatonce Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes theFilipinos were seeking.

The Propagandists

The Filipinos in Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those in Manila. They could be

divided into three groups: The first included Filipinos who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands in1872 after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas, they proceededto Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return to the Philippines. The second groupconsisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been sent to Europe for their education. The thirdgroup was composed of Filipinos who had fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or simplybecause they could not stand Spanish atrocities any longer. Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain weremembers of the Propaganda Movement. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar wereit most prominent members.

Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod," "Esperanza," and "La Hija delFraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanish friars in the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellentwriter and speaker who put up the newspaperDiarion Tagalog in 1882. His favorite topic was the friars.

Some of his most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo", "Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang SampungKautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by JoseRizals novelNoli Me Tangere. "Dasalan" was parody of the prayer books used by the Church, while"Ang Sampung Kautusan" was a satirical take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed theSpanish friars.

Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipinobecome famous for his written works. He wrote a poem entitled Sa Aking mga Kababata when he wasonly eight years old. His novels,Noli Me Tangere andEl Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferingsof the Filipinos and the rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms ofthe government and the friars, Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (laterrenamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896.

The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and other radicals toestablish the Katipunan and set the Philippine Revolution in place.

La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina

La Liga Filipina

In 1892, Jose Rizal (full name: Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo) returned to the Philippines andproposed the establishment of a civic organization called La Liga Filipina. On July 3, 1892, thefollowing were elected as its officers: Ambrosio Salvador, president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio

Arevalo, treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, secretary. Rizal functioned as its adviser.

La Liga Filipina aimed to:

Unite the whole country Protect and assist all members Fight violence and injustice Support education Study and implement reforms
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La Liga Filipina had no intention of rising up in arms against the government; but the Spanish officialsstill felt threatened. On July 6, 1892 only three days after La Liga Filipinas establishment, Jose Rizal wassecretly arrested. The next day, Governor General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizals deportation toDapitan, a small, secluded town in Zamboanga.

La Liga Filipina's membership was active in the beginning; but later, they began to drift apart. The richmembers wanted to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement; but the others seemed to have lost all

hope that reform could still be granted. Andres Bonifacio was one of those who believed that the onlyway to achieve meaningful change was through a bloody revolution.

La Solidaridad

In order to help achieve its goals, the Propaganda Movement put up its own newspaper, called LaSolidaridad. The Soli, as the reformists fondly called their official organ, came out once every two weeks.The first issue saw print was published on November 15, 1895.

The Solidaridads first editor wasGraciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in October 1889.

Del Pilar managed the Soli until it stopped publication due to lack of funds.

Why the Propaganda Movement Failed

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The colonial government did notagree to any of its demands. Spain itself was undergoing a lot of internal problems all that time, whichcould explain why the mother country failed to heed the Filipinos petitions. The friars, on the other hand,were at the height of their power and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. Theyhad neither the time nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

Many of the reformists showed a deep love for their country, although they still failed to maintain aunited front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they had to exercise caution in

order to safeguard their wealth and other private interests. Personal differences and petty quarrels, apartfrom the lack of funds, were also a hindrance to the movements success. Lastly, no other strong andcharismatic leader emerged from the group aside from Jose Rizal.

The Katipunan Finally Starts a Revolution

The Katipunan is born

Andres Bonifacio was also a member ofLa Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining reformsthough peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines could gain independence was through a

revolution.

Bonifacio then founded the Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan(KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila.

The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the members loyalty, they performed the solemnrite ofsanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed his name with his own blood..

The members agreed to recruit more people using the triangle system of enlistment. Each original
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member would recruit two new members who were not related to each other. Each new member would dothe same thing, and so on down the line. Members were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the association.

The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:

The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the countrys

independence. The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how toguard themselves against religious fanaticism.. The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.

The Kataastaasang Sanggunian (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the Katipunan. Itwas headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a Sangguaniang Bayan (Provincial Council)and each town had a Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council).

The Leaders of the Katipunan:

Deodato Arellano -Supremo

Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal Teodora Plata -Secretary Valentine Diaz -treasurer Andres Bonifacio -controller

Jose Rizal and the Katipunan

Jose Rizal never became involved in the organization and activities of the Katipunan; but the Katipunerosstill looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizals name was used as a password among the societyshighest-ranking members, who were called bayani.

Andres Bonifacio had already known Rizal during his La Liga Filipina days, although Rizal did not know

Bonifacio personally Nevertheless, Bonifacio so respected Rizals intelligence and talent that in June1896, he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizals advice on the planned revolution.

Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The people were not yet ready andthey did not have enough weapons. He suggested that the Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy andinfluential Filipinos first, in order to gain financial assistance. He also recommended Antonio Luna ascommander of its armed forces, since Luna had much knowledge and expertise in military tactics.

Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizals advice to Bonifacio, who admitted that itwould indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight without enough weapons. However, there was no stoppingthe Revolution. Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough foodand other supplies. Battle plans were made with the help of Emilio Jacinto. It was suggested that therevolutionary headquarters be located near the seas or mountains to provide for an easy retreat, ifnecessary.

The Katipunan is discovered

Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no solid evidencecould be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came onAugust 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patio told his sister Honoria about the existence of theKatipunan. Patio was a worker in the printing press ofDiario de Manila. Honoria was then living withnuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.
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The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanages Mother Superior, Sor Teresa deJesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil,the parish priest of Tondo.

After hearing Patios revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by several Guardias Civilesimmediately searched the premises ofDiario de Manilaand found evidence of the Katipunans existence.

The governor general was quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspectedKKK members were arrested.

The Cry of Pugadlawin

News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres Bonifacioimmediately called for a general meeting. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of JuanRamos in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son ofMelchora Aquino, also known asTandang Sora and was later acknowledged as the Mother of theKatipunan."

Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone shouted theirapproval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened by hismens response, Bonifacio then asked them to tear their cedulas (residence certificates) to pieces, as a signof their defiance and determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up theircedulas, shouting, Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) -known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.

The Katipunan in Cavite

Cavite soon became the center of the Revolution, and the Katipuneros there divided themselves into theMagdalo and Magdiwang factions. Baldomero Aguinaldo, brother of Emilio Aguinaldo, headed theMagdalo group, which was stationed in Kawit. General Mariano Alvarez led the Magdiwang group,which was stationed in Noveleta.

The two groups fought in separate battles. Emilio Aguinaldo overran Kawit on August 31, 1896, whileAlvarez attacked Noveleta. In Bacoor, Aguinaldo tried to intercept Spanish reinforcements coming fromManila; but he was repulsed and forced to retreat to nearby Imus. Here, on the morning of September 5,he defeated the Spanish troops under the command of General Aguirre. A hundred Spaniards were killedand 60 weapons were confiscated. Aguinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring Caviteos referred to himas General Miong and no longer Kapitan Miong.

General Aguinaldos numerous victories in the battlefield made him the acknowledged revolutionaryleader in Cavite. He issued a proclamation on October 31, 1896 enjoining the people to take courage andcontinue fighting for Philippine independence.

Owing to the defeat of the Spaniards in Cavite, Camilo de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as governorgeneral on December 13, 1896. Polavieja was more successful than his predecessor and slowly regainedone-third of the province.

Andres Bonifacio's Execution

While Aguinaldo was recognized as leader by the Magdalo faction, Bonifacio was recognized as theleader of the Katipunan by the Magdiwang faction. An assembly was held in Imus, Cavite on December31, 1897 to settle the leadership issue but was not successful. Then on March 22, another assembly washeld at Tejeros (known as the Tejeros Convention) to elect officers of the revolutionary government.
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Aguinaldo won as president while Bonifacio was relegated as the Director of the Interior. Bonifaciorejected the elections and declared it void. Bonifacio later formed the Naic Military Agreement,essentially creating a government contending Aguinaldo's. Soon after, Bonifacio was captured, stood trial,and was sentenced to death by a War Council of Aguinaldo's government. Aguinaldo initially commutedthe sentence to deportation but later reversed the commutation upon pressure from Pio Del Pilar and otherofficers. On orders from General Mariano Noriel, Andres Bonifacio was executed at the foothills of Mt.Buntis by Major Lazaro Makapagal on May 10, 1897.

The Revolution Continues

Bonifacios death did not deter the Filipinos from fighting for their freedom. The Spanish government, forits part, doubled its efforts in trying to control Cavite, which was considered the seat of the Revolution.When Governor General Primo de Rivera replaced Camilo Polavieja on April 27, 1897, he immediatelymarched to Naic, Cavite to persuade the Filipinos to surrender. The rebels, however, stood their ground.

Aguinaldo realized that Cavite was no longer safe for his men. They moved to Batangas, where theytemporarily set up camp in the town of Talisay. However, Spanish soldiers were able to pursue themthere. Thus, they retreated to Morong on June 10, 1897 and proceeded to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.

The Biak-na Bato Republic

Emilio Aguinaldo established his headquarters in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province. The newsimmediately spread throughout the country, and the revolutionaries were once more in high spirits.General llanera, who was in Nueva Ecija, declared his support for Aguinaldo. In July 1897, Aguinaldoestablished the Biak-na-Bato Republic and issued a proclamation stating the following demands:

Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes Freedom of the press and of religion Abolition of the governments power to banish Filipinos Equality for all before the law.

A charter based on the Cuban Constitution was also drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It wassigned on November 1, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supremecouncil that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. It also outlined certain basichuman rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to education. EmilioAguinaldo and Mariano Trias were elected Supreme Council president and vice president, respectively.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Pedro Paterno, a Spaniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiator between Aguinaldo andGov. Primo de Rivera in order to end the clashes. Paternos effort paid off when on, December 15, 1897,the Pact he sign the Pact as the representative of the revolutionaries, and de Rivera as the representative ofthe Spanish government. The Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo-President, Mariano Trias-Vice President,Antonio Montenegro-Secretary, Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer, and Emilio Riego de Dios.

On December 23, 1897, Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived inBiak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and anagreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grantself-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange,Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty.After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897.Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to
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surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.

The Biak-na-Bato Pact Fails

The Filipinos and the Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the twogroups still took place even after Aguinaldos departure from the country. The Spanish did not pay theentire agreed amount.

The Spanish-American War

The US Helps Cuba

One year before the historic Cry of Pugad Lawin, a revolution broke out in Cuba -another Spanish Colonythat rose against the rampant abuses of the Spaniards. It became independent in 1898 after three years ofrevolt, with the help of United States. The Americans were supportive of the Cubans for various reasons:

First- the US is a free country and Advocated democracy and freedom. 2nd- the US wants to protect its huge economic interest in Cuba, in the amount of $50,000,000. 3rd- a lot of stories reached the United States about Spanish maltreatment of Americans living in Cubaand this greatly angered the US citizens. Finally, since Cuba was located very near the US it was deemed covered by the protective mantl e of theMonroe Doctrine.

The US interest in the Philippines

At that time, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, wanted a war to erupt between the USand Spain so he could strengthen and expand the US Navy, he immediately put his plan into place. OnFebruary 25, 1896, he ordered Commodore George Dewey to make Hong Kong the headquarters of the

American Asiatic Squadron. He also directed Dewey to attack Manila Bay and destroy the Spanish fleet,the moment hostilities between Spain and US break out.

The Spanish-American War

Spain did not relish American intervention in its affairs. However, with the Philippine and Cubanrevolutions going on, it could not afford to add the Americans to its enemy list, especially since theUnited States had more advanced technology and weaponry. In the face ofSpains declining power, ittried to repair its rift with the US in order to avoid a disastrous war. On February 15, 1898, how ever afateful event accrued in Cuba. The American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor, resulting inthe death of its 260 officers and crewmembers. Although it was not proven that the Spaniards had sunkthe Maine, the Americans called for war against Spain. Roosevelt was one of many US officials who

considered the destruction of the Maine as act of treason and supported the declaration of war.

Spain declared war on the United States on April 23, 1898. The United Sates declared war against Spainon April 25, 1898. On May 1, 1898, the United States Navy lead by Commodore George Dewey crushedthe Spanish squadron in Manila Bay and the Spanish naval base at Sangley Point in Cavite. By June,1898, the American had control of portions of the Philippine islands. The Spanish-American War endedwith the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. The treaty conferred ownership of the Spanishcolonies of Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States. In turn, the U.S. paid Spain US$20 million.
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The Spanish American War started in 1898. The United States won, resulting in the Treaty of Paris, andthe handing of ownership of the Spanish colonial empire in Asia to the United States. The Philippines,however, did not agree to the handing of it to the Americans; in which, resulted to the Philippine-American War.

American rule (18981946)

Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a commonstruggle against Spain. However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipinoinsurgents. Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statementof support for Philippine independence. Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clearthat the Americans were in the islands to stay.

The Battle of Manila Bay

George Dewey, then a Commodore United States Navys Asiatic Squadron was waiting in Hong Kongwhen He received a cable from the then secretary of Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, stating that the war had

begun between the US and Spain. Dewey sailed from Hong Kong on board his flagship Olympia with sixother heavily armed ships. He brought with him a report on the location of the Spanish ships inCorregidor and Manila at dawn of May 1, 1898. Dewey entered Manila Bay almost undetected. When hesaw the Spanish ships, which were under the command of General Patricio Montoya, he ordered his mento fire. The battle began at 5:41 in the morning and by 12:30 of the same day, the Spaniards were raisingthe white flag in surrender. Although The Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans; theweapons of the Americans were far more superior to those of the Spaniards. The battle proved to be toocostly for the Spaniards, who lost 167 men and had 214 others wounded. As for the Americans, no shipswere destroyed, and no soldier was killed or injured. The Battle of Manila Bay is considered one of theeasiest encounters ever won in world history.

The Siege of Manila

By June 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo had captured the whole of Luzon and was ready to stormManila with the help ofGregorio del Pilar, Artemio Recarte, Antonio Montenegro, Pantaleon Garcia, andmany other able generals. At that time, the term Manila referred to the walled city of Intramuros.Aguinaldos men surrounded the walls ofIntramuros. Nearby areas like Tondo, Sta. Cruz, San Juan, andCaloocan were likewise secured. The Spaniards stubbornly hoped for the arrival of reinforcements fromthe Spanish mainland, but none ever came. Aguinaldo on the other hand, was firmly convinced that it justwas a matter of days before the Spaniards surrendered. Therefore, he started planning for the declarationof Philippine independence.

The Philippine Revolutionary Government

The Malolos Congress

Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18, 1898 asking for the election of delegates to therevolutionary congress, another decree was promulgated five days later, which declared that Aguinaldowould appoint representatives of congress because holding elections is not practical at that time. Heappointed 50 delegates in all (but this number fluctuated from time to time). In accordance with these two
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decrees, Aguinaldo assembled the Revolutionary Congress at the Brasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacanon September 15, 1898.

The atmosphere was festive and the Pasig Band played the national anthem. After Aguinaldo had read hisspeech congressional elections were held among the delegates present. The following were among themost important achievements of the Malolos Congress:

1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite onJune 12, 18982. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks for governmentexpenses3. Establishment of the UniversidadLiteratura de Filipinas and other schools4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899

Malolos Constitution

A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was drafted,for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and it is the first republican constitution in Asia.

The constitution was inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgiumand France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections ofApolinario Mabini), the finaldraft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved the way to launching the first PhilippineRepublic. It established a democratic, republication government with three branches - the Executive,Legislative and the Judicial branches. It called for the separation of church and state. The executivepowers were to be exercise by the president of the republic with the help of his cabinet. Judicial powerswere given to the Supreme Court and other lower courts to be created by law. The Chief justice of theSupreme Court was to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.

First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899. After being

proclaimed president, Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office. The constitution was read article byarticle and followed by a military parade. Apolinario Mabini was elected as a prime minister. The othercabinet secretaries were: Teodoro Sandico, interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war; Gen. Mariano Trias,finance & war; Apolinario Mabini, foreign affairs; Gracio Gonzaga for welfare, Aguedo Velarde, publicinstruction; Maximo Paterno, public works & communication; and Leon Mara Guerrero for agriculture,trade & commerce.

The Philippine National Anthem

Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to write an aninstrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony. The original title was "MarchaFilipina Magdalo". This was later changed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina". The lyrics was added inAugust 1899 based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. The original lyrics was written inSpanish, then to English (when the Flag Law was abolished during the American period) then later, wastranslated to Tagalog, which underwent another change of title to Lupang Hinirang, the PhilippineNational Anthem.

Filipino-American Hostilities
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Emilio Aguinaldo agreed to hold a peace conference between Filipino and American leaders. Theconference lasted from January 9 to 29 in 1899. It ended without definite results, because the Americanswere actually just biding time, waiting for more reinforcements to arrive from the US. Hostilities finallyexploded between the Filipinos and Americans on February 4, 1899 in San Juan. An American soldiernamed Robert Grayson, saw 4 armed Filipino men on San Juan Del Mote Bridge and ordered them tostop, but they ignored him. This prompted Grayson to fire at the men, who immediately fired back. Thefollowing day MacArthur ordered his troops to openly engage the Filipinos in battle. The Filipino

American War was on. From San Juan, American soldiers marched on to Pasig and nearby areas. In amatter of days, they were able to overrun Guadalupe, Pateros, Marikina, and Caloocan.

General Antonio Luna and his men showed great heroism when they attacked Manila on the night ofFebruary 24, 1899. They burned the living quarters of the Americans in Tondo and Binondo, and reachedas far as Azarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto Avenue), where they met by formidable American troops.Luna was forced to retreat to Polo, Bulacan two days later. When American reinforcements arrived in thePhilippines, General Elwell Otis immediately attacked the northern part of Manila, while General HenryLawton went to the south. General Arthur MacArthu, Jr. marched to Malolos, which was then the capitalof the Philippine Republic. Malolos was taken on March 31, 1899. By this time, however, Aguinaldo hadalready moved his headquarters to San Fernando, Pampanga. General Fredrick Funston crossed thePampanga River in April 1899 and entered San Fernando. On May 5, the Americans had gained control

of Pampanga. Fortunately, Aguinaldo was able to flee to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

The death of Antonio Luna

A significant event that greatly weakened Aguinaldos forces was the death ofGeneral Antonio Luna,acknowledged as the best and most brilliant military strategist of the Philippine Revolution. He wasbrave, intelligent, and well educated; but he also had a fiery temper, and was a strict disciplinarian. Hisharsh and rough manner earned him a lot of enemies, who latter plotted to kill him. In June 1899 Lunawas at his command post in Bayambang, Pangasinan when he received a telegram allegedly sent byAguinaldo. The telegram instructed him to proceed to Aguinaldos headquarters in Cabanatuan, NuevaEcija. On June 5, Luna arrived at the headquarters, a convent on the town plaza in Cabanatuan, but wastold that Aguinaldo left for Tarlac. Angry, Luna went out of the convent and was met and killed by

Captain Pedro Janolino with Kawit, Cavite troops. General Luna was buried at the nearby churchyard.Aguinaldo's role on his death is not clear and his killers were never charged or investigated.

Aguinaldo Flees

Philippine military strategies began to fail with the death of Antonio Luna. The generals started todisagree among themselves, and the Filipinos began losing battles. On November 13, 1899, GeneralEmilio Aguinaldo fled to Calasiao, Pangasinan with his wife, son, mother sister, and some Cabinetmembers. The Americans followed in hot pursuit; but Aguinaldo still managed to elude them. However,he soon realized that being constantly on the run put the women in his group at great disadvantage. So, onDecember 25, 1899, he surrendered them to the American Aguinaldo then continued his march fromPangasinan to Palanan, Isabela. There he stayed for some time, since the place was mountainous and

difficult to approach. Aguinaldos loyal men guarded all roads leading to the area.
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