• • 270 Chapter 9 Lifespan Development

Teratogens (continued)

Sexually TransmittedDiseasesHIV/AIDS

Syphilis

Herpes

CytomegalovirusGonorrhea .

Other DiseasesChicken pbx I

Rubella

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TuberculosisMalariaToxoplasmosis

Other FactorsRadiationEnvironmental pollution

MercuryLeadPCBs

Effects ••,..'•'"'' -. -, r .•• . .V. <• n. . Mk-tf.I? • -

HIV-positive pregnant women may have the best chance ofpreventing transmission to their newborns by having anelective cesarean delivery and undergoing AZT therapywhile pregnant. In a study of 1,917 HIV-positive motherswho did not receive AZT, 17.2 percent transmitted HIV-1 totheir infants. Among those who .received AZT and gave birthvaginally, 6.6 percent transmitted HIV-1 to their infants.Among those who received AZT and had an elective C-sec-tion, only 6.8 percent transmitted HTV-1 to the infant.*Eye lesions and skin lesions, problems of CNS, gastroin-testinal tract problems.If birth canal is infected 33 percent die, 25 percent developbrain damage. Can cause miscarriage.Effects are very similar to herpes.Miscarriage. May cause birth defects. Often difficult todetect by pelvic exam.

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Associated with physical malformation, retardation, lowbirth weights. More dangerous in first trimester.Heart defects; vision problems; deafness; genital, urinary,and intestinal abnormalities; plus mental retardation. Moredamage occurs in embryonic stage. In fetal stage, low birth-weight, hearing loss, bone abnormalities. Intelligence isthought to be adversely affected.Miscarriage, possible physical abnormalities.Miscarriage, low birth weight.Miscarriage, physical malformation, mental retardation,and low birth weight.

• -Mutations and possible later effects.

Mental retardation and other serious problems.Brain damage (even with low levels of exposure).Memory problems and low verbal intelligence test scores.

*Based on a study in the July 1,1998 issue of Journal of the American Medical Association (a specialtheme issue on HIV/AIDS).