TENSESTENSES

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

I study English every day.Two years ago, I studied English in

England.

If you are having problems, I will help you study English.

I am going to study English next year.

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

I am studying English now.I was studying English when you

called yesterday.

I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.

I am going to be studying English when you arrive tonight.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

I have studied English in several different countries.

I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.

I will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.

I am going to have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

I have been studying English for five years.

I had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S.

I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive.

I am going to have been studying English for over two hours by the time

you arrive.

11) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never)) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never) My friend often My friend often drawsdraws nice posters. nice posters.

I never I never drinkdrink milk. milk.2) things in general2) things in general The sun The sun risesrises in the East. in the East.3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable)3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable) The plane The plane fliesflies to London every Monday. to London every Monday.4) actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after 4) actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after

that)that) First I First I getget up, then I up, then I havehave breakfast. breakfast.5) instructions5) instructions OpenOpen your books at page 34. your books at page 34.6) after special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present 6) after special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present

Progressive (These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.)Progressive (These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.)be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wishsee, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish

I I understandunderstand English. English.He He doesn't likedoesn't like fish. fish.

The Simple PresentThe Simple Present is frequently used in English. is frequently used in English. It is also called Present Simple. Have a look at the It is also called Present Simple. Have a look at the

following examples:following examples:

Past Simple TensePast Simple Tense1) action finished in the past1) action finished in the past I I visitedvisited Berlin last week. Berlin last week.  2) series of completed actions in the past2) series of completed actions in the past First I First I gotgot up, then I up, then I hadhad breakfast breakfast  3) together with the Past 3) together with the Past

Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.progress in the past.

They They werewere playingplaying cards when the telephone cards when the telephone rangrang..

EMPHATIC (DO)EMPHATIC (DO)

………….You did not go to school yesterday,did .You did not go to school yesterday,did you?you?

= Yes,I did go to school yesterday.= Yes,I did go to school yesterday.

………….Your brother dos not like fish,does he?.Your brother dos not like fish,does he?

= Yes,he does like fish= Yes,he does like fish

Present Progressive - UsePresent Progressive - Use1) actions happening at the moment of speaking1) actions happening at the moment of speaking Peter Peter isis readingreading a book now. a book now.  2) fixed plan in the near future2) fixed plan in the near future She She isis goinggoing to Basel on Saturday. to Basel on Saturday.  3) temporary actions3) temporary actions His father His father isis workingworking in Rome this month. in Rome this month.  4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions) My friend My friend isis preparingpreparing for his exams. for his exams.  5) trends5) trends More and more people More and more people areare usingusing their computers to listen to music. their computers to listen to music.

6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, 6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)constantly, forever)

Andrew Andrew isis always always coming coming late.late.

NONPROGRESSIVE VERBSNONPROGRESSIVE VERBS

Suppose-believe-know-remember-wish-Suppose-believe-know-remember-wish-desire-forgive-desire-forgive-see-feel-smell-taste-be-think-see-feel-smell-taste-be-think-look-havelook-have-promise-advise-refuse-forget--promise-advise-refuse-forget-want-need-imagine-realize-notice…….want-need-imagine-realize-notice…….

The doctor is seeing the patientsThe doctor is seeing the patients You are being rudeYou are being rude I am feeling better nowI am feeling better now Mum is smelling the flowersMum is smelling the flowers

Past Progressive - UsePast Progressive - Use 1) actions were in progress at special time in 1) actions were in progress at special time in

the pastthe past Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. 2) two actions were happening at the same 2) two actions were happening at the same

time (the actions do not influence each other)time (the actions do not influence each other) Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading

the New York Times.the New York Times. 3) together with the Simple Past3) together with the Simple Past While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the

telephone telephone rangrang.. 4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with 4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with

always, constantly, forever)always, constantly, forever) Andrew was always coming in late.Andrew was always coming in late.

Hope / Wonder (past Hope / Wonder (past continuous)continuous)

I was wondering if you could help me fill in I was wondering if you could help me fill in this form…this form…

I was hoping if you could give me a lift to I was hoping if you could give me a lift to the airportthe airport

( less direct )( less direct )

Present Perfect – UsePresent Perfect – UseThe Present Perfect is not easy to understand for ESL learners. It is The Present Perfect is not easy to understand for ESL learners. It is

a combination of past and present. An actions in the past has a combination of past and present. An actions in the past has something to do with the present.something to do with the present.

1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present 1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not (It is not important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past.)past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past.)

I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.)I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.)Has Peggy ever Has Peggy ever beenbeen to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?) to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?)

  2) Recently completed actions2) Recently completed actions He has just played handball. (It is over now.)He has just played handball. (It is over now.)  3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - 3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since mostly with since

(point of time) or for(point of time) or for (period of time) (period of time) We have lived in Canada We have lived in Canada sincesince 1986. (We still live there.) 1986. (We still live there.)  4) together with lately, recently, yet4) together with lately, recently, yet I have I have beenbeen to London recently. (no specific point of time) to London recently. (no specific point of time)

He has not He has not writtenwritten the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.) the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.)

Present Perfect Progressive – UsePresent Perfect Progressive – UseThe Present Perfect Progressive is not easy to understand for ESL students. It The Present Perfect Progressive is not easy to understand for ESL students. It is a combination of past and present where actions in the past have something is a combination of past and present where actions in the past have something

to do with the present. The focus is not on the result (this is the Present to do with the present. The focus is not on the result (this is the Present Perfect) but on the action itself.Perfect) but on the action itself.

1) Actions beginning in the past and still 1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with with sincesince (point of time) or (point of time) or forfor (period of time) (period of time)

I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.)was a long time.)

  2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the 2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the

action)action) She has been watching too many videos. (It was She has been watching too many videos. (It was

too much time.)too much time.)

Nonprogressive (want-wish) Nonprogressive (want-wish) exceptionsexceptions

I I have been wishing have been wishing to visit your mother to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.since I heard that she was ill.

Look that lovely shirt in the shop window!I Look that lovely shirt in the shop window!I have been wanting have been wanting one like that for some one like that for some time.time.

FOR - SINCEFOR - SINCE We have not seen herWe have not seen her……..……..she left Istanbul.she left Istanbul. They have been living in AnkaraThey have been living in Ankara……..……..last last

year.year. She has been talking on the She has been talking on the

phonephone………..………..more than half an hourmore than half an hour He has been trying to pass the university He has been trying to pass the university

examexam……………………at least three years.at least three years. Mr Brown has been the President.Mr Brown has been the President.....................the the

foundation of the institutionfoundation of the institution

Past Perfect - UsePast Perfect - Use

1) Together with the Simple Past1) Together with the Simple Past When two past actions are combined - When two past actions are combined -

the first action, which was completed the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect.Past Perfect.

Mary had Mary had readread the book before she the book before she watched a film.watched a film.After Amy hadAfter Amy had gone gone home it started to home it started to rain.rain.

  

AfterAfter sheshe had taken had taken an aspirin,she felt betteran aspirin,she felt better I finished my exam paper I finished my exam paper before the bell rangbefore the bell rang I did not interrupted him I did not interrupted him untiluntil//till he finished-had till he finished-had

finished his speechfinished his speech As soon as the guests left-had leftAs soon as the guests left-had left ,I went straight ,I went straight

to the bedto the bed (after-as soon as) (after-as soon as) Once I had found where he Once I had found where he

livedlived,I went to see him.,I went to see him. The young couple had no sooner left The young couple had no sooner left the party the party

than than people began to gossip about them people began to gossip about them =No sooner had the young couple left the party =No sooner had the young couple left the party

than……..than…….. By the time she came backBy the time she came back ,I had finished my ,I had finished my

work.work.

Going to-future - UseGoing to-future - UseThe going to-future is one future tense. There are other future tenses, The going to-future is one future tense. There are other future tenses,

like the like the will-futurewill-future, the , the Present ProgressivePresent Progressive, the , the Future Future Progressive/ContinuousProgressive/Continuous and the and the Simple PresentSimple Present..

We use the going to-future:We use the going to-future:

1) planned actions in the future1) planned actions in the future We are going to sing at the party.We are going to sing at the party.

They are going to fly to South Africa.They are going to fly to South Africa.  2) You are certain that sth. is going to 2) You are certain that sth. is going to

happen in the future.happen in the future. Look at this car! It is going to crash into the Look at this car! It is going to crash into the

yellow one.yellow one.

will-future - Usewill-future - UseThe will-future is one future tense. There are other future tenses, like The will-future is one future tense. There are other future tenses, like

the the going to-futuregoing to-future, the , the Present ProgressivePresent Progressive, the , the Future Future Progressive/ContinuousProgressive/Continuous and the and the Simple PresentSimple Present..

1) Future actions happen without the speaker's 1) Future actions happen without the speaker's intention (birthday, weather, etc.)intention (birthday, weather, etc.)

The sun will shine tomorrow.The sun will shine tomorrow.Peter will be 15 next Tuesday.Peter will be 15 next Tuesday.

  2) Predictions, assumptions (I think, I hope, I'm 2) Predictions, assumptions (I think, I hope, I'm

sure, I'm afraid)sure, I'm afraid) I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.   3) Spontaneous actions (not planned)3) Spontaneous actions (not planned) Hang on! I'll have a word with you.Hang on! I'll have a word with you.

WILL – SHALL (I , we)WILL – SHALL (I , we)

We will/shall invite them to the party.We will/shall invite them to the party. We shall not /will not go to the party.We shall not /will not go to the party. SHALL NOT=SHAN’TSHALL NOT=SHAN’T WILL NOT =WON’TWILL NOT =WON’T

WILL/ SHALL =‘LL short formsWILL/ SHALL =‘LL short forms

Future PerfectFuture Perfect

UseUse

sth. will already have happened before a sth. will already have happened before a certaincertain

time in the futuretime in the future

FormForm

will + have + will + have + past participlepast participle

ExampleExample

I will have written the letter by tomorrow.I will have written the letter by tomorrow.

Future Perfect Progressive/ContinuousFuture Perfect Progressive/Continuous

UseUsesth. that will have already begun and will besth. that will have already begun and will becontinuing in the futurecontinuing in the future

FormFormwill + have + been + infinitive + ingwill + have + been + infinitive + ing

ExampleExampleI will have been swimming for an hour by I will have been swimming for an hour by

6.30.6.30.

Future Progressive/ContinuousFuture Progressive/Continuous

UseUse

1) An action will be in progress at a certain 1) An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time.before the certain time.

2) Something happens because it normally 2) Something happens because it normally happens.happens.

FormForm

will + be + infinitive + ingwill + be + infinitive + ing

Present Perfect Past Perfect

The bike is new. I've bought it. The bike was new. I had bought it.

Past Perfect - Simple Past Simple Past - Simple Past

The match had started before he arrived. The match started when he arrived.

TENSESTENSES1. When Carol (call)………..last night, I 1. When Carol (call)………..last night, I

(watch) ……… my favorite show on (watch) ……… my favorite show on television. television.

2. I (work) ………. for this company for more 2. I (work) ………. for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire!until I retire!

3. Thomas is an author. He (write) ………. 3. Thomas is an author. He (write) ………. mystery novels and travel memoirs. He mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write) ………. since he was twenty-eight. (write) ………. since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) ………. seven novels, Altogether, he (write) ………. seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book three collections of short stories and a book of poetry. of poetry.

4. Right now, Jim (read) ………. the newspaper and 4. Right now, Jim (read) ………. the newspaper and Kathy (make) ………. dinner. Last night at this Kathy (make) ………. dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) ………. the same thing. She (cook) time, they (do) ………. the same thing. She (cook) ………. and he (read) ………. the newspaper. ………. and he (read) ………. the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) ………. the Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) ………. the same thing. She (prepare) ………. dinner and he same thing. She (prepare) ………. dinner and he (read) ……….. They are very predictable people! (read) ……….. They are very predictable people!

5. Jane talks on the phone. 5. Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Mary is talking on the phone. Mary is talking on the phone.

*Who is not necessarily on the phone now? ……….*Who is not necessarily on the phone now? ……….6. Jane is talking in class. 6. Jane is talking in class.

Bob always talks in class. Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking in class. Mary is always talking in class.

*Whose action bothers you? ……….*Whose action bothers you? ……….

7. Jane never left Jamestown. 7. Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown.

Who is still alive? Who is still alive?

8. I (see) ………. many pictures of the 8. I (see) ………. many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. The pyramids are actually quite small.

9. When I (arrive) ………. home last night, I 9. When I (arrive) ………. home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) ………. a discovered that Jane (prepare) ………. a beautiful candlelight dinner. beautiful candlelight dinner.

10. By the time I got to the office, the meeting 10. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ……….without me. My boss (begin, already) ……….without me. My boss (be) ………. furious with me and I (be) ………. (be) ………. furious with me and I (be) ………. fired.fired.

11. When I (turn) ………. the radio on yesterday, 11. When I (turn) ………. the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ………. a song that was popular when I (hear) ………. a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) ………. the I was in high school. I (hear, not) ………. the song in years, and it (bring) ………. back some song in years, and it (bring) ………. back some great memories. great memories.

12. Last week, I (run) ………. into an ex-12. Last week, I (run) ………. into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) ………. each girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) ………. each other in years, and both of us (change) ………. other in years, and both of us (change) ………. a great deal. I (enjoy) ………. talking to her so a great deal. I (enjoy) ………. talking to her so much that I (ask) ……….her out on a date. We much that I (ask) ……….her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. are getting together tonight for dinner.

13. I (visit) ………. so many beautiful places 13. I (visit) ………. so many beautiful places since I (come) ………. to Utah. Before moving since I (come) ………. to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) ………. of Bryce Canyon, here, I (hear, never) ………. of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands. Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands.

14. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at 14. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) ………. TV as well. this time, I (watch) ………. TV as well.

15. When you (get) ………. off the plane, I (wait) 15. When you (get) ………. off the plane, I (wait) ………. for you. ………. for you.